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• Are there some methodologies to define a game's rules?

  - by bAN

  I would like to write some rules for a game I have in head but I don't know how to do that. So are there some methodologies or modeling tools (like UML) to do that? I'm thinking about a kind of tree of competencies or some kind of map to be sure that the game is well balanced. I always wonder how the team who imagines some powers in magic the gathering for example does it. Do they have some diagrams to be sure the powers or creatures they imagine are well balanced for the entire game? I'm pretty noob in the game creation so I'll be happy with some directions to seek.. Technical terms or basic principles to learn. Thanks for help.

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• Soccer Game only with National Team names (country names) what about player names? [duplicate]

  - by nightkarnation

  This question already has an answer here: Legal issues around using real players names and team emblems in an open source game 2 answers Ok...this question hasn't been asked before, its very similar to some, but here's the difference: I am making a soccer/football simulator game, that only has national teams (with no official logos) just the country names and flags. Now, my doubt is the following...can I use real player names (that play or played on that national team?) From what I understand if I use a player name linked to a club like Barcelona FC (not a national team) I need the right from the club and the association that club is linked to, right? But If I am only linking the name just to a country...I might just need the permission of the actual player (that I am using his name) and not any other associations, correct? Thanks a lot in advance! Cheers, Diego.

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• Who should respond to collision: Unit or projectile?

  - by aleguna

  In an RTS if a projectile hits a unit. Who should handle the collision? If projectile handles the collision, it must be aware of all possible types of units, to know what damage to inflict. For example a bullet will likely kill a human, but it will do nothing to a tank. The same goes if unit handles a collision. So either way one of them should be aware of all possible types of the other. Of course the 'true' way would be to do full physics simulation, but that's not an option for an RTS with 1000s of units and projectiles... So what are the common practicies in this regards?

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• Tiled perlin/value noise texture with (2^n)+1 size

  - by tobi

  Actually what I have in mind is value noise I think, but what I am going to ask applies to both of them. It is known that if you want to produce tiled texture by using the perlin/value noise, the size of the texture should be specified as the power of 2 (2^n). Without any modifications to the algorithm when you use the size of (2^n)+1 the texture cannot be tiled anymore, so I am wondering whether it is possible (by modifying the algorithm somehow) to generate such tiling texture with the size of (2^n)+1. The article (from which I have my implementation) is here: http://devmag.org.za/2009/04/25/perlin-noise/ I am aware that I can produce texture with 2^n size and just copy twice the last column/row from the ends to make it (2^n)+1, but I don't want to, because such repetitions are visible too much.

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• 3D RTS pathfinding

  - by xcrypt

  I understand the A* algorithm, but I have some trouble doing it in 3D to suit the needs of my RTS Basically, in the game I'm making, there will be agents with different sizes of OBB collision boxes. I can use steering behaviours for avoiding other agents, so I don't need complete dynamic pathfinding. However, there is a problem because different agents have different collision geometry, and structures can be placed in almost any place. This means that there might be a gap between two structures where some agents can go through and some can't. A solution I have found to this problem is to do a sweep of the collision geometry of the agent from start node of the edge the pf algorithm is currently testing, to the end node of that edge. But this is probably a bit overkill since every edge the algorithm tests would also have to create and test with a collision geometry sweep. What are some reasonable approaches to this problem? I should mention that I'd prefer not to use navmeshes, I prefer waypoints because my entire system is based on it atm.

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• Building (simple) stellar systems

  - by space borg

  hi I'm currently looking at how to simulate easily some stellar systems (meaning some central stars and then some planets with maybe satellites), in order to allow later some space based strategy game (hence with space ships moving around). This should all be based around time (so the state of each system differs through time) I'm quite struggling with the math behind this topic, like for example: - ellipse related math, - creating the path from planet A to B having time in mind (respective positions will change over time)... Do you know of any resources for that ? I wouldn't mind even buying books about it... thanks in advance best space borg side note: how to display all this stuff isn't a matter at this point in time, I'll simple plans for that (basically sticking to 2D and a "high level view" with no space ships/planets details, just markers)

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• Best way to calculate unit deaths in browser game combat?

  - by MikeCruz13

  My browser game's combat system is written and mechanically functioning well. It's written in PHP and uses a SQL database. I'm happy with the unit balance in relation to one another. I am, however, a little worried about how I'm calculating unit deaths when one player attacks another because the deaths seem to pile up a little fast for my taste. For this system, a battle doesn't just trigger, calculate winner, and end. Instead, it is allowed to go for several rounds (say one round every 15 mins.) until one side passes a threshold of being too strong for the other player and allows players to send reinforcements between rounds. Each round, units pair up and attack each other. Essentially what I do is calculate the damage: AP = Attack Points HP = Hit Points Units AP * Quantity * Random Factors * other factors (such as attrition) I take that and divide by the defending unit's HP to find the number of casualties of defending units. So, for example (simplified to take out some factors), if I have: 500 attackers with 50 AP vs 1000 defenders with 100 HP = 250 deaths. I wonder if that last step could be handled better to reduce the deaths piling up. Some ideas: I just change all the units with more HP? I make sure to set the Attacking unit's AP to be a max of the defender's HP to make sure they only kill 1 unit. (is that fair if I have less huge units vs many small units?) I spread the damage around more by including the defending unit's quantity more? i.e. in that scenario some are dead and some are 50% damage. (How would I track this every round?) Other better mathematical approaches?

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• Unity: Render 2D textures on a 3D object's face

  - by www.Sillitoy.com

  I am not familiar with 3D graphics and I'd like to know what is the right way to render some 2D figures on different points of a wider face of a 3D object. My 3D object is just a cube representing a poker table. I have 2D png for players placeholders and I'd like to render these figures on the 3D object where needed. An alternative solution would be to render the whole face with a big picture containing all the placeholders figures. However it would be a waste of memory and thus less efficient. What do you suggest me?

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• Drawing visible tiles - side scrolling

  - by Troubleshoot

  Currently I'm calling drawMap every time repaint is called. This is the code I've written for my drawMap method so far. public void drawMap(Graphics2D g2d) { float cameraX = Player.getX() - (Frame.CANVAS_WIDTH / 2); float cameraY = Player.getY() - (Frame.CANVAS_HEIGHT / 2); int tileX = (int) cameraX; int tileY = (int) cameraY; int xIndent = 0, yIndent = 0; int a = 0, b = 0; while (tileX % TILE_SIZE != 0) { tileX--; xIndent++; } while (tileY % TILE_SIZE != 0) { tileY--; yIndent++; } for (int y = tileY; y < tileY + Frame.CANVAS_HEIGHT; y += Map.TILE_SIZE) { for (int x = tileX; x < tileX + Frame.CANVAS_WIDTH; x += Map.TILE_SIZE) { if ((y / TILE_SIZE < 0 || x / TILE_SIZE < 0) || (y / TILE_SIZE > columnSize)) break; g2d.drawImage(map[y / TILE_SIZE][x / TILE_SIZE], a - xIndent, b - yIndent, null); a += TILE_SIZE; } a = 0; b += TILE_SIZE; } } The idea behind this is that it gets the camera position and draws the map relative to the player position. However, instead of the player being in the center of the screen all the time, the player actually moves away from the center as it scrolls to the right, and moves towards to center as it scrolls to the left. I've been trying to pinpoint what I've done wrong but I can't seem to find it. My code also seems quite messy, so am I doing this the correct way?

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• Most supported/easiest to get started gamedev language?

  - by user1009013

  In what language are the most libraries/frameworks (like lwjgl for Java, XNA for C#)? What language is the easiest to start making a game (very easy to get a 3D-environment rendered)? What language has the friendliest learning curve? Say I want to make a game and I don't know any programming languages, I want to develop for any platform(so don't give the answer "the one you know best/the platform you are working on"), then what is the best language to start with. I get this question a lot "I have this and that ideas for a game and want to make it, what language should I use"(mostly asked by beginning programmers), but I don't know how to answer that. The answer "use the one you are most familiar with", because sometimes they don't even know a language yet... I am not asking for someone's personal opinion, but an objective list of what languages are the easiest/most supported/have the most/best libraries/frameworks to get started with gamedevelopment.

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• How to design a game engine in an object-oriented language?

  - by chuzzum

  Whenever I try and write a game in any object-oriented language, the first problem I always face (after thinking about what kind of game to write) is how to design the engine. Even if I'm using existing libraries or frameworks like SDL, I still find myself having to make certain decisions for every game, like whether to use a state machine to manage menus, what kind of class to use for resource loading, etc. What is a good design and how would it be implemented? What are some tradeoffs that have to be made and their pros/cons?

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• Rotating wheel with touch (adding momentum and slowing down the initial rate it can be moved

  - by Lewis

  I have a wheel control in a game which is setup like so: - (void)ccTouchesMoved:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event { UITouch *touch = [touches anyObject]; CGPoint location = [touch locationInView:[touch view]]; location = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] convertToGL:location]; if (CGRectContainsPoint(wheel.boundingBox, location)) { CGPoint firstLocation = [touch previousLocationInView:[touch view]]; CGPoint location = [touch locationInView:[touch view]]; CGPoint touchingPoint = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] convertToGL:location]; CGPoint firstTouchingPoint = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] convertToGL:firstLocation]; CGPoint firstVector = ccpSub(firstTouchingPoint, wheel.position); CGFloat firstRotateAngle = -ccpToAngle(firstVector); CGFloat previousTouch = CC_RADIANS_TO_DEGREES(firstRotateAngle); CGPoint vector = ccpSub(touchingPoint, wheel.position); CGFloat rotateAngle = -ccpToAngle(vector); CGFloat currentTouch = CC_RADIANS_TO_DEGREES(rotateAngle); wheelRotation += (currentTouch - previousTouch) * 0.6; //limit speed 0.6 } } Now once the user lets go of the wheel I want it to rotate back to where it was before but not without taking into account the momentum of the swipe the user has done. This is the bit I really can't get my head around. So if the swipe generates a lot of momentum then the wheel will carry on moving slightly in that direction until the overall force which pulls the wheel back to the starting position kicks in. Any ideas/code snippets?

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• Should I use float, double, or decimal for stats, position, etc?

  - by Ryan Peschel

  The problem with float and double is that they are not exact. If you are to do something like store replays, the values would have to be exact. The problems with decimal is that they are approximately 16x slower (confirmed by searching and personal testing) than floats and doubles. Couldn't Vector2s be another problem because they use floats internally for all the components? How do other games solve this problem? I'm sure they must use floats and doubles but aren't they not deterministic across platforms and different architecture? The replay files for games like SC2 run in a linear fashion so you cannot skip ahead so how do they solve the determinism issue with floating point numbers?

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• Wall jumping collision detection anomaly

  - by Nanor

  I'm creating a game where the player ascends a tower by wall jumping his way to the top. When the player has collided with the right wall they can only jump left and vice versa. Here is my current implementation: if(wallCollision() == "left"){ player.setPosX(0); player.setVelX(0); ignoreCollisions = true; player.setCanJump(true); player.setFacingLeft(false); } else if (wallCollision() == "right"){ player.setPosX(screenWidth-playerWidth*2); player.setVelX(0); ignoreCollisions = true; player.setCanJump(true); player.setFacingLeft(true); } else{ player.setVelY(player.getVelY() + gravity); } and private String wallCollision(){ if(player.getPosX() < playerWidth && !ignoreCollisions) return "left"; else if(player.getPosX() > screenWidth - playerWidth*2 && !ignoreCollisions) return "right"; else{ timeToJump += Gdx.graphics.getDeltaTime(); if(timeToJump > 0.50f){ timeToJump = 0; ignoreCollisions = false; } return "jumping"; } } If the player is colliding with the left wall it will switch between the states left and jumping repeatedly due to the varible ignoreCollisions being switched repeatedly in collision checks. This will give a chance to either jump as intended or simply ascend vertically instead of diagonally. I can't figure out an implementation that will reliably make sure the player jumps as intended. Does anyone have any pointers?

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• Converting a WIndows Store App to Android

  - by pm_2

  I cross posted this from SO I'm very new to Xamarin. I have a few published Windows Store apps and want to convert them to Android. I'm attempting to use Xamarin for this. I'm just using the free version of Xamarin. Here's where I am so far: I am trying two apps - one was build with Monogame and one is just build on the WinRT framework. I have managed to get them both into Xamarin studio, basically by hacking the csproj files. I'm getting build errors because it's missing references. There does appear to be some equivalent Mono / .Net4 libraries, but things like Microsoft.Xna.Framework seem to be missing. So, my question is: am I going about this the right way and, if so, am I missing a step ("convert dependencies" or something)? If I'm not going about this the right way then how should I be doing this (I found very few online resources on this subject)?

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• Adding a small slide when player releases left/right key

  - by Dave

  the aim is for the player object to slow down and stop instead of just stopping dead. The following codes works ok when the player is not jumping, but gets stuck in an object if the player is in the air when they do it. Left Key released event: if hsp = 0 exit; hspeed = -3; friction = 0.20; if obj_Player.hspeed = 0 { hspeed = 0; } Right key released event: if hsp = 0 exit; hspeed = +3; friction = 0.20; if obj_Player.hspeed = 0 { hspeed = 0; } and here's the horizontal collision code for interest: if (place_meeting(x+hsp,y,obj_bound)) { while(!place_meeting(x+sign(hsp),y,obj_bound)) { x += sign(hsp); } hsp = 0; } x += hsp; Any help would be much appreciated. Thanks.

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• How to design the scenarios in a platform game?

  - by ReyLitch

  I am developing a 3D platform game like Metroid Fusion with XNA. I have many classes for different elements as models, game screens, postprocessing and so on. Now I want to start designing the scenarios but I think that the scenarios needed in a platform game are not as conventional (by conventional I say something like this). I am very lost and not know where to start and how to structure it. Thanks in advance.

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• Vector-based fonts vs. bitmap fonts in (2d) games?

  - by jmp97

  I know that many games are using bitmap fonts. Which are the advantages for vector-based font rendering / manipulation when compared to bitmap fonts and in which scenarios would they matter the most? Prefer a focus on 2d games when answering this question. If relevant, please include examples for games using either approach. Some factors you might consider: amount of text used in the game scaling of text overlaying glyphs and anti-aliasing general rendering quality font colors and styling user interface requirements localisation / unicode text wrapping and formatting cross-platform deployment 2d vs 3d Background: I am developing a simple falling blocks game in 2d, targeted for pc. I would like to add text labels for level, score, and menu buttons. I am using SFML which uses FreeType internally, so vector-based features are easily available for my project. In my view, font sizes in simple games often don't vary, and bitmap fonts should be easier for cross-platform concerns (font-formats and font rendering quality). But I am unsure if I am missing some important points here, especially since I want to polish the looks of the final game.

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• What's the best way to add some particle or laser effects to an already animated character?

  - by Scott

  I just purchased some rigged and animated robot characters from 3drt for a game I'm making in unity. I would like to be able to add some weapon effects to the characters. For example, I would like for the robots to be able to shot lasers out of the hands at enemies. I have know idea where to even start with this task as I'm more of a programmer than a graphics guy. Can some experienced developers / designers please point me in a good direction? Thanks. Note: As of right now I have maya and blender installed on my computer.

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• Character coding / programming

  - by Jery

  Lately I tryed a few times to create characters for some games, but at some certain point (especially when collision detection came in) everything became messy and the interaction between chars, the world and certain items had a lot of bugs. So here is my question, how do you ussualy keep track of actions that your character is allowed to do, or more in general do you have some links / advices how to set up a char efficiantly? I´m working on a char right now, who should at least be able to run, jump, pick items up and use different fighting animations. Most ideas I came up with until now use some kind of action.priority / action.duration system to determain whats possible and what not, or a "action-manager" which defines for every action what is possible from that action on but it all doesnt work that well together.

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• How can I make a collection of mini-games in XNA where the user can download packs of minigames and the main .exe can run them without being altered?

  - by Pyroka

  I'm currently making a PC game in XNA. It's actually a collection of mini-games (there's 3 mini-games at the moment) however I plan to make and add more, in downloadable 'packs'. My question is, what's the best way to achieve this? Currently my thoughts are: Create a 'game' interface Build games to this interface but create them as .dlls Have the main .exe file scan a directory and load in the .dlls at runtime. I've not messed around with the idea much, but I know there are applications at-least that use this plug-in approach (Notepad++ seems to), but I'm not sure of any games that do (although I'm sure they must exist). However it seems that this is a problem that has been solved previously, so I'm wondering if there's any form of established best-practice.

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• Cheap ways to do scaling ops in shader?

  - by Nick Wiggill

  I've got an extensive world terrain that uses vec3 for the vertex position attribute. That's good, because the terrain has endless gradations due to the use of floating point. But I'm thinking about how to reduce the amount of data uploaded to the GPU. For my terrain, which uses discrete / grid-based vertex positions in x and z, it's pretty clear that I can replace my vec3s (floats, really) with shorts, halving the per-vertex position attribute cost from 12 bytes each to 6 bytes. Considering I've got little enough other vertex data, and an enormous amount of terrain data to push into the world, it's a major gain. Currently in my code, one unit in GLSL shaders is equal to 1m in the world. I like that scale. If I move over to using shorts, though, I won't be able to use the same scale, as I would then have a very blocky world where every step in height is an entire metre. So I see these potential solutions to scale the positional data correctly once it arrives at the vertex shader stage: Use 10:1 scaling, i.e. 1 short unit = 1 decimetre in CPU-side code. Do a division by 10 in the vertex shader to scale incoming decimetre values back to metres. Arbirary (non-PoT) divisions tend to be slow, however. Use (some-power-of-two):1 scaling (eg. 8:1), which enables the use of a bitshift (eg. val >> 3) to do the division... not sure how performant this is in shaders, though. Not as intuitive to read values, but possibly quite a bit faster than div by a non-PoT value. Use a texture as lookup table. I've heard that this is really fast. Or whatever solutions others can offer to achieve the same results -- minimal vertex data with sensible scaling.

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• OpenGL render to texture causing edge artifacts

  - by mysticalOso

  This is my first post here so any help would be massively appreciated :) I'm using C++ with SDL and OpenGL 3.3 When rendering directly to screen I get the following result And when I render to texture I this happens Anti-aliasing is turned off for both. I'm guessing this has something to do with depth buffer accuracy but I've tried a lot of different methods to improve the result but, no success :( I'm currently using the following code to set up my FBO: GLuint frameBufferID; glGenFramebuffers(1, &frameBufferID); glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, frameBufferID); glGenTextures(1, &coloursTextureID); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, coloursTextureID); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,GL_RGB,SCREEN_WIDTH,SCREEN_HEIGHT,0,GL_RGB,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,NULL); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,GL_NEAREST); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,GL_NEAREST); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); //Depth buffer setup GLuint depthrenderbuffer; glGenRenderbuffers(1, &depthrenderbuffer); glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, depthrenderbuffer); glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24, SCREEN_WIDTH,SCREEN_HEIGHT); glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, depthrenderbuffer); glFramebufferTexture(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, coloursTextureID, 0); GLenum DrawBuffers[1] = {GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0}; glDrawBuffers(1, DrawBuffers); // if(glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) return false; Thank you so much for any help :)

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• Translate along local axis

  - by Aaron

  I have an object with a position matrix and a rotation matrix (derived from a quaternion, but I digress). I'm able to translate this object along world-relative vectors, but I'm trying to figure out how to translate it along local-relative vectors. So if the object is tilted 45 degrees around its Z-axis the vector (1, 0, 0) would make it move to the upper right. For world-space translations I simply turn the movement vector into a matrix and multiply it by the position matrix: position_mat = translation_mat * position_mat. For local-space translations I'd think I'd have to use the rotation matrix into that formula, but I see the object spin around instead when I apply a translation over time no matter where I multiply the rotation matrix.

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• How to split a string with negative numbers using ActionScript 3.0

  - by inzombiak

  I'm having trouble loading my level. I'm using Ogmo to create my level then I import it. I have no problem converting 0's and 1's into an Array, but I can't figure out how to do the same for -1's. It separates the "-" and the "1". Any help would be great. I've posted my code and the XML files below levelXML = new XML(e.target.data); playerX = int(levelXML.Entities.Player.@x); playerY = int(levelXML.Entities.Player.@y); levelGrid = levelXML.Grid; levelGrid = levelGrid.split("\n").join(""); levelTiles = levelXML.Tiles; levelTiles = levelTiles.split("\n").join(""); levelTiles = levelTiles.split(",").join(""); tileArray = levelTiles.split(""); gridArray = levelGrid.split(""); for(i = 0; i <= 34; i++) { levelArray[i] = new Array(); for(j = 0; j <= 34; j++) { if(tileArray[j*35 + i] == 0) { gridArray[j*35+i] = -1; } var currentSymbol = gridArray[j*35+i]; levelArray[i][j] = currentSymbol; if(gridArray[j*35 + i] == 1) { wall = new Wall; addChild(wall); wall.x = i*20 + 10; wall.y = j*20 + 10; } else if(gridArray[j*35 + i] == -1) { pellet = new Pellet; addChild(pellet); pellet.x = i*20 + 10; pellet.y = j*20 + 10; } } } I know the code is very dirty, but I needed a quick fix. Grid exportMode="Bitstring" 11111111111111111111111111111111111 10000000000000000011000000000000001 10000000000000000011000000000000001 10011111001111110011001111110011001 10011111001111110011001111110011001 10011111001111110011001111110011001 10000000000000000000000000000000001 10000000000000000000000000000000001 10011111001100111111100110011111001 10011111001100000100000110011111001 10000000001100000100000110000000001 10000000001111100100111110000000001 11111111001111100100111110011111111 00000001001111100100111110010000000 00000001001100000000000110010000000 11111111001100000000000110011111111 00000000000000111111100000000000000 00000000000000100000100000000000000 11111111001100100000100110011111111 00000001001100111111100110010000000 00000001001100000000000110010000000 11111111001100111111100110011111111 10000000000000000100000000000000001 10000000000000000100000000000000001 10011111001111100100111110011111001 10000011000000000000000000011000001 10000011000000000000000000011000001 11110011001100111111100110011001111 11110011001100111111100110011001111 10000000001100000100000110000000001 10000000001100000100000110000000001 10011111111111100100111111111111001 10000000000000000000000000000000001 10000000000000000000000000000000001 11111111111111111111111111111111111 Tiles tileset="Tiles" exportMode="CSV"-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,-1 -1,-1,-1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1 -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1

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