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  • How to make natural-looking paths with A* on a grid?

    - by user11177
    I've been reading this: http://theory.stanford.edu/~amitp/GameProgramming/Heuristics.html But there are some things I don't understand, for example the article says to use something like this for pathfinding with diagonal movement: function heuristic(node) = dx = abs(node.x - goal.x) dy = abs(node.y - goal.y) return D * max(dx, dy) I don't know how do set D to get a natural looking path like in the article, I set D to the lowest cost between adjacent squares like it said, and I don't know what they meant by the stuff about the heuristic should be 4*D, that does not seem to change any thing. This is my heuristic function and move function: def heuristic(self, node, goal): D = 10 dx = abs(node.x - goal.x) dy = abs(node.y - goal.y) return D * max(dx, dy) def move_cost(self, current, node): cross = abs(current.x - node.x) == 1 and abs(current.y - node.y) == 1 return 19 if cross else 10 Result: The smooth sailing path we want to happen: The rest of my code: http://pastebin.com/TL2cEkeX

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  • jBullet Collision/Physics not working as expected

    - by Kenneth Bray
    Below is the code for one of my objects in the game I am creating (yes although this is a cube, I am not making anything remotely like MineCraft), and my issue is I while the cube will display and is does follow the physics if the cube falls, it does not interact with any other objects in the game. If I was to have multiple cubes in screen at once they all just sit there, or shoot off in all directions never stopping. Anyway, I am new to jBullet, and any help would be appreciated. // Constructor public Cube(float pX, float pY, float pZ, float pSize) { posX = pX; posY = pY; posZ = pZ; size = pSize; rotX = 0; rotY = 0; rotZ = 0; // physics stuff fallMotionState = new DefaultMotionState(new Transform(new Matrix4f(new Quat4f(0, 0, 0, 1), new Vector3f(posX, posY, posZ), 1))); fallRigidBodyCI = new RigidBodyConstructionInfo(mass, fallMotionState, fallShape, fallInertia); fallRigidBody = new RigidBody(fallRigidBodyCI); }

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  • Given a start and end point, how can I constrain the end point so the resulting line segment is horizontal, vertical, or 45 degrees?

    - by GloryFish
    I have a grid of letters. The player clicks on a letter and drags out a selection. Using Bresenham's Algorithm I can create a line of highlighted letters representing the player's selection. However, what I really want is to have the line segment be constrained to 45 degree angles (as is common for crossword-style games). So, given a start point and an end point, how can I find the line that passes through the start point and is closest to the end point? Bonus: To make things super sweet I'd like to get a list of points in the grid that the line passes through, and for super MEGA bonus points, I'd like to get them in order of selection (i.e. from start point to end point).

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  • Java enum pairs / "subenum" or what exactly?

    - by vemalsar
    I have an RPG-style Item class and I stored the type of the item in enum (itemType.sword). I want to store subtype too (itemSubtype.long), but I want to express the relation between two data type (sword can be long, short etc. but shield can't be long or short, only round, tower etc). I know this is wrong source code but similar what I want: enum type { sword; } //not valid code! enum swordSubtype extends type.sword { short, long } Question: How can I define this connection between two data type (or more exactly: two value of the data types), what is the most simple and standard way? Array-like data with all valid (itemType,itemSubtype) enum pairs or (itemType,itemSubtype[]) so more subtype for one type, it would be the best. OK but how can I construct this simplest way? Special enum with "subenum" set or second level enum or anything else if it does exists 2 dimensional "canBePairs" array, itemType and itemSubtype dimensions with all type and subtype and boolean elements, "true" means itemType (first dimension) and itemSubtype (second dimension) are okay, "false" means not okay Other better idea Thank you very much!

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  • How to Effectively Create Bullet Patterns

    - by SoulBeaver
    I'm currently creating a top-down shooter like Touhou. The most important factor of the game is that there are many diverse patterns and ways at which bullets are generated and shot at the player, see this video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Nb5Ohbt1Sg#start=0:60;end=9:53; At the moment, I'm using a class "Pattern" which has a series of steps on moving and shooting. However, I feel this method is quite laborous as I have to create a new Pattern for each attack and perhaps new Bullet classes that will implement a certain behavior. This question received a comment suggesting I should look into BulletML for easy creation and storage of bullets with a specific pattern. It looks decent, but it led me to wonder, what other solutions do you have that I should take into consideration? Update My current design is as follows: An example of an implemented pattern: My GigasPattern first executes a teleport which moves Alice to a certain point (X, Y) on the screen. After this is completed, the pattern starts using the Mover to move the sprite around (whereas teleporting has separate effects and animation). These are of no concern, really, as they are quite simple. The Shooter also creates various Attacks, which are classes again that the Shooter can use to create various patterns of bullets, much like the one in the question I posted. Once the Mover has reached it's destination, both it and the shooter stop and return to an inactive state. The pattern completes, is removed by the AI and a new one gets chosen.

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  • Efficient way of detecting a touched object in a game?

    - by Pin
    Imagine a Sims-like 2D game for a touch based mobile phone where one can interact with virtually any object in the scene. How can I efficiently detect which object is being touched by the player? In my short experience, looping through all the visible objects in the scene and checking if they're touched has so far done the job, but when there may be many many moving objects in the screen that sounds kind of inefficient isn't it? Keeping the visible moving objects list can consume time in itself as one may have to loop through all of them each frame. Other solutions I've thought are: Spatial hashing. Divide the screen as a grid and place the visible objects in the corresponding bucket. Detection of the clicked object is fast but there's additional overhead for placing the objects in the correct bucket each frame. Maintaining a quad-tree. Moving objects have to be rearranged all the time, the previous solution looks better. What is usually done in this case?

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  • Correct way to use Farseer Physics in XNA

    - by user1640602
    I am using Farseer Physics for my 2D sidescroller game and I'm not sure how to proceed with it. I currently have a Sprite class (handles nothing but graphics), a GameObject class (contains specific object info like hit points), a World object which contains the list of Bodies, and a Level object which contains all of these objects. Originally I was trying to keep track of the Sprites, GameObjects, and Bodies separately because I felt that would provide loose coupling but it quickly became a headache. So my new idea was to add a Sprite member to the GameObject class but I'm still not sure how to maintain the Bodies because they have to communicate with GameObject. Specifically, my issue is this: The position of the Body is used to draw the Sprite inside of the Level. In order to do that I would have to maintain a link between GameObjects and Bodies. Is this correct or is there a better way to architect my game? If any of this is unclear please ask and I'll try to clarify. Thank you in advance for any help.

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  • non randomic enemy movement implementation

    - by user601836
    I would like to implement enemy movement on a X-Y grid. Would it be a good idea to have a predefined table with an initial X-Y position and a predefined "surveillance path"? Each enemy will follow its path until it detects a player, at this point it will start chasing it using a chasing algorithm. According to a friend of mine this implementation is good because the design of a good path will provide to the user a sort of reality sensation.

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  • How do you maintain content size vs. content quality in an application?

    - by PeterK
    I am developing my first Cocos2d iPhone/iPad game that includes quite a few sprites, I would need approximately 80 different. As this is for both normal and HD displays I have 2x of each sprite. I am using TexturePacker to optimize the thing. I would like to ask if there are any rules-of-thumb, tricks, ideas etc. to adjust to in regards to size of content, quality and how you maintain high-quality HD-based graphics due to its size vs. the device memory sizes? Also, is it a good idea to only have one copy of the sprites and scale it using code?

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  • How can I make Maya export a mesh as double-sided?

    - by bobobobo
    I'm exporting from Maya 2009 to OBJ. The mesh I'm exporting has in it's Render Stats "Double Sided" checked, but when the polygon is exported, only a single side is actually exported. What really needs to happen is for each polygon that is double sided, two polygons need to be exported, facing in opposite directions.. I can do this manually, but is there a way to make the OBJ exporter do it for me?

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  • GLSL, all in one or many shader programs?

    - by stjepano
    I am doing some 3D demos using OpenGL and I noticed that GLSL is somewhat "limited" (or is it just me?). Anyway I have many different types of materials. Some materials have ambient and diffuse color, some materials have ambient occlusion map, some have specular map and bump map etc. Is it better to support everything in one vertex/fragment shader pair or is it better to create many vertex/fragment shaders and select them based on currently selected material? What is the usual shader strategy in OpenGL or D3D?

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  • Problem trying to lock framerate at 60 FPS

    - by shad0w
    I've written a simple class to limit the framerate of my current project. But it does not work as it should. Here is the code: void FpsCounter::Process() { deltaTime = static_cast<double>(frameTimer.GetMsecs()); waitTime = 1000.0/fpsLimit - deltaTime; frameTimer.Reset(); if(waitTime <= 0) { std::cout << "error, waittime: " << waitTime << std::endl; } else { SDL_Delay(static_cast<Uint32>(waitTime)); } if(deltaTime == 0) { currFps = -1; } else { currFps = 1000/deltaTime; } std::cout << "--Timings--" << std::endl; std::cout << "Delta: \t" << deltaTime << std::endl; std::cout << "Delay: \t" << waitTime << std::endl; std::cout << "FPS: \t" << currFps << std::endl; std::cout << "-- --" << std::endl; } Timer::Timer() { startMsecs = 0; } Timer::~Timer() { // TODO Auto-generated destructor stub } void Timer::Start() { started = true; paused = false; Reset(); } void Timer::Pause() { if(started && !paused) { paused = true; pausedMsecs = SDL_GetTicks() - startMsecs; } } void Timer::Resume() { if(paused) { paused = false; startMsecs = SDL_GetTicks() - pausedMsecs; pausedMsecs = 0; } } int Timer::GetMsecs() { if(started) { if(paused) { return pausedMsecs; } else { return SDL_GetTicks() - startMsecs; } } return 0; } void Timer::Reset() { startMsecs = SDL_GetTicks(); } The "FpsCounter::Process()" Method is called everytime at the end of my gameloop. I've got the problem that the loop is correctly delayed only every second frame, so it runs one frame delayed at 60 FPS and the next without delay at over 1000 fps. I am searching the error quite a while now, but I do not find it. I hope somebody can point me in the right direction.

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  • 3D physics engine for accurate collision handling on desktop/laptop computers (non-console)

    - by Georges Oates Larsen
    What are your suggestions for a physics engine that satisfies the following criteria? Capable of calculating collisions between multiple concave mesh-based colliders Handles many collisions going on at once (for instance one mesh being wedged between two others, which themselves may be wedged between two meshes) Does not allow for collider passthrough, even at high speeds. For instance, if I am applying force to a programmatically hinged object that makes it spin, I do not want it to pass through another rigidbody that it collides with while spinning. I have this problem using PhysX As implied before, reacts well to hinged objects, preferably has its own implementation of a hinge, but I am willing to program my own. The important part is that it has some sort of interface that guarantees accurate collision tracking even when dealing with these things Platform independent -- runs on mac as well as PC, also not tied down to specific graphics cards I think that's the best way to explain what I am looking for. Basically, I need SUPER reliable collisions. Something that can't be accomplished with a simple ray casting approach that sends a ray from the last position of the object to the current position (as this object may be potentially large and colliding with small objects via rotation) Bonus points for also including an OPEN SOURCE engine.

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  • Pathfinding with MicroPather : costs calculations with sectors and portals

    - by Adan
    Hello, I'm considering using micropather to help me with pathfinding. I'm not using a discrete map : I'm working in 2d with sectors and portales. However, I'm just wondering what is the best way to compute costs with this library in this context. Just to be more clear about geometrical shapes I'm using : sectors are basically convex polygons, and portals are segments that lies on sector's edge. Micropather exposes a pure virtual Graph class that you must inherate and overrides 3 functions. I understand how pathfinding works, so there's no problem in overriding those functions. Right now, my implementation give me results, i.e I'm able to find a path in my map, but I'm not sure I'm using an optimal solution. For the AdjacentCost method : I just take the distance between sector's centers as the cost. I think a better solution should be to use the portal between the two sectors, compute its center, and then the cost should be : distance( sector A center, portal center ) + distance ( sector B center, portal center ). I'm pretty sure the approximation I'm using with just sector's center is enough for most cases, but maybe with thin and long sectors that are perpendicular, this approximation could mislead the A* algorithm. For the LeastCostEstimate method : I just take the midpoint of the two sectors. So, as you understand, I'm always working with sectors' centers, and it's working fine. And I'm pretty sure there's a better way to work. Any suggestions or feedbacks? Thanks in advance!

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  • What has the most efficient intersection test against an AABB tree - OBB, Cylinder or Capsule?

    - by identitycrisisuk
    I'm currently trying to find collisions in 3D between a tighter volume than an AABB and a tree of AABB volumes. I just need to know whether they are intersecting, no closest distance or collision response. An OBB, Cylinder or Capsule would all roughly fit these purposes but Cylinder and Capsule were the first thing I thought of, which I have found little information about detecting intersections online. Am I right in thinking that they would always be more complex to perform Separating Axis Tests on even though they might seem like simpler shapes? I figure by the time I get my head around SAT for curved shapes I could have done the thing with OBBs but I wanted to find out for sure.

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  • How to keep track of previous scenes and return to them in libgdx

    - by MxyL
    I have three scenes: SceneTitle, SceneMenu, SceneLoad. (The difference between the title scene and the menu scene is that the title scene is what you see when you first turn on the game, and the menu scene is what you can access during the game. During the game, meaning, after you've hit "play!" in the title scene.) I provide the ability to save progress and consequently load a particular game. An issue that I've run into is being able to easily keep track of the previous scene. For example, if you enter the load scene and then decide to change your mind, the game needs to go back to where you were before; this isn't something that can be hardcoded. Now, an easy solution off the top of my head is to simply maintain a scene stack, which basically keeps track of history for me. A simple transaction would be as follows I'm currently in the menu scene, so the top of the stack is SceneMenu I go to the load scene, so the game pushes SceneLoad onto the stack. When I return from the load scene, the game pops SceneLoad off the stack and initializes the scene that's currently at the top, which is SceneMenu I'm coding in Java, so I can't simply pass around Classes as if they were objects, so I've decided implemented as enum for eac scene and put that on the stack and then have my scene managing class go through a list of if conditions to return the appropriate instance of the class. How can I implement my scene stack without having to do too much work maintaining it?

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  • Setting a leader from a sprite array

    - by Craig
    I'm looking to set a leader from an array of sprites, I keep on getting a NullReferenceException was unhandled error from within my main game class when calling the UpdateMouse Method. What have I dont wrong here? class MouseSprite { Random random = new Random(); private MouseSprite leader; public void UpdateBoundaryBox() { mouseBounds.X = (int)mousePosition.X - mouseTexture.Width / 2; mouseBounds.Y = (int)mousePosition.Y - mouseTexture.Height / 2; } public void UpdateMouse(Vector2 position, MouseSprite [] mice, int numberMice, int index) { Vector2 catPosition = position; int enemies = numberMice; this.alive = true; mice[random.Next(0, mice.Length)] = leader;

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  • How to highlight non-rectengular hotspots?

    - by HuseyinUslu
    So my question is highly related to Creating non-rectangular hotspots and detecting clicks. Yet again, I've irregular hot-spots (think the game Risk). So basically, we can detect clicks on these hot-spots easily using color key mapping as discussed in above question which I don't have any problems implementing (which is also covered here in details). The problem is about highlighting these irreguar hotspots. So let me explain the question a bit more - the above color key mapping guide uses this as a world map; then the author color-maps the imaginary countries; which we can now detect the country the pointer is over. In the same article author mentions outlining countries on mouse-over; though to get the effect, he creates unique border assets for each country - like; So for the game I'm working on I'm using the same color-key mapping idea to detect hot-spots, but I didn't like the way of highlighting hot-spots. Coloring all the hot-spots is already a great work for me - as I've 25+ hot-spots for each map - further more the need to have 25 unique border/highlight asset per hot-spot doesn't sound right. Anyone have a better idea/suggestion on highlighting these hot-spots?

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  • List<T>.AddRange is causing a brief Update/Draw delay

    - by Justin Skiles
    I have a list of entities which implement an ICollidable interface. This interface is used to resolve collisions between entities. My entities are thus: Players Enemies Projectiles Items Tiles On each game update (about 60 t/s), I am clearing the list and adding the current entities based on the game state. I am accomplishing this via: collidableEntities.Clear(); collidableEntities.AddRange(players); collidableEntities.AddRange(enemies); collidableEntities.AddRange(projectiles); collidableEntities.AddRange(items); collidableEntities.AddRange(camera.VisibleTiles); Everything works fine until I add the visible tiles to the list. The first ~1-2 seconds of running the game loop causes a visible hiccup that delays drawing (so I can see a jitter in the rendering). I can literally remove/add the line that adds the tiles and see the jitter occur and not occur, so I have narrowed it down to that line. My question is, why? The list of VisibleTiles is about 450-500 tiles, so it's really not that much data. Each tile contains a Texture2D (image) and a Vector2 (position) to determine what is rendered and where. I'm going to keep looking, but from the top of my head, I can't understand why only the first 1-2 seconds hiccups but is then smooth from there on out. Any advice is appreciated.

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  • How to avoid circular dependencies between Player and World?

    - by futlib
    I'm working on a 2D game where you can move up, down, left and right. I have essentially two game logic objects: Player: Has a position relative to the world World: Draws the map and the player So far, World depends on Player (i.e. has a reference to it), needing its position to figure out where to draw the player character, and which portion of the map to draw. Now I want to add collision detection to make it impossible for the player to move through walls. The simplest way I can think of is to have the Player ask the World if the intended movement is possible. But that would introduce a circular dependency between Player and World (i.e. each holds a reference to the other), which seems worth avoiding. The only way I came up with is to have the World move the Player, but I find that somewhat unintuitive. What is my best option? Or is avoiding a circular dependency not worth it?

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  • Camera Shake in Unreal Engine 4?

    - by The415
    Just to be straightforward, I am completely new to many aspects of coding and am searching for different specs and guidelines to aid me on my journey to crafting a wonderful game in Epic Games' Unreal Engine 4. I was wanting to know how to implement a third-person camera shake into my game, for use of the player sprinting, or crouching, etc. All I need is some tips on setting it up. I can figure the rest out.

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  • Dynamic Jump spot

    - by Pasquale Sada
    I have an initial velocity V(Vx,Vy,VZ) and a spot where he stands still at S(Sx,Sy,Sz). What I'm trying to achieve is a jump on a spot E(Ex,Ey,Ez) where you have clicked on(only lower or higher spot, because I've in place a simple steering behavior for even terrains). There are no obstacle around. I've implemented a formula that can make him jump in a precise way on a spot but you need to declare an angle: the problem arise when the selected spot is straight above your head. It' pretty lame that the char hang there and can reach a thing that is 1cm above is head. I'll share the code I'm using: Vector3 dir = target - transform.position; // get target direction float h = dir.y; // get height difference dir.y = 0; // retain only the horizontal direction float dist = dir.magnitude ; // get horizontal distance float a = angle * Mathf.Deg2Rad; // convert angle to radians dir.y = dist * Mathf.Tan(a); // set dir to the elevation angle dist += h / Mathf.Tan(a); // correct for small height differences // calculate the velocity magnitude float vel = Mathf.Sqrt(dist * Physics.gravity.magnitude / Mathf.Sin(2 *a)); return vel * dir.normalized;

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  • Why is C++ used for game engines? How about its future in game engines?

    - by kasperov
    C++, as I have seen, is being heavily used in 3d video game engines.... Is it because of the performance issues, legecy code or libraries such as DriverX? If performance, libraries and code infrastructure are the reasons, dosen't that make C++ indispensible, at least for game engines? (ie, we have no other option even in the very distant future). I asked this because, I have the right to know the upcomming future trends in game engines.

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  • How do I improve terrain rendering batch counts using DirectX?

    - by gamer747
    We have determined that our terrain rendering system needs some work to minimize the number of batches being transferred to the GPU in order to improve performance. I'm looking for suggestions on how best to improve what we're trying to accomplish. We logically split our terrain mesh into smaller grid cells which are 32x32 world units. Each cell has meta data that dictates the four 256x256 textures that are used for spatting along with the alpha blend data, shadow, and light mappings. Each cell contains 81 vertices in a 9x9 grid. Presently, we examine each cell and determine the four textures that are being used to spat the cell. We combine that geometry with any other cell that perhaps uses the same four textures regardless of spat order. If the spat order for a cell differs, the blend map is adjusted so that the spat order is maintained the same as other like cells and blending happens in the right order too. But even with this batching approach, it isn't uncommon when looking out across an area of open terrain to have between 1200-1700 batch count depending upon how frequently textures differ or have different texture blends are between cells. We are only doing frustum culling presently. So using texture spatting, are there other alternatives that can reduce the batch count and allow rendering to be extremely performance-friendly even under DirectX9c? We considered using texture atlases since we're targeting DirectX 9c & older OpenGL platforms but trying to repeat textures using atlases and shaders result in seam artifacts which we haven't been able to eliminate with the exception of disabling mipmapping. Disabling mipmapping results in poor quality textures from a distance. How have others batched together terrain geometry such that one could spat terrain using various textures, minimizing batch count and texture state switches so that rendering performance isn't negatively impacted?

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  • Weird appearance for a 3D XNA ground

    - by Belos
    I wanted to add a ground so I can know the position of a helicopter in the world. But the ground appeared in a weird way: http://i.stack.imgur.com/yTSuW.jpg The ground had the following texture: http://i.stack.imgur.com/pdpxB.png EDIT: Sorry, I forgot to post the code: public class ImportModel { public Vector3 Position { get; set; } public Vector3 Rotation { get; set; } public Vector3 Scale { get; set; } Model Model; Matrix[] modeltransforms; GraphicsDevice GraphicDevice; ContentManager Content; BoundingSphere sphere; bool boundingimplemented = false; public ImportModel(string model, GraphicsDevice gd, ContentManager cm, Vector3 position, Vector3 rot, Vector3 sca) { GraphicDevice = gd; Content = cm; Position = position; Rotation = rot; Scale = sca; Model = Content.Load<Model>(model); modeltransforms = new Matrix[Model.Bones.Count]; Model.CopyAbsoluteBoneTransformsTo(modeltransforms); } public void Draw(Camera camera) { Matrix baseworld = Matrix.CreateScale(Scale) * Matrix.CreateFromYawPitchRoll(Rotation.Y, Rotation.X, Rotation.Z) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(Position); foreach (ModelMesh mesh in Model.Meshes) { Matrix localworld = modeltransforms[mesh.ParentBone.Index] * baseworld; foreach (ModelMeshPart meshpart in mesh.MeshParts) { BasicEffect effect = (BasicEffect)meshpart.Effect; effect.World = localworld; effect.View = camera.View; effect.Projection = camera.Projection; effect.EnableDefaultLighting(); } mesh.Draw(); } } public BoundingSphere BoundingSphere { get { if (!boundingimplemented) { foreach (ModelMesh mesh in Model.Meshes) { BoundingSphere transformed = mesh.BoundingSphere.Transform( modeltransforms[mesh.ParentBone.Index]); sphere = BoundingSphere.CreateMerged(sphere, transformed); } Matrix worldTransform = Matrix.CreateScale(Scale) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(Position); BoundingSphere transforme = sphere; transforme = transforme.Transform(worldTransform); return transforme; } else { Matrix worldTransform = Matrix.CreateScale(Scale) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(Position); BoundingSphere transformed = sphere; transformed = transformed.Transform(worldTransform); return transformed; } } } } Then I call the class from the Game1 class: ImportModel ground = new ImportModel("ground", GraphicsDevice, Content, Vector3.Zero, Vector3.Zero, new Vector3(20f)); EDIT2:This is how the scene looks from top: i.stack.imgur.com/Hs983.jpg

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