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• Scan-Line Z-Buffering Dilemma

  - by Belgin

  I have a set of vertices in 3D space, and for each I retain the following information: Its 3D coordinates (x, y, z). A list of pointers to some of the other vertices with which it's connected by edges. Right now, I'm doing perspective projection with the projecting plane being XY and the eye placed somewhere at (0, 0, d), with d < 0. By doing Z-Buffering, I need to find the depth of the point of a polygon (they're all planar) which corresponds to a certain pixel on the screen so I can hide the surfaces that are not visible. My questions are the following: How do I determine to which polygon does a pixel belong to so I could use the formula of the plane which contains the polygon to find the Z-coordinate? Are my data structures correct? Do I need to store something else entirely in order for this to work? I'm just projecting the vertices onto the projection plane and joining them with lines based on the pointer lists.

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• Why does my VertexDeclaration apparently not contain Position0?

  - by Phil

  I'm trying to get my code from calling each individual draw call down to using at least a VertexBuffer, and preferably an indexBuffer, but now that I'm attempting to test my code, I'm getting the error: The current vertex declaration does not include all the elements required by the current vertex shader. Position0 is missing. Which makes absolutely no sense to me, as my VertexDeclaration is: public readonly static VertexDeclaration VertexDeclaration = new VertexDeclaration( new VertexElement(0, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Position, 0), new VertexElement(sizeof(float) * 3, VertexElementFormat.Color, VertexElementUsage.Color, 0), new VertexElement(sizeof(float) * 3 + 4, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Normal, 0) ); Which clearly contains the information. I am attempting to draw with the following lines: VertexBuffer vb = new VertexBuffer(GraphicsDevice, VertexPositionColorNormal.VertexDeclaration, c.VertexList.Count, BufferUsage.WriteOnly); IndexBuffer ib = new IndexBuffer(GraphicsDevice, typeof(int), c.IndexList.Count, BufferUsage.WriteOnly); vb.SetData<VertexPositionColorNormal>(c.VertexList.ToArray()); ib.SetData<int>(c.IndexList.ToArray()); GraphicsDevice.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, vb.VertexCount, 0, c.IndexList.Count/3); Where c is a Chunk class containing an 8x8x8 array of boxes. Full code is available at https://github.com/mrbaggins/Box/tree/ProperMeshing/box/box. Relevant locations are Chunk.cs (Contains the VertexDeclaration) and Game1.cs (Draw() is in Lines 230-250). Not much else of relevance to this problem anywhere else. Note that large commented sections are from old version of drawing.

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• My game seems to be incompatible with recording software. What could be causing this?

  - by Lewis Wakeford

  I've just finished a little Game-Dev project for university and I need to record a video to accompany my submission (just in case they can't get my source to work). Basically my game doesn't work at all when FRAPS or Bandicam attempts to attach to it, I get a black screen and a stream of GL INVALID OPERATION messages from my error reporting code. Dxtory can't seem to hook into it correctly at all, it doesn't display it's FPS counter or anything. My game logic appears to be running correctly from the debug traces, it just seems like all the gl library calls break. I don't know a huge amount about how these programs operate so I don't really know what I could be doing to cause this. I've heard they read from the OpenGL frame buffers so maybe I'm doing something wrong there? I'm letting GLFW and GLEW do all the low level initialization, but I have successfully recorded projects with the same setup and recording software. Essentially, has anyone ever run into something like this before or do you know anything about how these programs work that could give a clue as to the cause of the issue?

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• Making efficeint voxel engines using "chunks"

  - by Wardy

  Concept I'm currently looking in to how voxel engines work with a view to possibly making one myself. I see a lot of stuff like this ... https://sites.google.com/site/letsmakeavoxelengine/home/chunks ... which talks about how to go about reducing the draw calls. What I can't seem to understand is how it actually saves draw call counts on the basis of the logic being something like this ... Without chunks foreach voxel in myvoxels DrawIfVisible() With Chunks foreach chunk in mychunks DrawIfVisible() which then does ... foreach voxel in myvoxels DrawIfVisible() So surely you saved nothing ?!?! You still make a draw call for each visible voxel do you not? A visible voxel needs a draw call in either scenario. The only real saving I can see is that the logic that evaluates a chunk will be able to determine if a large number of voxels are visible or not effectively saving a bit of "is this chunk visible" cpu time. But it's the draw calls that interest me ... The fewer of those, the faster the application. EDIT: In case it makes any difference I will probably be using XNA (DX not OpenGL) for my engine so don't consider my choice of example in the link above my choice of technology. But this question is such that I doubt it would matter.

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• Fast determination of whether objects are onscreen in 2D

  - by Ben Ezard

  So currently, I have this in each object's renderer's update method: float a = transform.position.x * Main.scale; float b = transform.position.y * Main.scale; float c = Camera.main.transform.position.x * Main.scale; float d = Camera.main.transform.position.y * Main.scale; onscreen = a + width - c > 0 && a - c < GameView.width && b + height - d > 0 && b - d < GameView.height; transform.position is a 2D vector containing the game engine's definition of where the object is - this is then multiplied by Main.scale to translate that coordinate into actual screen space Similarly, Camera.main.transform.position is the in-engine representation of where the main camera is, and this is also multiplied by Main.scale The problem is, as my game is tile-based, thousands of these updates get called every frame, just to determine whether or not each object should be drawn - how can I improve this please?

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• Getting a texture from a renderbuffer in OpenGL?

  - by Rushyo

  I've got a renderbuffer (DepthStencil) in an FBO and I need to get a texture from it. I can't have both a DepthComponent texture and a DepthStencil renderbuffer in the FBO, it seems, so I need some way to convert the renderbuffer to a DepthComponent texture after I'm done with it for use later down the pipeline. I've tried plenty of techniques to grab the depth component from the renderbuffer for weeks but I always come out with junk. All I want at the end is the same texture I'd get from an FBO if I wasn't using a renderbuffer. Can anyone post some comprehensive instructions or code that covers this seemingly simple operation? EDIT: Linky to an extract version of the code http://dl.dropbox.com/u/9279501/fbo.cs Screeny of the Depth of Field effect + FBO - without depth(!) http://i.stack.imgur.com/Hj9Oe.jpg Screeny without Depth of Field effect + FBO - depth working fine http://i.stack.imgur.com/boOm1.jpg

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• 3d Picking under reticle

  - by Wolftousen

  i'm currently trying to work out some 3d picking code that I started years ago, but then lost interested the assignment was completed (this part wasn't actually part of the assignment). I am not using the mouse coords for picking, i'm just using the position in 3d space and a ray directly out from there. A small hitch though is that I want to use a cone and not a ray. Here are the variables i'm using: float iReticleSlope = 95/3000; //inverse reticle slope float baseReticle = 1; //radius of the reticle at z = 0 float maxRange = 3000; //max range to target Quaternion orientation; //the cameras orientation Vector3d position; //the cameras position Then I loop through each object in the world: Vector3d transformed; //object position after transformations float d, r; //holder variables for(i = 0; i < objects.length; i++) { transformed = position - objects[i].position; //transform the position relative to camera orientation.multiply(transformed); //orient the object relative to the camera if(transformed.z < 0) { d = sqrt(transformed[0] * transformed[0] + transformed[1] * transformed[1]); r = -transformed[2] * iReticleSlope + objects[i].radius; if(d < r && -transformed[2] - objects[i].radius <= maxRange) { //the object is under the reticle } else { //the object is not under the reticle } } else { //the object is not under the reticle } } Now this all works fine and dandy until the window ratio doesn't match the resolution ratio. Is there any simple way to account for that

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• What causes the iOS OpenGLES driver to allocate extra memory?

  - by Martin Linklater

  I'm trying to optimize the memory usage of our iOS game and I'm puzzled about when/why the iOS GLES driver allocates extra memory at runtime... When I run our game through Instruments with the OpenGL ES Driver instrument the gartUsedBytes value can fluctuate quite wildly. We preload all our textures and build the buffer objects up front, so it's not the game engine requesting extra memory from GL. Currently we are manually requesting around 50MB of GL memory, yet the gartUsedBytes value sits at around 90MB most of the time, peaking at 125MB from time to time. It seems to be linked to what you are rendering that frame - our PVS only submits VBO's for visible meshes. Can anyone shed some light on what the driver is doing in the background ? Like I said earlier, all our game engine allocations are done on level load, so in theory there shouldn't be any fluctuation on GL memory usage while the level is running. Thanks.

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• Story and news-feed ideas for social network games

  - by arpine

  I am currently working on a educational and fun 2-in-1 game. As I am not a professional, I need advice on story and news-feed. The goal is simple-get richer, the story is about a worker who is trying to get over his/her financial problems and become rich. During the whole gaming process there is a news-feed (every day there are a couple of fresh news about what is going on). The news are fresh and individual so I need to write about 2000 pieces of news for 2 year gaming, maybe more. The problem is that I am not sure whether repetitive news can interest in this game. What can be done to make the news-making process easier but not boring from the point of view of the player?

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• OpenGL ES 2.0 gluUnProject

  - by secheung

  I've spent more time than I should trying to get my ray picking program working. I'm pretty convinced my math is solid with respect to line plane intersection, but I believe the problem lies with the changing of the mouse screen touch into 3D world space. Heres my code: public void passTouchEvents(MotionEvent e){ int[] viewport = {0,0,viewportWidth,viewportHeight}; float x = e.getX(), y = viewportHeight - e.getY(); float[] pos1 = new float[4]; float[] pos2 = new float[4]; GLU.gluUnProject( x, y, 0.0f, mViewMatrix, 0, mProjectionMatrix, 0, viewport, 0, pos1, 0); GLU.gluUnProject( x, y, 1.0f, mViewMatrix, 0, mProjectionMatrix, 0, viewport, 0, pos2, 0); } Just as a reference I've tried transforming the coordinates 0,0,0 and got an offset. It would be appreciated if you would answer using OpenGL ES 2.0 code.

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• How to blend the sprite into background?

  - by optimisez

  I try to blend the character into game but I still cannot remove the blue color in the sprite sheet and discover that the white area of sprite is semi-transparent. Before that, the color D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 255, 255) is set in D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx. You will see the fireball through the sprite. After I change the color to D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0, 255, 255), the result will be Now, I am trying to remove the blue color of the sprite sheet and my expected result is something like that Until now, I still cannot figure out how to do that. Any ideas? void initPlayer() { // Create texture. hr = D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx(d3dDevice, "player.png", 169, 44, D3DX_DEFAULT, NULL, D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0, 255, 255), NULL, NULL, &player); } void renderPlayer() { sprite->Draw(player, &playerRect, NULL, &D3DXVECTOR3(playerDest.X, playerDest.Y, 0),D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 255, 255)); } void initFireball() { hr = D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx(d3dDevice, "fireball.png", 512, 512, D3DX_DEFAULT, NULL, D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 255, 255), NULL, NULL, &fireball); } void renderFireball() { sprite->Draw(fireball, &fireballRect, NULL, &D3DXVECTOR3(fireballDest.X, fireballDest.Y, 0), D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255,255, 255)); }

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• How to set orthgraphic matrix for a 2d camera with zooming?

  - by MahanGM

  I'm using ID3DXSprite to draw my sprites and haven't set any kind of camera projection matrix. How to setup an orthographic projection matrix for camera in DirectX which it would be able to support zoom functionality? D3DXMATRIX orthographicMatrix; D3DXMATRIX identityMatrix; D3DXMatrixOrthoLH(&orthographicMatrix, nScreenWidth, nScreenHeight, 0.0f, 1.0f); D3DXMatrixIdentity(&identityMatrix); device->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &orthographicMatrix); device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &identityMatrix); device->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &identityMatrix); This code is for initial setup. Then, for zooming I multiply zoom factor in nScreenWidth and nScreenHeight.

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• Has an open console any chance to give more strength to the indie game world ?

  - by jokoon

  I have heard about the GPX, but i don't really think the embedded market is mature enough in terms of performance, but what about the home console market ? I'm not talking about last-generation graphics, because that would be economically impossible, but what about an hardware as fast as a playstation 2/Xbox 1/Gamecube ? For games, the trick would be to ask some editors to recompile their best sellers for the new machine: those games being from the PSX age or even older console generations, I think this would have a very low cost job and they could still make some good profit, but I need to know if this is doable technically, considering the architecture which can be quite exotic. Do you think it would be a viable project to talk about to investors ?

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• How to apply effects that occur (or change) over time to characters in a game?

  - by Joshua Harris

  So assume that I have a system that applies Effects to Characters like so: public class Character { private Collection<Effect> _effects; public void AddEffect (Effect e) { e.ApplyTo(this); _effects.Add(e); } public void RemoveEffect (Effect e) { e.RemoveFrom(this); _effects.Remove(e); } } public interface Effect { public void ApplyTo (Character character); public void RemoveFrom (Character character); } Example Effect: Armor Buff for 5 seconds. void someFunction() { // Do Stuff ... Timer armorTimer = new Timer(5 seconds); ArmorBuff armorbuff = new ArmorBuff(); character.AddEffect(armorBuff); armorTimer.Start(); // Do more stuff ... } // Some where else in code public void ArmorTimer_Complete() { character.RemoveEffect(armorBuff); } public class ArmorBuff implements Effect { public void applyTo(Character character) { character.changeArmor(20); } public void removeFrom(Character character) { character.changeArmor(-20); } } Ok, so this example would buff the Characters armor for 5 seconds. Easy to get working. But what about effects that change over the duration of the effect being applied. Two examples come to mind: Damage Over Time: 200 damage every second for 3 seconds. I could mimic this by applying an Effect that lasts for 1 second and has a counter set to 3, then when it is removed it could deal 200 damage, clone itself, decrement the counter of the clone, and apply the clone to the character. If it repeats this until the counter is 0, then you got a damage over time ability. I'm not a huge fan of this approach, but it does describe the behavior exactly. Degenerating Speed Boost: Gain a speed boost that degrades over 3 seconds until you return to your normal speed. This is a bit harder. I can basically do the same thing as above except having timers set to some portion of a second, such that they occur fast enough to give the appearance of degenerating smoothly over time (even though they are really just stepping down incrementally). I feel like you could get away with only 12 steps over a second (maybe less, I would have to test it and see), but this doesn't seem very elegant to me. The only other way to implement this effect would be to change the system so that the Character checks the _effects collection for effects that alter any of the properties any time that they are being used. I could handle this in functions like getCurrentSpeed() and getCurrentArmor(), but you can imagine how much of a hassle it would be to have that kind of overhead every time you want to do a calculation with movement speed (which would be every time you move your character). Is there a better way to deal with these kinds of effects or events?

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• How do you maintain content size vs. content quality in an application?

  - by PeterK

  I am developing my first Cocos2d iPhone/iPad game that includes quite a few sprites, I would need approximately 80 different. As this is for both normal and HD displays I have 2x of each sprite. I am using TexturePacker to optimize the thing. I would like to ask if there are any rules-of-thumb, tricks, ideas etc. to adjust to in regards to size of content, quality and how you maintain high-quality HD-based graphics due to its size vs. the device memory sizes? Also, is it a good idea to only have one copy of the sprites and scale it using code?

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• Using box2d DrawDebugData with multi layer scene ?

  - by Mr.Gando

  In my Game, a Scene is composed by several layers. Each layer has different camera transformations. This way I can have a layer at z=3 (GUI), z=2 (Monsters), z=1 (scrolling background), and this 3 layers compose my whole Scene. My render loop looks something like: renderLayer() applyTransformations() renderVisibleEntities() renderChildLayers() end If I call DrawDebugData() in the render loop, the whole b2world debug data will be rendered once for each layer in my scene, this generates a mess, because the "debug boxes" get duplicated, some of them get the camera transformations applied and some of them don't, etc. What I would like to do, would be to make DrawDebugData to draw only certain debug boxes. In that way, I could call something like b2world->DrawDebugDataForLayer(int layer_id) and call that on each layer like : renderLayer() applyTransformations() renderVisibleEntities() //Only render my corresponding layer debug data b2world->DrawDebugDataForLayer(layer_id) renderChildLayers() end Is there a way to subclass b2World so I could add this functionality ( specific to my game ) ? If not, what would be the best way to achieve this (Cocos2d uses a similar scene graph approach and box2d, but I'm not sure if debugDraw works in Cocos2d... ) Thanks

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• How to reference or connect a variable to another class without stack overflow?

  - by SystemNetworks

  I really need to re-arrange all my functions. I created a class. All my var, booleans, int, doubles and other things. I created every new variable so they can reference it and so they don't have an error. If your asking why I never just reference my main class vars to my sub-class becuase it will give me stack overflow! When in my main class i link my sub-class. subClass s = new subClass(); Then I reference my fake variable to my real variable for example: This is my sub-class variable(I call it fake) public int x = 0; In my main class, I put it like this: s.x = x; The problem is, it does not work! Maybe this is not the right place but I cant ask any questions on stack overflow because they banned me. If I connect my main class and connect my sub-class it will give me stack overflow. How do I stop it?

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• Why my collision detection is not accurate?

  - by optimisez

  After trying and trying, I still cannot understand why the leg of character exceeds the wall but no clipping issue when I hit the wall from below. How should I fix it to make him standstill on the wall? void initPlayer() { // Create texture. hr = D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx(d3dDevice, "player.png", 169, 44, D3DX_DEFAULT, NULL, D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 255, 255), NULL, NULL, &player); playerRect.left = playerRect.top = 0; playerRect.right = 29; playerRect.bottom = 36; playerDest.X = 0; playerDest.Y = 564; playerDest.length = playerRect.right - playerRect.left; playerDest.height = playerRect.bottom - playerRect.top; } void initBox() { hr = D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx(d3dDevice, "brock.png", 330, 132, D3DX_DEFAULT, NULL, D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 255, 255), NULL, NULL, &box); boxRect.left = 33; boxRect.top = 0; boxRect.right = 63; boxRect.bottom = 30; boxDest.X = boxDest.Y = 300; boxDest.length = boxRect.right - boxRect.left; boxDest.height = boxRect.bottom - boxRect.top; } bool spriteCollide(Entity player, Entity target) { float left1, left2; float right1, right2; float top1, top2; float bottom1, bottom2; left1 = player.X; left2 = target.X; right1 = player.X + player.length; right2 = target.X + target.length; top1 = player.Y; top2 = target.Y; bottom1 = player.Y + player.height; bottom2 = target.Y + target.height; if (bottom1 < top2) return false; if (top1 > bottom2) return false; if (right1 < left2) return false; if (left1 > right2) return false; return true; } void collideWithBox() { if ( spriteCollide(playerDest, boxDest) && keyArr[VK_UP]) //playerDest.Y += 50; playerDest.Y = boxDest.Y + boxDest.height; else if ( spriteCollide(playerDest, boxDest) && !keyArr[VK_UP]) playerDest.Y = boxDest.Y - boxDest.height; }

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• Efficient way of detecting a touched object in a game?

  - by Pin

  Imagine a Sims-like 2D game for a touch based mobile phone where one can interact with virtually any object in the scene. How can I efficiently detect which object is being touched by the player? In my short experience, looping through all the visible objects in the scene and checking if they're touched has so far done the job, but when there may be many many moving objects in the screen that sounds kind of inefficient isn't it? Keeping the visible moving objects list can consume time in itself as one may have to loop through all of them each frame. Other solutions I've thought are: Spatial hashing. Divide the screen as a grid and place the visible objects in the corresponding bucket. Detection of the clicked object is fast but there's additional overhead for placing the objects in the correct bucket each frame. Maintaining a quad-tree. Moving objects have to be rearranged all the time, the previous solution looks better. What is usually done in this case?

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• Can I use copyrighted images and music in my game? [duplicate]

  - by Aman Grover

  This question already has an answer here: Using modified copyrighted music in non-commercial games 3 answers I am working on my first ever project , and I have used some copyrighted images(images taken from some other well recognized games). Is it even possible that I edit the images a little bit and then use them as royalty free images? If not, then can anyone tell me some web links from where I can get royalty free images?

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• Non-unique display names?

  - by Davy8

  I know of at least big title game (Starcraft II) that doesn't require unique display names, so it would seem like it can work in at least some circumstance. Under what situations does allowing non-unique display names work well? When does it not work well? Does it come down to whether or not impersonation of someone else is a problem? The reasons I believe it works for Starcraft II is that there isn't any kind of in-game trading of virtual goods and other than "for kicks" there isn't much incentive to impersonate someone else in the game. There's also ladder rankings so even trying to impersonate a pro is easily detectable unless you're on a similar skill level. What are some other cases where it makes sense to specifically allow or disallow duplicate display names? (I have no idea what to tag this as. I went with game-design because I needed at least 1 tag and I don't have rep to create new ones yet.)

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• Switching between Discrete and Integrated GPUs

  - by void-pointer

  Hello everyone, I develop CUDA applications on my Alienware M17x portable back-breaker, which has two discrete GTX 285M GPUs and one integrated GeForce 9400M GPU. I can currently switch between them using NVIDIA's software, but I would like the ability to do so within my applications for purposes of benchmarking and general convenience. Apparently this requires the "NDA version" of NVIDIA's Driver API, which I know not how to obtain. Would using this API be the only way to accomplish what I seek, and if so, how would I obtain it? A solution using Windows APIs would also be acceptable, though less preferable to one which would leverage a cross-platform API. I have created a similar thread concerning the matter on NVIDIA's forum, which is down at the time of this writing. Thanks for reading my question; it is much appreciated!

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• Animating isometric sprites

  - by Mike

  I'm having trouble coming up with a way to animate these 2D isometric sprites. The sprites are stored like this: < Game Folder Root /Assets/Sprites/< Sprite Name /< Sprite Animation /< Sprite Direction /< Frame Number .png So for example, /Assets/Sprites/Worker/Stand/North-East/01.png Sprite sheets aren't really viable for this type of animation. The example stand animation is 61 frames. 61 frames for all 8 directions alone is huge, but there's more then just a standing animation for each sprite. Creating an sf::Texture for every image and every frame seems like it will take up a lot of memory and be hard to keep track of that many images. Unloading the image and loading the next one every single frame seems like it will do a lot of unnecessary work. What's the best way to handle this?

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• Rotation matrix for a 3D vector

  - by Shashwat

  I have a direction vector on which I have to apply some rotation to align it to positive z-axis. To use Matrix.CreateRotationX(angle) of XNA, I need the angle for which I'd have to compute cos or tan inverse. I think this is a complex task to do. Also, eventually those are also converted to sin(angle) and cos(angle) in the matrix. Is there any inbuilt way to create rotation matrix from a 3D vector? However, I can write the function but still asking if there is one already there.

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• GestureListener's fling method doesn't get called

  - by nosferat

  I'm using SimpleGestureDetector from the libgdx-users Wiki as my InputProcessor. I set it in the created() method: Gdx.input.setInputProcess(new SimpleDirectionGestureDetector(charController)); charController is my class which implements the DirectionListener interface defined in the SimpleDirectionGestureDetector class and it is responsible for moving the player character. However the character doesn't change direction when I'm performing a fling action in any direction. I've checked and the fling() method in the SimpleDirectionGesture class doesn't get called and I have no idea why, since everything seems good. What am I doing wrong?

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