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• Raycasting mouse coordinates to rotated object?

  - by SPL

  I am trying to cast a ray from my mouse to a plane at a specified position with a known width and length and height. I know that you can use the NDC (Normalized Device Coordinates) to cast ray but I don't know how can I detect if the ray actually hit the plane and when it did. The plane is translated -100 on the Y and rotated 60 on the X then translated again -100. Can anyone please give me a good tutorial on this? For a complete noob! I am almost new to matrix and vector transformations.

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• Arcball 3D camera - how to convert from camera to object coordinates

  - by user38873

  I have checked multiple threads before posting, but i havent been able to figure this one out. Ok so i have been following this tutorial, but im not using glm, ive been implementing everything up until now, like lookat etc. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenGL_Programming/Modern_OpenGL_Tutorial_Arcball So i can rotate with the click and drag of the mouse, but when i rotate 90º degrees around Y and then move the mouse upwards or donwwards, it rotates on the wrong axis, this problem is demonstrated on this part of the tutorial An extra trick is converting the rotation axis from camera coordinates to object coordinates. It's useful when the camera and object are placed differently. For instace, if you rotate the object by 90° on the Y axis ("turn its head" to the right), then perform a vertical move with your mouse, you make a rotation on the camera X axis, but it should become a rotation on the Z axis (plane barrel roll) for the object. By converting the axis in object coordinates, the rotation will respect that the user work in camera coordinates (WYSIWYG). To transform from camera to object coordinates, we take the inverse of the MV matrix (from the MVP matrix triplet). What i have to do acording to the tutorial is convert my axis_in_camera_coordinates to object coordinates, and the rotation is done well, but im confused on what matrix i use to do just that. The tutorial talks about converting the axis from camera to object coordinates by using the inverse of the MV. Then it shows these 3 lines of code witch i havent been able to understand. glm::mat3 camera2object = glm::inverse(glm::mat3(transforms[MODE_CAMERA]) * glm::mat3(mesh.object2world)); glm::vec3 axis_in_object_coord = camera2object * axis_in_camera_coord; So what do i aply to my calculated axis?, the inverse of what, i supose the inverse of the model view? So my question is how do you transform camera axis to object axis. Do i apply the inverse of the lookat matrix? My code: if (cur_mx != last_mx || cur_my != last_my) { va = get_arcball_vector(last_mx, last_my); vb = get_arcball_vector( cur_mx, cur_my); angle = acos(min(1.0f, dotProduct(va, vb)))*20; axis_in_camera_coord = crossProduct(va, vb); axis.x = axis_in_camera_coord[0]; axis.y = axis_in_camera_coord[1]; axis.z = axis_in_camera_coord[2]; axis.w = 1.0f; last_mx = cur_mx; last_my = cur_my; } Quaternion q = qFromAngleAxis(angle, axis); Matrix m; qGLMatrix(q,m); vi = mMultiply(m, vi); up = mMultiply(m, up); ViewMatrix = ogLookAt(vi.x, vi.y, vi.z,0,0,0,up.x,up.y,up.z);

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• SlimDX Texture2D from DataRectangle array

  - by Rebekah Bryant

  I'm totally new to DirectX. I'm using SlimDX to create a texture consisting of 13046 DataRectangles. Here's my code. It's breaking on the Texture2D constructor with "E_INVALIDARG: An invalid parameter was passed to the returning function (-2147024809)." inParms is just a struct containing handle to a Panel. public Renderer(Parameters inParms, ref DataRectangle[] inShapes) { Texture2DDescription description = new Texture2DDescription() { Width = 500, Height = 500, MipLevels = 1, ArraySize = inShapes.Length, Format = Format.R32G32B32_Float, SampleDescription = new SampleDescription(1, 0), Usage = ResourceUsage.Default, BindFlags = BindFlags.RenderTarget | BindFlags.ShaderResource, CpuAccessFlags = CpuAccessFlags.None, OptionFlags = ResourceOptionFlags.None }; SwapChainDescription chainDescription = new SwapChainDescription() { BufferCount = 1, IsWindowed = true, Usage = Usage.RenderTargetOutput, ModeDescription = new ModeDescription(0, 0, new Rational(60, 1), Format.R8G8B8A8_UNorm), SampleDescription = new SampleDescription(1, 0), Flags = SwapChainFlags.None, OutputHandle = inParms.Handle, SwapEffect = SwapEffect.Discard }; Device.CreateWithSwapChain(DriverType.Hardware, DeviceCreationFlags.None, chainDescription, out mDevice, out mSwapChain); Texture2D texture = new Texture2D(Device, description, inShapes); } EDIT: Running with the Debug flag set, I got: D3D11 ERROR: ID3D11Device::CreateTexture2D: The format (0x6, R32G32B32_FLOAT) cannot be bound as a RenderTarget, or cast to a format that could be bound as a RenderTarget. This is because the current graphics implementation does not even support this Format. Therefore this format does not support D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET. Use CheckFormatSupport to check Format support. [ STATE_CREATION ERROR #92: CREATETEXTURE2D_UNSUPPORTEDFORMAT] D3D11 ERROR: ID3D11Device::CreateTexture2D: Returning E_INVALIDARG, meaning invalid parameters were passed. [ STATE_CREATION ERROR #104: CREATETEXTURE2D_INVALIDARG_RETURN]

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• Cropping a line (laser beam) in XNA

  - by electroflame

  I have a laser sprite that I wish to crop. I want to crop it so when it collides with an item, I can calculate the distance between the starting point, and the ending point, and only draw that. This eliminates the "overdraw" of a laser drawing past an item. Essentially, I'm trying to crop a line, but also keep that line "attached" to the nose of my ship. The line should not be drawn past the nose of my ship, that should be the starting point. There is no rotation to worry about. Currently, I thought that doing this through SpriteBatch would be best. This is my current Spritebatch code: spriteBatch.Draw(Laser.sprite, new Rectangle((int)Laser.position.X, (int)Laser.position.Y, Laser.sprite.Width, LaserHeight), new Rectangle(0, 0, (int)(Laser.sprite.Width), LaserHeight), new Color(255, 255, 255, (byte)MathHelper.Clamp(Laser.Alpha, 0, 255)), Laser.rotation, new Vector2(Laser.sprite.Width/2, LaserHeight/2), SpriteEffects.None, 0); But this doesn't quite work. It does only draw part of the sprite, but when LaserHeight is incremented, it lengthens the line in both ways! I believe this is due to some stupid error on my part with the Origin of the draw. Quick recap: I need to have my laser sprite drawn with the bottom of it at the nose of my ship, and then use LaserHeight to crop the image so only part of it is drawn. I have a feeling my explanation is a bit...lacking. So if you require more information, please say so and I will try to provide more information. Thanks in advance!

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• XNA windows phone release black textures

  - by Lukasz Kajstura

  i just made a 3d game in XNA for windows phone 7. I build it in release mode on visual studio 2010 and suddenly when I run game there is no textures on models - 2 models are black and one is transparent. Models are in .X format exported from 3dsmax and have textures in .jpg also added to game content. I set build action to none and all worked fine in debug mode. When I change to release mode - black textures. When I set build action to compile it gives me warning: Asset was built 2 times with different settings: using TextureImporter and TextureProcessor using TextureImporter and TextureProcessor, referenced by... and still no textures. What can I do?

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• OpenGL: Filtering/antialising textures in a 2D game

  - by futlib

  I'm working on a 2D game using OpenGL 1.5 that uses rather large textures. I'm seeing aliasing effects and am wondering how to tackle those. I'm finding lots of material about antialiasing in 3D games, but I don't see how most of that applies to 2D games - e.g. antisoptric filtering seems to make no sense, FSAA doesn't sound like the best bet either. I suppose this means texture filtering is my best option? Right now I'm using bilinear filtering, I think: glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); From what I've read, I'd have to use mipmaps to use trilinear filtering, which would drive memory usage up, so I'd rather not. I know the final sizes of all the textures when they are loaded, so can't I somehow size them correctly at that point? (Using some form of texture filtering).

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• Does Unity's "Transparent Bumped Specular" translate to "semi-shiny must be semi-transparent"?

  - by Shivan Dragon

  Unity's documentation for the "Transparent Bumped Specular" shader/material-type is simply a concatenation of each of the descriptions for its Transparent and Specular Shaders (and also Bumped, but that doesn't apply to the question): Transparent Properties This shader can make mesh geometry partially or fully transparent by reading the alpha channel of the main texture. In the alpha, 0 (black) is completely transparent while 255 (white) is completely opaque. If your main texture does not have an alpha channel, the object will appear completely opaque. (...) Specular Properties (...) Additionally, the alpha channel of the main texture acts as a Specular Map (sometimes called "gloss map"), defining which areas of the object are more reflective than others. Black areas of the alpha will be zero specular reflection, while white areas will be full specular reflection. To me this translates to: I have a mesh representig a car tire The texture need to be very shiny on the rims parts, and almost not shiny at all for the rubber parts Also since the rim is really complex, (with like cut-out decoretions and such), I will not build that into the mesh, but fake it with transparency in the texture I can't do all this using Unity's "Transparent Bumped Specular" shader, because the "rubber" part of the texture will become semi transparent due to me painting the alpha channel dark-grey (because I want it to also be less shiny). Is this correct? If not, how can I make this work?

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• Data-driven animation states

  - by user8363

  I'm trying to handle animations in a 2D game engine hobby project, without hard-coding them. Hard coding animation states seems like a common but very strange phenomenon, to me. A little background: I'm working with an entity system where components are bags of data and subsystems act upon them. I chose to use a polling system to update animation states. With animation states I mean: "walking_left", "running_left", "walking_right", "shooting", ... My idea to handle animations was to design it as a data driven model. Data could be stored in an xml file, a rdbms, ... And could be loaded at the start of a game / level/ ... This way you can easily edit animations and transitions without having to go change the code everywhere in your game. As an example I made an xml draft of the data definitions I had in mind. One very important piece of data would simply be the description of an animation. An animation would have a unique id (a descriptive name). It would hold a reference id to an image (the sprite sheet it uses, because different animations may use different sprite sheets). The frames per second to run the animation on. The "replay" here defines if an animation should be run once or infinitely. Then I defined a list of rectangles as frames. <animation id='WIZARD_WALK_LEFT'> <image id='WIZARD_WALKING' /> <fps>50</fps> <replay>true</replay> <frames> <rectangle> <x>0</x> <y>0</y> <width>45</width> <height>45</height> </rectangle> <rectangle> <x>45</x> <y>0</y> <width>45</width> <height>45</height> </rectangle> </frames> </animation> Animation data would be loaded and held in an animation resource pool and referenced by game entities that are using it. It would be treated as a resource like an image, a sound, a texture, ... The second piece of data to define would be a state machine to handle animation states and transitions. This defines each state a game entity can be in, which states it can transition to and what triggers that state change. This state machine would differ from entity to entity. Because a bird might have states "walking" and "flying" while a human would only have the state "walking". However it could be shared by different entities because multiple humans will probably have the same states (especially when you define some common NPCs like monsters, etc). Additionally an orc might have the same states as a human. Just to demonstrate that this state definition might be shared but only by a select group of game entities. <state id='IDLE'> <event trigger='LEFT_DOWN' goto='MOVING_LEFT' /> <event trigger='RIGHT_DOWN' goto='MOVING_RIGHT' /> </state> <state id='MOVING_LEFT'> <event trigger='LEFT_UP' goto='IDLE' /> <event trigger='RIGHT_DOWN' goto='MOVING_RIGHT' /> </state> <state id='MOVING_RIGHT'> <event trigger='RIGHT_UP' goto='IDLE' /> <event trigger='LEFT_DOWN' goto='MOVING_LEFT' /> </state> These states can be handled by a polling system. Each game tick it grabs the current state of a game entity and checks all triggers. If a condition is met it changes the entity's state to the "goto" state. The last part I was struggling with was how to bind animation data and animation states to an entity. The most logical approach seemed to me to add a pointer to the state machine data an entity uses and to define for each state in that machine what animation it uses. Here is an xml example how I would define the animation behavior and graphical representation of some common entities in a game, by addressing animation state and animation data id. Note that both "wizard" and "orc" have the same animation states but a different animation. Also, a different animation could mean a different sprite sheet, or even a different sequence of animations (an animation could be longer or shorter). <entity name="wizard"> <state id="IDLE" animation="WIZARD_IDLE" /> <state id="MOVING_LEFT" animation="WIZARD_WALK_LEFT" /> </entity> <entity name="orc"> <state id="IDLE" animation="ORC_IDLE" /> <state id="MOVING_LEFT" animation="ORC_WALK_LEFT" /> </entity> When the entity is being created it would add a list of states with state machine data and an animation data reference. In the future I would use the entity system to build whole entities by defining components in a similar xml format. -- This is what I have come up with after some research. However I had some trouble getting my head around it, so I was hoping op some feedback. Is there something here what doesn't make sense, or is there a better way to handle these things? I grasped the idea of iterating through frames but I'm having trouble to take it a step further and this is my attempt to do that.

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• Maintaining State in Mud Engine

  - by Johnathon Sullinger

  I am currently working on a Mud Engine and have started implementing my state engine. One of the things that has me troubled is maintaining different states at once. For instance, lets say that the user has started a tutorial, which requires specific input. If the user types "help" I want to switch in to a help state, so they can get the help they need, then return them to the original state once exiting the help. my state system uses a State Manager to manage the state per user: public class StateManager { /// <summary> /// Gets the current state. /// </summary> public IState CurrentState { get; private set; } /// <summary> /// Gets the states available for use. /// </summary> /// <value> public List<IState> States { get; private set; } /// <summary> /// Gets the commands available. /// </summary> public List<ICommand> Commands { get; private set; } /// <summary> /// Gets the mob that this manager controls the state of. /// </summary> public IMob Mob { get; private set; } public void Initialize(IMob mob, IState initialState = null) { this.Mob = mob; if (initialState != null) { this.SwitchState(initialState); } } /// <summary> /// Performs the command. /// </summary> /// <param name="message">The message.</param> public void PerformCommand(IMessage message) { if (this.CurrentState != null) { ICommand command = this.CurrentState.GetCommand(message); if (command is NoOpCommand) { // NoOperation commands indicate that the current state is not finished yet. this.CurrentState.Render(this.Mob); } else if (command != null) { command.Execute(this.Mob); } else if (command == null) { new InvalidCommand().Execute(this.Mob); } } } /// <summary> /// Switches the state. /// </summary> /// <param name="state">The state.</param> public void SwitchState(IState state) { if (this.CurrentState != null) { this.CurrentState.Cleanup(); } this.CurrentState = state; if (state != null) { this.CurrentState.Render(this.Mob); } } } Each of the different states that the user can be in, is a Type implementing IState. public interface IState { /// <summary> /// Renders the current state to the players terminal. /// </summary> /// <param name="player">The player to render to</param> void Render(IMob mob); /// <summary> /// Gets the Command that the player entered and preps it for execution. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> ICommand GetCommand(IMessage command); /// <summary> /// Cleanups this instance during a state change. /// </summary> void Cleanup(); } Example state: public class ConnectState : IState { /// <summary> /// The connected player /// </summary> private IMob connectedPlayer; public void Render(IMob mob) { if (!(mob is IPlayer)) { throw new NullReferenceException("ConnectState can only be used with a player object implementing IPlayer"); } //Store a reference for the GetCommand() method to use. this.connectedPlayer = mob as IPlayer; var server = mob.Game as IServer; var game = mob.Game as IGame; // It is not guaranteed that mob.Game will implement IServer. We are only guaranteed that it will implement IGame. if (server == null) { throw new NullReferenceException("LoginState can only be set to a player object that is part of a server."); } //Output the game information mob.Send(new InformationalMessage(game.Name)); mob.Send(new InformationalMessage(game.Description)); mob.Send(new InformationalMessage(string.Empty)); //blank line //Output the server MOTD information mob.Send(new InformationalMessage(string.Join("\n", server.MessageOfTheDay))); mob.Send(new InformationalMessage(string.Empty)); //blank line mob.StateManager.SwitchState(new LoginState()); } /// <summary> /// Gets the command. /// </summary> /// <param name="message">The message.</param> /// <returns>Returns no operation required.</returns> public Commands.ICommand GetCommand(IMessage message) { return new NoOpCommand(); } /// <summary> /// Cleanups this instance during a state change. /// </summary> public void Cleanup() { // We have nothing to clean up. return; } } With the way that I have my FSM set up at the moment, the user can only ever have one state at a time. I read a few different posts on here about state management but nothing regarding keeping a stack history. I thought about using a Stack collection, and just pushing new states on to the stack then popping them off as the user moves out from one. It seems like it would work, but I'm not sure if it is the best approach to take. I'm looking for recommendations on this. I'm currently swapping state from within the individual states themselves as well which I'm on the fence about if it makes sense to do there or not. The user enters a command, the StateManager passes the command to the current State and lets it determine if it needs it (like passing in a password after entering a user name), if the state doesn't need any further commands, it returns null. If it does need to continue doing work, it returns a No Operation to let the state manager know that the state still requires further input from the user. If null is returned, the state manager will then go find the appropriate state for the command entered by the user. Example state requiring additional input from the user public class LoginState : IState { /// <summary> /// The connected player /// </summary> private IPlayer connectedPlayer; private enum CurrentState { FetchUserName, FetchPassword, InvalidUser, } private CurrentState currentState; /// <summary> /// Renders the current state to the players terminal. /// </summary> /// <param name="mob"></param> /// <exception cref="System.NullReferenceException"> /// ConnectState can only be used with a player object implementing IPlayer /// or /// LoginState can only be set to a player object that is part of a server. /// </exception> public void Render(IMob mob) { if (!(mob is IPlayer)) { throw new NullReferenceException("ConnectState can only be used with a player object implementing IPlayer"); } //Store a reference for the GetCommand() method to use. this.connectedPlayer = mob as IPlayer; var server = mob.Game as IServer; // Register to receive new input from the user. mob.ReceivedMessage += connectedPlayer_ReceivedMessage; if (server == null) { throw new NullReferenceException("LoginState can only be set to a player object that is part of a server."); } this.currentState = CurrentState.FetchUserName; switch (this.currentState) { case CurrentState.FetchUserName: mob.Send(new InputMessage("Please enter your user name")); break; case CurrentState.FetchPassword: mob.Send(new InputMessage("Please enter your password")); break; case CurrentState.InvalidUser: mob.Send(new InformationalMessage("Invalid username/password specified.")); this.currentState = CurrentState.FetchUserName; mob.Send(new InputMessage("Please enter your user name")); break; } } /// <summary> /// Receives the players input. /// </summary> /// <param name="sender">The sender.</param> /// <param name="e">The e.</param> void connectedPlayer_ReceivedMessage(object sender, IMessage e) { // Be good memory citizens and clean ourself up after receiving a message. // Not doing this results in duplicate events being registered and memory leaks. this.connectedPlayer.ReceivedMessage -= connectedPlayer_ReceivedMessage; ICommand command = this.GetCommand(e); } /// <summary> /// Gets the Command that the player entered and preps it for execution. /// </summary> /// <param name="command"></param> /// <returns>Returns the ICommand specified.</returns> public Commands.ICommand GetCommand(IMessage command) { if (this.currentState == CurrentState.FetchUserName) { this.connectedPlayer.Name = command.Message; this.currentState = CurrentState.FetchPassword; } else if (this.currentState == CurrentState.FetchPassword) { // find user } return new NoOpCommand(); } /// <summary> /// Cleanups this instance during a state change. /// </summary> public void Cleanup() { // If we have a player instance, we clean up the registered event. if (this.connectedPlayer != null) { this.connectedPlayer.ReceivedMessage -= this.connectedPlayer_ReceivedMessage; } } Maybe my entire FSM isn't wired up in the best way, but I would appreciate input on what would be the best to maintain a stack of state in a MUD game engine, and if my states should be allowed to receive the input from the user or not to check what command was entered before allowing the state manager to switch states. Thanks in advance.

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• Transparency in XNA-4 primitives

  - by Shashwat

  I'm using XNA 4 with Visual Studio 2010. I'm trying to create a simple 3D world with walls and doors in which the user to free to roam around. A wall is just a rectangle which is currently being rendered with four vertices using triangle strips. But to create a door, I'd have to split it into three rectangles as shown in the figure. Four quadrilaterals if I want to have the following door-style It will become more complex to have multiple doors on the same wall or if I have windows. Is there any shorter way to handle this? I am looking for something that will just make the wall transparent wherever I want. I found a solution but facing a problem here

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• XNA 4: GetData from Texture2D and Set it into Texture3D with specific order

  - by cubrman

  I am trying to convert my color grading 2d lookup texture into 3d LUT. When I simply use: ColorAtlas.GetData(data); ColorAtlas3D.SetData(data); I get this: I tried building my 2d atlass horizontally but it did not helped - the data was messed up in a different way. So my question is how can I influence the order of the data I get from the 2d atlas and how can I properly pass it into my 3d atlas? Update: I know that I can GetData from a specific Rectangular area and put it into several arrays, but the result is still the same. This is what I tried: Color[] data2D = new Color[0]; for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) { Color[] data = new Color[32 * 32]; GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(null); ColorAtlas.GetData(0, new Rectangle(0, i*32, 32, 32), data, 0, data.Length); int oldLength = data2D.Length; Array.Resize<Color>(ref data2D, oldLength + data.Length); Array.Copy(data, 0, data2D, oldLength, data.Length); } ColorAtlas3D.SetData(data2D);

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• How do I use setFilmSize in panda3d to achieve the correct view?

  - by lhk

  I'm working with Panda3d and recently switched my game to isometric rendering. I moved the virtual camera accordingly and set an orthographic lens. Then I implemented the classes "Map" and "Canvas". A canvas is a dynamically generated mesh: a flat quad. I'm using it to render the ingame graphics. Since the game itself is still set in a 3d coordinate system I'm planning to rely on these canvases to draw sprites. I could have named this class "Tile" but as I'd like to use it for non-tile sketches (enemies, environment) as well I thought canvas would describe it's function better. Map does exactly what it's name suggests. Its constructor receives the number of rows and columns and then creates a standard isometric map. It uses the canvas class for tiles. I'm planning to write a map importer that reads a file to create maps on the fly. Here's the canvas implementation: class Canvas: def __init__(self, texture, vertical=False, width=1,height=1): # create the mesh format=GeomVertexFormat.getV3t2() format = GeomVertexFormat.registerFormat(format) vdata=GeomVertexData("node-vertices", format, Geom.UHStatic) vertex = GeomVertexWriter(vdata, 'vertex') texcoord = GeomVertexWriter(vdata, 'texcoord') # add the vertices for a flat quad vertex.addData3f(1, 0, 0) texcoord.addData2f(1, 0) vertex.addData3f(1, 1, 0) texcoord.addData2f(1, 1) vertex.addData3f(0, 1, 0) texcoord.addData2f(0, 1) vertex.addData3f(0, 0, 0) texcoord.addData2f(0, 0) prim = GeomTriangles(Geom.UHStatic) prim.addVertices(0, 1, 2) prim.addVertices(2, 3, 0) self.geom = Geom(vdata) self.geom.addPrimitive(prim) self.node = GeomNode('node') self.node.addGeom(self.geom) # this is the handle for the canvas self.nodePath=NodePath(self.node) self.nodePath.setSx(width) self.nodePath.setSy(height) if vertical: self.nodePath.setP(90) # the most important part: "Drawing" the image self.texture=loader.loadTexture(""+texture+".png") self.nodePath.setTexture(self.texture) Now the code for the Map class class Map: def __init__(self,rows,columns,size): self.grid=[] for i in range(rows): self.grid.append([]) for j in range(columns): # create a canvas for the tile. For testing the texture is preset tile=Canvas(texture="../assets/textures/flat_concrete",width=size,height=size) x=(i-1)*size y=(j-1)*size # set the tile up for rendering tile.nodePath.reparentTo(render) tile.nodePath.setX(x) tile.nodePath.setY(y) # and store it for later access self.grid[i].append(tile) And finally the usage def loadMap(self): self.map=Map(10, 10, 1) this function is called within the constructor of the World class. The instantiation of world is the entry point to the execution. The code is pretty straightforward and runs good. Sadly the output is not as expected: Please note: The problem is not the white rectangle, it's my player object. The problem is that although the map should have equal width and height it's stretched weirdly. With orthographic rendering I expected the map to be a perfect square. What did I do wrong ? UPDATE: I've changed the viewport. This is how I set up the orthographic camera: lens = OrthographicLens() lens.setFilmSize(40, 20) base.cam.node().setLens(lens) You can change the "aspect" by modifying the parameters of setFilmSize. I don't know exactly how they are related to window size and screen resolution but after testing a little the values above seem to work for me. Now everything is rendered correctly as long as I don't resize the window. Every change of the window's size as well as switching to fullscreen destroys the correct rendering. I know that implementing a listener for resize events is not in the scope of this question. However I wonder why I need to make the Film's height two times bigger than its width. My window is quadratic ! Can you tell me how to find out correct setting for the FilmSize ? UPDATE 2: I can imagine that it's hard to envision the behaviour of the game. At first glance the obvious solution is to pass the window's width and height in pixels to setFilmSize. There are two problems with that approach. The parameters for setFilmSize are ingame units. You'll get a way to big view if you pass the pixel size For some strange reason the image is distorted if you pass equal values for width and height. Here's the output for setFilmSize(800,800) You'll have to stress your eyes but you'll see what I mean

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• 3D texture coordinates for a cube

  - by Roshan

  I want to use glTexImage3D with cube. what will be the texture coordinates for it? i am using GL_TEXTURE_3D as target. I tried with u v coordinates same as 2d texture coordinates with z component 0-depth for each face. But that goes wrong. How to apply each layer to each face of the cube with target= GL_TEXTURE_3D? Lets assume i have 8 layers of 2D images in my 3D texture. I want all 8 layers to apply on each of the cube and not 1 layer on 1 face of the cube.

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• Difference between the terms Material & Effect

  - by codey

  I'm making an effect system right now (I think, because it may be a material system... or both!). The effects system follows the common (e.g. COLLADA, DirectX) effect framework abstraction of Effects have Techniques, Techniques have Passes, Passes have States & Shader Programs. An effect, according to COLLADA, defines the equations necessary for the visual appearance of geometry and screen-space image processing. Keeping with the abstraction, effects contain techniques. Each effect can contain one or many techniques (i.e. ways to generate the effect), each of which describes a different method for rendering that effect. The technique could be relate to quality (e.g. high precision, high LOD, etc.), or in-game-situation (e.g. night/day, power-up-mode, etc.). Techniques hold a description of the textures, samplers, shaders, parameters, & passes necessary for rendering this effect using one method. Some algorithms require several passes to render the effect. Pipeline descriptions are broken into an ordered collection of Pass objects. A pass provides a static declaration of all the render states, shaders, & settings for "one rendering pipeline" (i.e. one pass). Meshes usually contain a series of materials that define the model. According to the COLLADA spec (again), a material instantiates an effect, fills its parameters with values, & selects a technique. But I see material defined differently in other places, such as just the Lambert, Blinn, Phong "material types/shaded surfaces", or as Metal, Plastic, Wood, etc. In game dev forums, people often talk about implementing a "material/effect system". Is the material not an instance of an effect? Ergo, if I had effect objects, stored in a collection, & each effect instance object with there own parameter setting, then there is no need for the concept of a material... Or am I interpreting it wrong? Please help by contributing your interpretations as I want to be clear on a distinction (if any), & don't want to miss out on the concept of a material if it should be implemented to follow the abstraction of the DirectX FX framework & COLLADA definitions closely.

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• What's the future of online gamedev. FLASH or UNITY?

  - by Cpucpu

  Currently, i develop for flash, not much ago i discovered unity, not yet played with it, but i have seen so far was cool. Here are my thoughts: Flash is more casual, start with cost less, in time and money. In unity you'd likely have to go more bussines-serious (real money). There are proven bussines models in flash, like adver-gaming, ads, micro-transactions. Have not seen much movement in this in Unity, too soon maybe. Flash is too heavy. By its nature(making games) Unity is way faster. Flash is 2d, doing something 3d with it turns weird and slow. Unity is natively 3d, not optimized for 2d though, it is likely feasible as well. I am overlooking the plug-in widespread, that gap will get closed over the time.

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• how to implement motion blur effect?

  - by PlayerOne

  I wanted to know how one would implement this motion blur or fade effect behind the soccer ball . Here is what I was thinking . You have the balls current position and you also keep its previous position(couple of sec back). and you draw a "streak" sprite between the 2 points. I have seen this effect lots of time implemented for projects in various 2d games and wanted to know if there is a standard technique. http://i45.tinypic.com/2n24j7r.png

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• Reasoner Conversion Problems:

  - by Annalyne

  I have this code right here in Java and I wanted to translate it in C++, but I had some problems going: this is the java code: import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class ClueReasoner { private int numPlayers; private int playerNum; private int numCards; private SATSolver solver; private String caseFile = "cf"; private String[] players = {"sc", "mu", "wh", "gr", "pe", "pl"}; private String[] suspects = {"mu", "pl", "gr", "pe", "sc", "wh"}; private String[] weapons = {"kn", "ca", "re", "ro", "pi", "wr"}; private String[] rooms = {"ha", "lo", "di", "ki", "ba", "co", "bi", "li", "st"}; private String[] cards; public ClueReasoner() { numPlayers = players.length; // Initialize card info cards = new String[suspects.length + weapons.length + rooms.length]; int i = 0; for (String card : suspects) cards[i++] = card; for (String card : weapons) cards[i++] = card; for (String card : rooms) cards[i++] = card; numCards = i; // Initialize solver solver = new SATSolver(); addInitialClauses(); } private int getPlayerNum(String player) { if (player.equals(caseFile)) return numPlayers; for (int i = 0; i < numPlayers; i++) if (player.equals(players[i])) return i; System.out.println("Illegal player: " + player); return -1; } private int getCardNum(String card) { for (int i = 0; i < numCards; i++) if (card.equals(cards[i])) return i; System.out.println("Illegal card: " + card); return -1; } private int getPairNum(String player, String card) { return getPairNum(getPlayerNum(player), getCardNum(card)); } private int getPairNum(int playerNum, int cardNum) { return playerNum * numCards + cardNum + 1; } public void addInitialClauses() { // TO BE IMPLEMENTED AS AN EXERCISE // Each card is in at least one place (including case file). for (int c = 0; c < numCards; c++) { int[] clause = new int[numPlayers + 1]; for (int p = 0; p <= numPlayers; p++) clause[p] = getPairNum(p, c); solver.addClause(clause); } // If a card is one place, it cannot be in another place. // At least one card of each category is in the case file. // No two cards in each category can both be in the case file. } public void hand(String player, String[] cards) { playerNum = getPlayerNum(player); // TO BE IMPLEMENTED AS AN EXERCISE } public void suggest(String suggester, String card1, String card2, String card3, String refuter, String cardShown) { // TO BE IMPLEMENTED AS AN EXERCISE } public void accuse(String accuser, String card1, String card2, String card3, boolean isCorrect) { // TO BE IMPLEMENTED AS AN EXERCISE } public int query(String player, String card) { return solver.testLiteral(getPairNum(player, card)); } public String queryString(int returnCode) { if (returnCode == SATSolver.TRUE) return "Y"; else if (returnCode == SATSolver.FALSE) return "n"; else return "-"; } public void printNotepad() { PrintStream out = System.out; for (String player : players) out.print("\t" + player); out.println("\t" + caseFile); for (String card : cards) { out.print(card + "\t"); for (String player : players) out.print(queryString(query(player, card)) + "\t"); out.println(queryString(query(caseFile, card))); } } public static void main(String[] args) { ClueReasoner cr = new ClueReasoner(); String[] myCards = {"wh", "li", "st"}; cr.hand("sc", myCards); cr.suggest("sc", "sc", "ro", "lo", "mu", "sc"); cr.suggest("mu", "pe", "pi", "di", "pe", null); cr.suggest("wh", "mu", "re", "ba", "pe", null); cr.suggest("gr", "wh", "kn", "ba", "pl", null); cr.suggest("pe", "gr", "ca", "di", "wh", null); cr.suggest("pl", "wh", "wr", "st", "sc", "wh"); cr.suggest("sc", "pl", "ro", "co", "mu", "pl"); cr.suggest("mu", "pe", "ro", "ba", "wh", null); cr.suggest("wh", "mu", "ca", "st", "gr", null); cr.suggest("gr", "pe", "kn", "di", "pe", null); cr.suggest("pe", "mu", "pi", "di", "pl", null); cr.suggest("pl", "gr", "kn", "co", "wh", null); cr.suggest("sc", "pe", "kn", "lo", "mu", "lo"); cr.suggest("mu", "pe", "kn", "di", "wh", null); cr.suggest("wh", "pe", "wr", "ha", "gr", null); cr.suggest("gr", "wh", "pi", "co", "pl", null); cr.suggest("pe", "sc", "pi", "ha", "mu", null); cr.suggest("pl", "pe", "pi", "ba", null, null); cr.suggest("sc", "wh", "pi", "ha", "pe", "ha"); cr.suggest("wh", "pe", "pi", "ha", "pe", null); cr.suggest("pe", "pe", "pi", "ha", null, null); cr.suggest("sc", "gr", "pi", "st", "wh", "gr"); cr.suggest("mu", "pe", "pi", "ba", "pl", null); cr.suggest("wh", "pe", "pi", "st", "sc", "st"); cr.suggest("gr", "wh", "pi", "st", "sc", "wh"); cr.suggest("pe", "wh", "pi", "st", "sc", "wh"); cr.suggest("pl", "pe", "pi", "ki", "gr", null); cr.printNotepad(); cr.accuse("sc", "pe", "pi", "bi", true); } } how can I convert this? there are too many errors I get. for my C++ code (as a commentor asked for) #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <string> using namespace std; void Scene_Reasoner() { int numPlayer; int playerNum; int cardNum; string filecase = "Case: "; string players [] = {"sc", "mu", "wh", "gr", "pe", "pl"}; string suspects [] = {"mu", "pl", "gr", "pe", "sc", "wh"}; string weapons [] = {"kn", "ca", "re", "ro", "pi", "wr"}; string rooms[] = {"ha", "lo", "di", "ki", "ba", "co", "bi", "li", "st"}; string cards [0]; }; void Scene_Reason_Base () { numPlayer = players.length; // Initialize card info cards = new String[suspects.length + weapons.length + rooms.length]; int i = 0; for (String card : suspects) cards[i++] = card; for (String card : weapons) cards[i++] = card; for (String card : rooms) cards[i++] = card; cardNum = i; }; private int getCardNum (string card) { for (int i = 0; i < numCards; i++) if (card.equals(cards[i])) return i; cout << "Illegal card: " + card <<endl; return -1; }; private int getPairNum(String player, String card) { return getPairNum(getPlayerNum(player), getCardNum(card)); }; private int getPairNum(int playerNum, int cardNum) { return playerNum * numCards + cardNum + 1; }; int main () { return 0; }

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• GUI device for throwing a ball

  - by Fredrik Johansson

  The hero has a ball, which shall be thrown with accuracy in a court on iPhone/iPad. The player is seen from above, in a 2D view. In game play, the player reach is between 1/15 and 1/6 of the height of the iPhone screen. The player will run, and try to outmaneuver his opponent, and then throw the ball at a specific location, which is guarded by the opponent (which is also shown on the screen). The player is controlled by a joystick, and that works ok, but how shall I control the stick? Maybe someone can propose a third control method? I've tried the following two approaches: Joystick: Hero has a reach of 1 meter, and this reach is marked with a semi-opaque circle around the player. The ball can be moved by a joystick. When the joystick is moved south, the ball is moved south within the reach circle. There is a direct coupling with the joystick and the position of the ball. I.e. when the joystick is moved max south, the ball is max south within the player reach. At each touch update the speed is calculated, and the Box2d ball position and ball speed are updated. NB, the ball will never be moved outside the reach as long as the player push the joystick. The ball is thrown by swiping the joystick to make the ball move, and then releasing the joystick. At release, the ball will get a smoothed speed of the joystick. Joystick Problem: The throwing accuracy gets bad, because the joystick can not be that big, and a small movement results in quite a large movement of the ball. If the user does not release before the end of the joystick maximum end point, the ball will stop, and when the user releases the joystick the speed of the ball will be zero. Bad... Touch pad A force is applied to the ball by a sweep on a touchpad. The ball is released when the sweep is ended, or when the ball is moved outside the player reach. As there is no one to one mapping between the swipe and the ball position, the precision can be improved. A large swipe can result in a small ball movement. Touch Pad Problem A touchpad is less intuitive. Users do not seem to know what to do with the touch pad. Some tap the touchpad, and then the ball just falls to the ground. As there is no one-to-one mapping, the ball can be moved outside the reach, and then it will just fall to the ground. It's a bit hard to control the ball, especially if the player also moves.

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• Collision Detection on floor tiles Isometric game

  - by Anivrom

  I am having a very hard to time figuring out a bug in my code. It should have taken me 20 minutes but instead I've been working on it for over 12 hours. I am writing a isometric tile based game where the characters can walk freely amongst the tiles, but not be able to cross over to certain tiles that have a collides flag. Sounds easy enough, just check ahead of where the player is going to move using a Screen Coordinates to Tile method and check the tiles array using our returned xy indexes to see if its collidable or not. if its not, then don't move the character. The problem I'm having is my Screen to Tile method isn't spitting out the proper X,Y tile indexes. This method works flawlessly for selecting tiles with the mouse. NOTE: My X tiles go from left to right, and my Y tiles go from up to down. Reversed from some examples on the net. Here's the relevant code: public Vector2 ScreentoTile(Vector2 screenPoint) { //Vector2 is just a object with x and y float properties //camOffsetX,Y are my camera values that I use to shift everything but the //current camera target when the target moves //tilescale = 128, screenheight = 480, the -46 offset is to center // vertically + 16 px for some extra gfx in my tile png Vector2 tileIndex = new Vector2(-1,-1); screenPoint.x -= camOffsetX; screenPoint.y = screenHeight - screenPoint.y - camOffsetY - 46; tileIndex.x = (screenPoint.x / tileScale) + (screenPoint.y / (tileScale / 2)); tileIndex.y = (screenPoint.x / tileScale) - (screenPoint.y / (tileScale / 2)); return tileIndex; } The method that calls this code is: private void checkTileTouched () { if (Gdx.input.justTouched()) { if (last.x >= 0 && last.x < levelWidth && last.y >= 0 && last.y < levelHeight) { if (lastSelectedTile != null) lastSelectedTile.setColor(1, 1, 1, 1); Sprite sprite = levelTiles[(int) last.x][(int) last.y].sprite; sprite.setColor(0, 0.3f, 0, 1); lastSelectedTile = sprite; } } if (touchDown) { float moveX=0,moveY=0; Vector2 pos = new Vector2(); if (player.direction == direction_left) { moveX = -(player.moveSpeed); moveY = -(player.moveSpeed / 2); Gdx.app.log("Movement", String.valueOf("left")); } else if (player.direction == direction_upleft) { moveX = -(player.moveSpeed); moveY = 0; Gdx.app.log("Movement", String.valueOf("upleft")); } else if (player.direction == direction_up) { moveX = -(player.moveSpeed); moveY = player.moveSpeed / 2; Gdx.app.log("Movement", String.valueOf("up")); } else if (player.direction == direction_upright) { moveX = 0; moveY = player.moveSpeed; Gdx.app.log("Movement", String.valueOf("upright")); } else if (player.direction == direction_right) { moveX = player.moveSpeed; moveY = player.moveSpeed / 2; Gdx.app.log("Movement", String.valueOf("right")); } else if (player.direction == direction_downright) { moveX = player.moveSpeed; moveY = 0; Gdx.app.log("Movement", String.valueOf("downright")); } else if (player.direction == direction_down) { moveX = player.moveSpeed; moveY = -(player.moveSpeed / 2); Gdx.app.log("Movement", String.valueOf("down")); } else if (player.direction == direction_downleft) { moveX = 0; moveY = -(player.moveSpeed); Gdx.app.log("Movement", String.valueOf("downleft")); } //Player.moveSpeed is 1 //tileObjects.x is drawn in the center of the screen (400px,240px) // the sprite width is 64, height is 128 testX = moveX * 10; testY = moveY * 10; testX += tileObjects.get(player.zIndex).x + tileObjects.get(player.zIndex).sprite.getWidth() / 2; testY += tileObjects.get(player.zIndex).y + tileObjects.get(player.zIndex).sprite.getHeight() / 2; moveX += tileObjects.get(player.zIndex).x + tileObjects.get(player.zIndex).sprite.getWidth() / 2; moveY += tileObjects.get(player.zIndex).y + tileObjects.get(player.zIndex).sprite.getHeight() / 2; pos = ScreentoTile(new Vector2(moveX,moveY)); Vector2 pos2 = ScreentoTile(new Vector2(testX,testY)); if (!levelTiles[(int) pos2.x][(int) pos2.y].collides) { Vector2 newPlayerPos = ScreentoTile(new Vector2(moveX,moveY)); CenterOnCoord(moveX,moveY); player.tileX = (int)newPlayerPos.x; player.tileY = (int)newPlayerPos.y; } } } When the player is moving to the left (downleft-ish from the viewers point of view), my Pos2 X values decrease as expected but pos2 isnt checking ahead on the x tiles, it is checking ahead on the Y tiles(as if we were moving DOWN, not left), and vice versa, if the player moves down, it will check ahead on the X values (as if we are moving LEFT, instead of DOWN). instead of the Y values. I understand this is probably the most confusing and horribly written post ever, but I'm confused myself so I'm having a hard time explaining it to others lol. if you need more information please ask!! I'm so frustrated after over 12 hours of working on it I'm about to give up.

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• IrrKlang with Ogre

  - by Vinnie

  I'm trying to set up sound in my Ogre3D project. I have installed irrKlang 1.4.0 and added it's include and lib directories to my projects VC++ Include and Library directories, but I'm still getting a Linker error when I attempt to build. Any suggestions? (Error 4007 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "__declspec(dllimport) class irrklang::ISoundEngine * __cdecl irrklang::createIrrKlangDevice(enum irrklang::E_SOUND_OUTPUT_DRIVER,int,char const *,char const *)" (_imp?createIrrKlangDevice@irrklang@@YAPAVISoundEngine@1@W4E_SOUND_OUTPUT_DRIVER@1@HPBD1@Z) referenced in function "public: __thiscall SoundManager::SoundManager(void)" (??0SoundManager@@QAE@XZ)

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• Calculating instantaneous speed and acceleration for a simple Car software model

  - by Dylan

  I am trying to model a speedometer and tachometer for a simple software model of a car dashboard. I want this to be relatively simple, so for my purposes I won't likely simulate variables such as drag (or, assume that drag is a constant). But I would like to know the general formulas for: 1) Calculating the RPM, depending on a position of a graphical slider representing the accelerator. 2) Using this information to find the instantaneous speed (or, magnitude of instantaneous velocity?). I am not sure, in the case of 2), what other independent variables I need to consider. Do I need to consider the frequency of rotation of the wheels (assuming a fixed radius), in addition to the RPM? If anyone can give me a rough explanation plus relevant formulas, or alternatively direct me to other trusted resources online (I have had a hard time sifting through info and determining the accuracy), it would be much appreciated.

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• Map building - Tower Defense

  - by Dan K

  Before diving too deep into my question, let it be known that I am learning as far as java script goes and figured a simple Tower Defense game would be an excellent way to learn things. So I have found a simple background image with a path drawn on it and my question is how would I go about building a path so that I can animate my objects. Would I have to take the image and overlay a grid system, or can I store the path in some sort of array and have my objects move across it? Here is the background image:

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• How to blend multiple normal maps?

  - by János Turánszki

  I want to achieve a distortion effect which distorts the full screen. For that I spawn a couple of images with normal maps. I render their normal map part on some camera facing quads onto a rendertarget which is cleared with the color (127,127,255,255). This color means that there is no distortion whatsoever. Then I want to render some images like this one onto it: If I draw one somewhere on the screen, then it looks correct because it blends in seamlessly with the background (which is the same color that appears on the edges of this image). If I draw another one on top of it then it will no longer be a seamless transition. For this I created a blendstate in directX 11 that keeps the maximum of two colors, so it is now a seamless transition, but this way, the colors lower than 127 (0.5f normalized) will not contribute. I am not making a simulation and the effect looks quite convincing and nice for a game, but in my spare time I am thinking how I could achieve a nicer or a more correct effect with a blend state, maybe averaging the colors somehow? I I did it with a shader, I would add the colors and then I would normalize them, but I need to combine arbitrary number of images onto a rendertarget. This is my blend state now which blends them seamlessly but not correctly: D3D11_BLEND_DESC bd; bd.RenderTarget[0].BlendEnable=true; bd.RenderTarget[0].SrcBlend = D3D11_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA; bd.RenderTarget[0].DestBlend = D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA; bd.RenderTarget[0].BlendOp = D3D11_BLEND_OP_MAX; bd.RenderTarget[0].SrcBlendAlpha = D3D11_BLEND_ONE; bd.RenderTarget[0].DestBlendAlpha = D3D11_BLEND_ZERO; bd.RenderTarget[0].BlendOpAlpha = D3D11_BLEND_OP_MAX; bd.RenderTarget[0].RenderTargetWriteMask = 0x0f; Is there any way of improving upon this? (PS. I considered rendering each one with a separate shader incementally on top of each other but that would consume a lot of render targets which is unacceptable)

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• checking for collision detection

  - by bill

  I am trying to create a game where you have a player and you can move right,left, and jump. kind of like mario but its not a side scroller. also i want to use 2d array to make a tile map. my big problem is that i dont understand how to check for collision. i spend about 2 week thinking about this and i came up with 2 solution but they both have problems. let say my map is: 0 = sky 1 = player 2 = ground 00000 10002 22022 Solution 1: move the '1'(player) and update the map less say player wants to move right, then x+=grid[x+1][y] this make the collision easy bc you can just check if if(grid[x][y+1] == 2){ //player is standing on top of ground } problem with this when u hit right key player will move (x*Titlewidth) to right. and as you can see the animation wont look smooth. Solution 2: move player and dont update map player_x += 2 this will make the animation more smoother bc i am just moving 2 pixels. problem1: i cant update map bc if player some times will be middle of int(2d array). but thats ok sinces its not a side scroller so updating the map is not a big deal. problem2: only way to check for collision is to use java intersection method. but then player have to be atleast 1 or 2 pixel in ground in order to check for collision. and as you can see that wont look good too. plz note this is my first collision game in java. so plz try to explain alot otherwise i wont understand it.

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• Secure login for a game that is open source

  - by David Park

  I am making a game which i will be open sourcing. Its a simple arcade like game but requires a network connection because it is meant to be played with other people. The thing i am worrying about is how would i be sure that the client is the one that i put out for the end user to play with? Kind of a like of sv_pure for Team Fortress 2. I was thinking of different ways to combat this such as the server requesting the client's version or even it's md5 hash but people with simple java knowledge could just force a method to always return what the server wants.

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