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  • what is the easiest way to make a hitbox that rotates with it's texture

    - by Matthew Optional Meehan
    In xna when you have a sprite that doesnt rotate it's very easy to get the four corner of a sprite to make a hitbox, but when you do a rotation the points get moved and I assume there is some kind of math that I can use to aquire them. I am using the four points to draw a rectangle that visually represents the hitboxes. I have seen some per-pixel collission examples but I can forsee they would be hard to draw a box/'convex hull' around. I have also seen physics like farseer but I'm not sure if there is a quick tutorial to do what I want. What do you guys think is the best approach becuase I am looking to complete this work by the end of the week.

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  • Geometry Shader : points + Triangles

    - by CmasterG
    I have different Shaders and for each Shader a instance of the ShaderClass class, which initializes the Shaders, Renders the Shaders, etc. I use most of the Shaderclasses without Geometry Shader, but in one Shader Class i also use a Geometry Shader. The problem is, that when I render one object with the Shaderclass that uses the Geometry shader, all other object are rendered with the same geometry that I create in the Geometry Shader. Can you help me? Is it possible that I have to use a Geometry Shader for each object, when I use one for one object? I use DirectX 11 with C++.

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  • When to use an Array vs When to use a Vector, when dealing with GameObjects?

    - by user32465
    I understand that from other answers, Arrays and Vectors are the best choices. Many on SE claim that Linked Lists and Maps are bad for video game programming. I understand that for the most part, I can use Arrays. However, I don't really understand exactly when to use Vectors over Arrays. Why even use Vectors? Wouldn't it be best if I simply always used an Array, that way I know how much memory my game needs? Specifically my game would only ever load a single "Map" area of tiles, such as Map[100][100], so I could very easily have an array of GameObjectContainer GameObjects[100][100], which would reserve an entire map's worth of possible gameobjects, correct? So why use a Vector instead? Memory is quite large on modern hardware.

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  • Stop animation playing automatically

    - by Starkers
    I've created an animation to animate a swinging mace. To do this I select the mace object in the scene pane, open the animation pane, and key it at a certain position at 0:00. I'm prompted to save this animation in my assets folder, which I do, as maceswing I then rotate the mace, move the slider through time and key it in a different position. I move the slider through time again, move the object to the original position and key it. There are now three things in my assets folder: maceswing appears to be my animation, but I have no idea what Mace Mace 1 and Mace 2 are. (I've been mucking around trying to get this working so it's possible Mace 1 and Mace 2 are just duplicates of Mace. I still want to know what they are though) When I play my game, the mace is constantly swinging, even though I didn't apply maceswing to it. I can't stop it. People say there's some kind of tick box to stop it constantly animating but I can't find it. My mace object only has an Animator component: Unticking this component doesn't stop the animation playing so I have no idea where the animation is coming from. Or what the Animator component actually does. I don't want this animation constantly playing. I only want it to play once when someone clicks a certain button: var Mace : Transform; if(Input.GetButtonDown('Fire1')){ Mace.animation.Play('maceswing'); }; Upon clicking the 'Fire1' button, I get this error: MissingComponentException: There is no 'Animation' attached to the "Mace" game object, but a script is trying to access it. You probably need to add a Animation to the game object "Mace". Or your script needs to check if the component is attached before using it. There is no 'Animation' attached to the "Mace" game object, and yet I can see it swinging away constantly. Infact I can't stop it! So what's causing the animation if the game object doesn't have an 'Animation' attached to it?

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  • most efficient AABB vs Ray collision algorithms

    - by Asher Einhorn
    Is there a known 'most efficient' algorithm for AABB vs Ray collision detection? I recently stumbled accross Arvo's AABB vs Sphere collision algorithm, and I am wondering if there is a similarly noteworthy algorithm for this. One must have condition for this algorithm is that I need to have the option of querying the result for the distance from the ray's origin to the point of collision. having said this, if there is another, faster algorithm which does not return distance, then in addition to posting one that does, also posting that algorithm would be very helpful indeed. Please also state what the function's return argument is, and how you use it to return distance or a 'no-collision' case. For example, does it have an out parameter for the distance as well as a bool return value? or does it simply return a float with the distance, vs a value of -1 for no collision? (For those that don't know: AABB = Axis Aligned Bounding Box)

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  • Whats a good way to do Collision with 2D Rectangles? can someone give me a tip?

    - by Javier
    using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; namespace BreakOut { class Field { public static Field generateField() { List<Block> blocks = new List<Block>(); for (int j = 0; j < BlockType.BLOCK_TYPES.Length; j++) for (int i = 0; i < (Game1.WIDTH / Block.WIDTH); i++) { Block b = new Block(BlockType.BLOCK_TYPES[j], new Vector2(i * Block.WIDTH, (Block.HEIGHT + 2) * j + 5)); blocks.Add(b); } return new Field(blocks); } List<Block> blocks; public Field(List<Block> blocks) { this.blocks = blocks; } public void Update(GameTime gameTime, Ball b) { List<Block> removals = new List<Block>(); foreach (Block o in blocks) { if (o.BoundingBox.Intersects(new Rectangle((int)b.pos.X, (int)b.pos.Y, Ball.WIDTH, Ball.HEIGHT))) //collision with blocks { removals.Add(o); } } foreach(Block o in removals) blocks.Remove(o); //removes the blocks, but i need help hitting one at a time } public void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { foreach (Block b in blocks) b.Draw(gameTime); } } } My problem is that My collision in this sucks. I'm trying to add collision with a ball and hitting against a block and then one of the blocks dissapear. The problem i'm having is: When the ball hits the block, it removes it all in one instance. Please people don't be mean and say mean answers to me, im just in highschool, still a nooby and trying to learn more c#/XNA..

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  • Character with several colliders and rigidbodies

    - by Lautaro
    I am doing a PvP fighting game. This is the GameObject hierarchy of the player character. Player contains: Legs Sword Torso Head I want to be able to Register impacts of the sword on a specific body part Use AddForce on the whole player entity when a body part is struck Change the animation of the player that owns the sword that hit Questions Is it correct that the only rigidbody should be on the root Player GameObject ? Is it correct that The body parts should have colliders and be triggers ? Is it correct that The swords should have colliders but not be trigger ?

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  • Rendering Texture Quad to Screen or FBO (OpenGL ES)

    - by Usman.3D
    I need to render the texture on the iOS device's screen or a render-to-texture frame buffer object. But it does not show any texture. It's all black. (I am loading texture with image myself for testing purpose) //Load texture data UIImage *image=[UIImage imageNamed:@"textureImage.png"]; GLuint width = FRAME_WIDTH; GLuint height = FRAME_HEIGHT; //Create context void *imageData = malloc(height * width * 4); CGColorSpaceRef colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceRGB(); CGContextRef context = CGBitmapContextCreate(imageData, width, height, 8, 4 * width, colorSpace, kCGImageAlphaPremultipliedLast | kCGBitmapByteOrder32Big); CGColorSpaceRelease(colorSpace); //Prepare image CGContextClearRect(context, CGRectMake(0, 0, width, height)); CGContextDrawImage(context, CGRectMake(0, 0, width, height), image.CGImage); glGenTextures(1, &texture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, imageData); glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); Simple Texture Quad drawing code mentioned here //Bind Texture, Bind render-to-texture FBO and then draw the quad const float quadPositions[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0 }; const float quadTexcoords[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0 }; // stop using VBO glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); // setup buffer offsets glVertexAttribPointer(ATTRIB_VERTEX, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3*sizeof(float), quadPositions); glVertexAttribPointer(ATTRIB_TEXCOORD0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2*sizeof(float), quadTexcoords); // ensure the proper arrays are enabled glEnableVertexAttribArray(ATTRIB_VERTEX); glEnableVertexAttribArray(ATTRIB_TEXCOORD0); //Bind Texture and render-to-texture FBO. glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLid); //Actually wanted to render it to render-to-texture FBO, but now testing directly on default FBO. //glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, textureFBO[pixelBuffernum]); // draw glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 2*3); What am I doing wrong in this code? P.S. I'm not familiar with shaders yet, so it is difficult for me to make use of them right now.

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  • Open GL polygons not displaying

    - by Darestium
    I have tried to follow nehe's opengl tutorial lesson 2. I use sfml for my window creation. The problem I have is that both the triangle and the quad don't show up on the screen: #include <SFML/System.hpp> #include <SFML/Window.hpp> #include <iostream> void processEvents(sf::Window *app); void processInput(sf::Window *app, const sf::Input &input); void renderCube(sf::Window *app, sf::Clock *clock); void renderGlScene(sf::Window *app); void init(); int main() { sf::Window app(sf::VideoMode(800, 600, 32), "Nehe Lesson 2"); app.UseVerticalSync(false); init(); while (app.IsOpened()) { processEvents(&app); renderGlScene(&app); app.Display(); } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } void init() { glClearDepth(1.f); glClearColor(0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 0.f); // Enable z-buffer and read and write glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); glDepthMask(GL_TRUE); // Setup a perpective projection glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); gluPerspective(45.f, 1.f, 1.f, 500.f); glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); } void processEvents(sf::Window *app) { sf::Event event; while (app->GetEvent(event)) { if (event.Type == sf::Event::Closed) { app->Close(); } if (event.Type == sf::Event::KeyPressed && event.Key.Code == sf::Key::Escape) { app->Close(); } } } void renderGlScene(sf::Window *app) { app->SetActive(); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // Clear the screen and the depth buffer glLoadIdentity(); // Reset the view glTranslatef(-1.5f, 0.0f, -6.0f); // Move Left 1.5 units and into the screen 6.0 glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); glVertex3f( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); // Top glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0f, 0.0f); // Bottom Left glVertex3f( 1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f); // Bottom Right glEnd(); glTranslatef(3.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glBegin(GL_QUADS); // Draw a quad glVertex3f(-1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); glVertex3f( 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); glVertex3f( 1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f); glVertex3f(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f); glEnd(); } I would greatly appreciate it if someone could help me resolve my issue.

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  • 2D Collision in Canvas - Balls Overlapping When Velocity is High

    - by kushsolitary
    I am doing a simple experiment in canvas using Javascript in which some balls will be thrown on the screen with some initial velocity and then they will bounce on colliding with each other or with the walls. I managed to do the collision with walls perfectly but now the problem is with the collision with other balls. I am using the following code for it: //Check collision between two bodies function collides(b1, b2) { //Find the distance between their mid-points var dx = b1.x - b2.x, dy = b1.y - b2.y, dist = Math.round(Math.sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy)); //Check if it is a collision if(dist <= (b1.r + b2.r)) { //Calculate the angles var angle = Math.atan2(dy, dx), sin = Math.sin(angle), cos = Math.cos(angle); //Calculate the old velocity components var v1x = b1.vx * cos, v2x = b2.vx * cos, v1y = b1.vy * sin, v2y = b2.vy * sin; //Calculate the new velocity components var vel1x = ((b1.m - b2.m) / (b1.m + b2.m)) * v1x + (2 * b2.m / (b1.m + b2.m)) * v2x, vel2x = (2 * b1.m / (b1.m + b2.m)) * v1x + ((b2.m - b1.m) / (b2.m + b1.m)) * v2x, vel1y = v1y, vel2y = v2y; //Set the new velocities b1.vx = vel1x; b2.vx = vel2x; b1.vy = vel1y; b2.vy = vel2y; } } You can see the experiment here. The problem is, some balls overlap each other and stick together while some of them rebound perfectly. I don't know what is causing this issue. Here's my balls object if that matters: function Ball() { //Random Positions this.x = 50 + Math.random() * W; this.y = 50 + Math.random() * H; //Random radii this.r = 15 + Math.random() * 30; this.m = this.r; //Random velocity components this.vx = 1 + Math.random() * 4; this.vy = 1 + Math.random() * 4; //Random shade of grey color this.c = Math.round(Math.random() * 200); this.draw = function() { ctx.beginPath(); ctx.fillStyle = "rgb(" + this.c + ", " + this.c + ", " + this.c + ")"; ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, this.r, 0, Math.PI*2, false); ctx.fill(); ctx.closePath(); } }

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  • Library For Opengl 1.4?

    - by Robinson Joaquin
    My netbook only supports openGL version 1.4, my GPU is intel gma 3150, so for you what is the best library/tools to use or somewhat great move to make/advice, there are no wrong answers, (I am trying to create a game) PS: I already check the net for resources but, opengl (redbook) 4th edition is scarce (and redbook for v1.1 is already deprecated and is very OLD than what I'm looking for), besides I don't have money to buy a new laptop or a opengl book from online shop because international delivery is very expensive, I'm from outside US.

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  • Algorithm to simplify building/structural meshes

    - by morpheus
    I am looking for an algorithm to simplify the meshes of buildings or similar structures. EDIT: I had made a comment that Hoppe's algorithm tends to make meshes more and more spherical with simplification. But, I am not sure about it, so am deleting the comment. Buildings in contrast should tend to become more and more rectangular with increasing simplification. The D3DX extensions for D3D in version 9.0 (d3dx9.lib) used to have classes to do progressive mesh simplification. See: http://doc.51windows.net/Directx9_SDK/?url=/directx9_sdk/graphics/reference/d3dx/functions/mesh/d3dxgeneratepmesh.htm http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb281243(v=vs.85).aspx

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  • proper way to creation multiple similiar buttons/panels

    - by JayAvon
    I have the below Code which i tried to do, but it only shows(the minus/plus button) on the last GirdLayout (Intelligence stat): JButton plusButton = new JButton("+"); JButton minusButton = new JButton("-"); statStrengthGridPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1,3)); statStrengthGridPanel.add(minusButton); statStrengthGridPanel.add(new JLabel("10")); statStrengthGridPanel.add(plusButton); statConstitutionGridPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1,3)); statConstitutionGridPanel.add(minusButton); statConstitutionGridPanel.add(new JLabel("10")); statConstitutionGridPanel.add(plusButton); statDexterityGridPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1,3)); statDexterityGridPanel.add(minusButton); statDexterityGridPanel.add(new JLabel("10")); statDexterityGridPanel.add(plusButton); statIntelligenceGridPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1,3)); statIntelligenceGridPanel.add(minusButton); statIntelligenceGridPanel.add(new JLabel("10")); statIntelligenceGridPanel.add(plusButton); I know I can do something like I did for the Panel names(have multiple ones), but I did not want to do that for the Panels in the first place. I am trying to use best practice and not have my code be repetitive. Any suggestions?? The goal is to have 4 stats, to assign points to, with decrement and increment buttons(I decided against sliders). Eventually I will have them have upper and lower limits, decrement the "unused" label, and all of that good stuff, but I just want to not be repetitive. Thanks for any help.

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  • Selection of a mesh with arbitrary region

    - by Tigran
    Considering example: I have a mesh(es) on the OpenGL screen and would like to select a part of it (say for delete purpose). There is a clear way to do the selction via Ray Tracing, or via Selection provided by OpenGL itself. But, for my users, considering that meshes can get wired surfaces, I need to implement a selection via a Arbitrary closed region, so all triangles that appears present inside that region has to be selected. To be more clear, here is screen shot: I want all triangles inside black polygon to be selected, identified, whatever in some way. How can I achieve that ?

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  • Fast determination of whether objects are onscreen in 2D

    - by Ben Ezard
    So currently, I have this in each object's renderer's update method: float a = transform.position.x * Main.scale; float b = transform.position.y * Main.scale; float c = Camera.main.transform.position.x * Main.scale; float d = Camera.main.transform.position.y * Main.scale; onscreen = a + width - c > 0 && a - c < GameView.width && b + height - d > 0 && b - d < GameView.height; transform.position is a 2D vector containing the game engine's definition of where the object is - this is then multiplied by Main.scale to translate that coordinate into actual screen space Similarly, Camera.main.transform.position is the in-engine representation of where the main camera is, and this is also multiplied by Main.scale The problem is, as my game is tile-based, thousands of these updates get called every frame, just to determine whether or not each object should be drawn - how can I improve this please?

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  • Changing direction after collision

    - by Balint
    In the first tutorial for GameMaker (catch the clown), I want to set the direction of the clown after the collision with the wall. I want to do it by pressing the wall object with the mouse (before the collision, to set the angle parameter). For example by pressing only once the wall object it would change the clown's direction after collision by 45 degrees, twice by 90 degrees, and so on. How can I do that?

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  • AABB - AABB Collision, which face do I hit?

    - by PeeS
    To allow my objects to slide when they collide, I need to : Know which face of the AABB they collide with. Calculate the normal to that face. Return the normal and calculate the impulse that to apply to the player's velocity. Question How can I calculate which face of the AABB I collided with, knowing that I have two AABB's colliding? One is the player and the other is a world object. Here's what that looks like (problem collision circled in white): Thank you for your help.

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  • Calculating the rotational force of a 2D sprite

    - by Jon
    I am wondering if someone has an elegant way of calculating the following scenario. I have an object of (n) number of squares, random shapes, but we will pretend they are all rectangles. We are dealing with no gravity, so consider the object in space, from a top down perspective. I am applying a force to the object at a specific square (as illustrated below). How do I calculate the rotational angle, based on the force being applied, at the location being applied. If applied in the center square, it would go straight. How should it behave the further I move from the center? How do I calculate the rotational velocity?

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  • Image first loaded, then it isn't? (XNA)

    - by M0rgenstern
    I am very confused at the Moment. I have the following Class: (Just a part of the class): public class GUIWindow { #region Static Fields //The standard image for windows. public static IngameImage StandardBackgroundImage; #endregion } IngameImage is just one of my own classes, but actually it contains a Texture2D (and some other things). In another class I load a list of GUIButtons by deserializing a XML file. public static GUI Initializazion(string pXMLPath, ContentManager pConMan) { GUI myGUI = pConMan.Load<GUI>(pXMLPath); GUIWindow.StandardBackgroundImage = new IngameImage(pConMan.Load<Texture2D>(myGUI.WindowStandardBackgroundImagePath), Vector2.Zero, 1024, 600, 1, 0, Color.White, 1.0f, true, false, false); System.Console.WriteLine("Image loaded? " + (GUIWindow.StandardBackgroundImage.ImageStrip != null)); myGUI.Windows = pConMan.Load<List<GUIWindow>>(myGUI.GUIFormatXMLPath); System.Console.WriteLine("Windows loaded"); return myGUI; } Here this line: System.Console.WriteLine("Image loaded? " + (GUIWindow.StandardBackgroundImage.ImageStrip != null)); Prints "true". To load the GUIWindows I need an "empty" constructor, which looks like that: public GUIWindow() { Name = ""; Buttons = new List<Button>(); ImagePath = ""; System.Console.WriteLine("Image loaded? (In win) " + (GUIWindow.StandardBackgroundImage.ImageStrip != null)); //Image = new IngameImage(StandardBackgroundImage); //System.Console.WriteLine( //Image.IsActive = false; SelectedButton = null; IsActive = false; } As you can see, I commented lines out in the constructor. Because: Otherwise this would crash. Here the line System.Console.WriteLine("Image loaded? (In win) " + (GUIWindow.StandardBackgroundImage.ImageStrip != null)); Doesn't print anything, it just crashes with the following errormessage: Building content threw NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an object instance. Why does this happen? Before the program wants to load the List, it prints "true". But in the constructor, so in the loading of the list it prints "false". Can anybody please tell me why this happens and how to fix it?

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  • How can I make Maya export a mesh as double-sided?

    - by bobobobo
    I'm exporting from Maya 2009 to OBJ. The mesh I'm exporting has in it's Render Stats "Double Sided" checked, but when the polygon is exported, only a single side is actually exported. What really needs to happen is for each polygon that is double sided, two polygons need to be exported, facing in opposite directions.. I can do this manually, but is there a way to make the OBJ exporter do it for me?

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  • Game Messaging System Design

    - by you786
    I'm making a simple game, and have decided to try to implement a messaging system. The system basically looks like this: Entity generates message - message is posted to global message queue - messageManager notifies every object of the new message through onMessageReceived(Message msg) - if object wants, it acts on the message. The way I'm making message objects is like this: //base message class, never actually instantiated abstract class Message{ Entity sender; } PlayerDiedMessage extends Message{ int livesLeft; } Now my SoundManagerEntity can do something like this in its onMessageReceived() method public void messageReceived(Message msg){ if(msg instanceof PlayerDiedMessage){ PlayerDiedMessage diedMessage = (PlayerDiedMessage) msg; if(diedMessage.livesLeft == 0) playSound(SOUND_DEATH); } } The pros to this approach: Very simple and easy to implement The message can contain as much as information as you want, because you can just create a new Message subclass that has whatever info necessary. The cons: I can't figure out how I can recycle Message objects to a object pool, unless I have a different pool for each subclass of Message. So I have lots and lots of object creation/memory allocation over time. Can't send a message to a specific recipient, but I haven't needed that yet in my game so I don't mind it too much. What am I missing here? There must be a better implementation or some idea that I'm missing.

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  • Which physics phenomenons can be simulated properly with Box2d or bullet physics? [on hold]

    - by user3585425
    Knowing that box2d or bullet physics can't simulate Newton's cradle (because of multiple bodies being in contact at the same time if I understand correctly), is there a sets of physics phenomenons that imply two or more objects that still can be simulated properly ? For example, I'm thinking about lightweight objects launched towards heavyweight objects. If the object is destroyed on contact, this would not make a difference if the energy is not transmitted correctly on impact.

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  • How to export a C++ class library to C# using a dll?

    - by SICGames2013
    In my previous revision game engine I deported major functions for the game editor for C#. Now, I'm beginning to revise the game engine with a static library. There's a already dynamic library created in C++ to use DLLEXPORT for C#. Just now I want to test out the newer functions and created a DLL file from C++. Because the DLL contains classes I was wondering how would I be able to use DLL Export. Would I do this: [DLLEXPORT("GameEngine.dll", EntryPoint="SomeClass", Conventional=_stdcall)] static extern void functionFromClass(); I have a feeling it's probably DLLImport and not DLLExport. I was wondering how would I go about this? Another way I was thinking was because I already have the DLL in C++ prepared already to go the C# Class Library. I could just keep the new engine as a lib, and link the lib with the old DLL C++ file. Wouldn't the EntryPoint be able to point to the class the function is in?

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  • How to apply effects that occur (or change) over time to characters in a game?

    - by Joshua Harris
    So assume that I have a system that applies Effects to Characters like so: public class Character { private Collection<Effect> _effects; public void AddEffect (Effect e) { e.ApplyTo(this); _effects.Add(e); } public void RemoveEffect (Effect e) { e.RemoveFrom(this); _effects.Remove(e); } } public interface Effect { public void ApplyTo (Character character); public void RemoveFrom (Character character); } Example Effect: Armor Buff for 5 seconds. void someFunction() { // Do Stuff ... Timer armorTimer = new Timer(5 seconds); ArmorBuff armorbuff = new ArmorBuff(); character.AddEffect(armorBuff); armorTimer.Start(); // Do more stuff ... } // Some where else in code public void ArmorTimer_Complete() { character.RemoveEffect(armorBuff); } public class ArmorBuff implements Effect { public void applyTo(Character character) { character.changeArmor(20); } public void removeFrom(Character character) { character.changeArmor(-20); } } Ok, so this example would buff the Characters armor for 5 seconds. Easy to get working. But what about effects that change over the duration of the effect being applied. Two examples come to mind: Damage Over Time: 200 damage every second for 3 seconds. I could mimic this by applying an Effect that lasts for 1 second and has a counter set to 3, then when it is removed it could deal 200 damage, clone itself, decrement the counter of the clone, and apply the clone to the character. If it repeats this until the counter is 0, then you got a damage over time ability. I'm not a huge fan of this approach, but it does describe the behavior exactly. Degenerating Speed Boost: Gain a speed boost that degrades over 3 seconds until you return to your normal speed. This is a bit harder. I can basically do the same thing as above except having timers set to some portion of a second, such that they occur fast enough to give the appearance of degenerating smoothly over time (even though they are really just stepping down incrementally). I feel like you could get away with only 12 steps over a second (maybe less, I would have to test it and see), but this doesn't seem very elegant to me. The only other way to implement this effect would be to change the system so that the Character checks the _effects collection for effects that alter any of the properties any time that they are being used. I could handle this in functions like getCurrentSpeed() and getCurrentArmor(), but you can imagine how much of a hassle it would be to have that kind of overhead every time you want to do a calculation with movement speed (which would be every time you move your character). Is there a better way to deal with these kinds of effects or events?

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