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  • Any learning/studying material for C/C++ that use game programming as learning context out there?

    - by mac
    As most of game programming is done - I read on this very site - in C/C++ I was wondering if there is any learning/studying material for C/C++ that would target specifically game programming. I am not looking for material about "developing games" or "software architecture for games", but rather for material that uses "game programming" as the CONTEXT for introducing and illustrating C/C++ features, idioms, programming techniques, etc... With a simile: think to the GOF book on design patterns. There, they used "developing a text-editor" as a context for introducing design patterns, but the book is most definitively not a book about "developing text-editors". Thanks in advance for your time and advice! PS: My background: I am a programmer with a solid experience in OO scripting languages and only some experience in C and Assembler (on AVR microcontrollers), so I am thinking to mid-to-advanced level material, rather than tutorials for beginners, although it might be interesting to take a look to the latter ones if nothing else is available.

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  • Very slow direct3D texture sampling

    - by __dominic
    Hi, So I'm writing a small game using Direct3D 9 and I'm using multitexturing for the terrain. All I'm doing is sampling 3 textures and a blend map and getting the overall color from the three textures based on the color channels from the blend map. Anyway, I am getting a massive frame rate drop when I sample more than 1 texture, I'm going from 120+ fps to just under 50. This is the HLSL code responsible for the slow down: float3 ground = tex2D(GroundTex, multiTex).rgb; float3 stone = tex2D(StoneTex, multiTex).rgb; float3 grass = tex2D(GrassTex, multiTex).rgb; float3 blend = tex2D(BlendMapTex, blendMap).rgb; Am I doing it wrong ? If anyone has any info or tips about texture sampling or anything, that would be nice. Thanks.

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  • Accessing managers from game entities/components

    - by Boreal
    I'm designing an entity-component engine in C# right now, and all components need to have access to the global event manager, which sends off inter-entity events (every entity also has a local event manager). I'd like to be able to simply call functions like this: GlobalEventManager.Publish("Foo", new EventData()); GlobalEventManager.Subscribe("Bar", OnBarEvent); without having to do this: class HealthComponent { private EventManager globalEventManager; public HealthComponent(EventManager gEM) { globalEventManager = gEM; } } // later on... EventManager globalEventManager = new EventManager(); Entity playerEntity = new Entity(); playerEntity.AddComponent(new HealthComponent(globalEventManager)); How can I accomplish this? EDIT: I solved it by creating a singleton called GlobalEventManager. It derives from the local EventManager class and I use it like this: GlobalEventManager.Instance.Publish("Foo", new EventData());

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  • Choosing a mobile advertising mediator over going it alone

    - by Notbad
    We have finished our first game for IOS/Android. We would like to give it away adding ads to it. I have been reading a lot about the subject but it is a bit overwhelming for starters. From what I read, it seems there are some important points to have into consideration: 1) Do as much localization as you can (target your audience with ads they could be interested for the zone they live in). 2) Do not over advertise in your application. At this moment we have decided to go with AdMob. It seems an easy option to setup for beginners and have a good set of ad networks. My question is, will we earn less for example for iAds using adMob than implementing iAds without a mediator? Are adMob paying less than others (this is what I remember for some artilces I read)?. It would be nice to hear from people with experience on this to let us light our way a bit.

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  • CCSpriteHole in cocos2d 2.0?

    - by rakkarage
    i was using this cocos2d class CCSpriteHole in cocos2d 1.0 fine... http://jpsarda.tumblr.com/post/15779708304/new-cocos2d-iphone-extensions-a-progress-bar-and-a i am trying to convert it to cocos2d 2.0... i got it to compile by changing glVertexPointer to glVertexAttribPointer like in the 2.0 version of CCSpriteScale9 here http://jpsarda.tumblr.com/post/9162433577/scale9grid-for-cocos2d and changing contentSizeInPixels_ to contentSize_... -(id) init { if( (self=[super init]) ) { opacityModifyRGB_ = YES; opacity_ = 255; color_ = colorUnmodified_ = ccWHITE; capSize=capSizeInPixels=CGSizeZero; //Not used blendFunc_.src = CC_BLEND_SRC; blendFunc_.dst = CC_BLEND_DST; // update texture (calls updateBlendFunc) [self setTexture:nil]; // default transform anchor anchorPoint_ = ccp(0.5f, 0.5f); vertexDataCount=24; vertexData = (ccV2F_C4F_T2F*) malloc(vertexDataCount * sizeof(ccV2F_C4F_T2F)); [self setTextureRectInPixels:CGRectZero untrimmedSize:CGSizeZero]; } return self; } -(id) initWithTexture:(CCTexture2D*)texture rect:(CGRect)rect { NSAssert(texture!=nil, @"Invalid texture for sprite"); // IMPORTANT: [self init] and not [super init]; if( (self = [self init]) ) { [self setTexture:texture]; [self setTextureRect:rect]; } return self; } -(id) initWithTexture:(CCTexture2D*)texture { NSAssert(texture!=nil, @"Invalid texture for sprite"); CGRect rect = CGRectZero; rect.size = texture.contentSize; return [self initWithTexture:texture rect:rect]; } -(id) initWithFile:(NSString*)filename { NSAssert(filename!=nil, @"Invalid filename for sprite"); CCTexture2D *texture = [[CCTextureCache sharedTextureCache] addImage: filename]; if( texture ) return [self initWithTexture:texture]; return nil; } +(id)spriteWithFile:(NSString*)f { return [[self alloc] initWithFile:f]; } - (void) dealloc { if (vertexData) free(vertexData); } -(void) updateColor { ccColor4F color4; color4.r=(float)color_.r/255.0f; color4.g=(float)color_.g/255.0f; color4.b=(float)color_.b/255.0f; color4.a=(float)opacity_/255.0f; for (int i=0; i<vertexDataCount; i++) { vertexData[i].colors=color4; } } -(void)updateTextureCoords:(CGRect)rect { CCTexture2D *tex = texture_; if(!tex) return; float atlasWidth = (float)tex.pixelsWide; float atlasHeight = (float)tex.pixelsHigh; float left,right,top,bottom; left = rect.origin.x/atlasWidth; right = left + rect.size.width/atlasWidth; top = rect.origin.y/atlasHeight; bottom = top + rect.size.height/atlasHeight; // // |/|/|/| // CGSize capTexCoordsSize=CGSizeMake(capSizeInPixels.width/atlasWidth, capSizeInPixels.height/atlasHeight); // From left to right //Top band // Left vertexData[0].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left,top}; vertexData[1].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left,top+capTexCoordsSize.height}; vertexData[2].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left+capTexCoordsSize.width,top}; vertexData[3].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left+capTexCoordsSize.width,top+capTexCoordsSize.height}; // Center vertexData[4].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right-capTexCoordsSize.width,top}; vertexData[5].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right-capTexCoordsSize.width,top+capTexCoordsSize.height}; // Right vertexData[6].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right,top}; vertexData[7].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right,top+capTexCoordsSize.height}; //Center band // Left vertexData[8].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left,bottom-capTexCoordsSize.height}; vertexData[9].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left,top+capTexCoordsSize.height}; vertexData[10].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left+capTexCoordsSize.width,bottom-capTexCoordsSize.height}; vertexData[11].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left+capTexCoordsSize.width,top+capTexCoordsSize.height}; // Center vertexData[12].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right-capTexCoordsSize.width,bottom-capTexCoordsSize.height}; vertexData[13].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right-capTexCoordsSize.width,top+capTexCoordsSize.height}; // Right vertexData[14].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right,bottom-capTexCoordsSize.height}; vertexData[15].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right,top+capTexCoordsSize.height}; //Bottom band //Left vertexData[16].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left,bottom}; vertexData[17].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left,bottom-capTexCoordsSize.height}; vertexData[18].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left+capTexCoordsSize.width,bottom}; vertexData[19].texCoords=(ccTex2F){left+capTexCoordsSize.width,bottom-capTexCoordsSize.height}; // Center vertexData[20].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right-capTexCoordsSize.width,bottom}; vertexData[21].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right-capTexCoordsSize.width,bottom-capTexCoordsSize.height}; // Right vertexData[22].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right,bottom}; vertexData[23].texCoords=(ccTex2F){right,bottom-capTexCoordsSize.height}; } -(void) updateVertices { float left=0; //-spriteSizeInPixels.width*0.5f; float right=left+contentSize_.width; float bottom=0; //-spriteSizeInPixels.height*0.5f; float top=bottom+contentSize_.height; float holeLeft=holeRect.origin.x*CC_CONTENT_SCALE_FACTOR(); float holeRight=holeLeft+holeRect.size.width*CC_CONTENT_SCALE_FACTOR(); float holeBottom=holeRect.origin.y*CC_CONTENT_SCALE_FACTOR(); float holeTop=holeBottom+holeRect.size.height*CC_CONTENT_SCALE_FACTOR(); // // |/|/|/| // // From left to right //Top band // Left vertexData[0].vertices=(ccVertex2F){left,top}; vertexData[1].vertices=(ccVertex2F){left,holeTop}; vertexData[2].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeLeft,top}; vertexData[3].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeLeft,holeTop}; // Center vertexData[4].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeRight,top}; vertexData[5].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeRight,holeTop}; // Right vertexData[6].vertices=(ccVertex2F){right,top}; vertexData[7].vertices=(ccVertex2F){right,holeTop}; //Center band // Left vertexData[8].vertices=(ccVertex2F){left,holeBottom}; vertexData[9].vertices=(ccVertex2F){left,holeTop}; vertexData[10].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeLeft,holeBottom}; vertexData[11].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeLeft,holeTop}; // Center vertexData[12].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeRight,holeBottom}; vertexData[13].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeRight,holeTop}; // Right vertexData[14].vertices=(ccVertex2F){right,holeBottom}; vertexData[15].vertices=(ccVertex2F){right,holeTop}; //Bottom band //Left vertexData[16].vertices=(ccVertex2F){left,bottom}; vertexData[17].vertices=(ccVertex2F){left,holeBottom}; vertexData[18].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeLeft,bottom}; vertexData[19].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeLeft,holeBottom}; // Center vertexData[20].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeRight,bottom}; vertexData[21].vertices=(ccVertex2F){holeRight,holeBottom}; // Right vertexData[22].vertices=(ccVertex2F){right,bottom}; vertexData[23].vertices=(ccVertex2F){right,holeBottom}; } -(void) setHole:(CGRect)r inRect:(CGRect)totalSurface { holeRect=r; self.contentSize=totalSurface.size; holeRect.origin=ccpSub(holeRect.origin,totalSurface.origin); CGPoint holeCenter=ccp(holeRect.origin.x+holeRect.size.width*0.5f,holeRect.origin.y+holeRect.size.height*0.5f); self.anchorPoint=ccp(holeCenter.x/contentSize_.width,holeCenter.y/contentSize_.height); //[self updateTextureCoords:rectInPixels_]; [self updateVertices]; [self updateColor]; } -(void) draw { BOOL newBlend = NO; if( blendFunc_.src != CC_BLEND_SRC || blendFunc_.dst != CC_BLEND_DST ) { newBlend = YES; glBlendFunc( blendFunc_.src, blendFunc_.dst ); } glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, [texture_ name]); glVertexAttribPointer(kCCVertexAttrib_Position, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(ccV2F_C4F_T2F), &vertexData[0].vertices); glVertexAttribPointer(kCCVertexAttrib_TexCoords, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(ccV2F_C4F_T2F), &vertexData[0].texCoords); glVertexAttribPointer(kCCVertexAttrib_Color, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(ccV2F_C4F_T2F), &vertexData[0].colors); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 8); glVertexAttribPointer(kCCVertexAttrib_Position, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(ccV2F_C4F_T2F), &vertexData[8].vertices); glVertexAttribPointer(kCCVertexAttrib_TexCoords, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(ccV2F_C4F_T2F), &vertexData[8].texCoords); glVertexAttribPointer(kCCVertexAttrib_Color, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(ccV2F_C4F_T2F), &vertexData[8].colors); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 8); glVertexAttribPointer(kCCVertexAttrib_Position, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(ccV2F_C4F_T2F), &vertexData[16].vertices); glVertexAttribPointer(kCCVertexAttrib_TexCoords, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(ccV2F_C4F_T2F), &vertexData[16].texCoords); glVertexAttribPointer(kCCVertexAttrib_Color, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(ccV2F_C4F_T2F), &vertexData[16].colors); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 8); if( newBlend ) glBlendFunc(CC_BLEND_SRC, CC_BLEND_DST); } -(void)setTextureRectInPixels:(CGRect)rect untrimmedSize:(CGSize)untrimmedSize { rectInPixels_ = rect; rect_ = CC_RECT_PIXELS_TO_POINTS( rect ); //[self setContentSizeInPixels:untrimmedSize]; [self updateTextureCoords:rectInPixels_]; } -(void)setTextureRect:(CGRect)rect { CGRect rectInPixels = CC_RECT_POINTS_TO_PIXELS( rect ); [self setTextureRectInPixels:rectInPixels untrimmedSize:rectInPixels.size]; } // // RGBA protocol // #pragma mark CCSpriteHole - RGBA protocol -(GLubyte) opacity { return opacity_; } -(void) setOpacity:(GLubyte) anOpacity { opacity_ = anOpacity; // special opacity for premultiplied textures if( opacityModifyRGB_ ) [self setColor: (opacityModifyRGB_ ? colorUnmodified_ : color_ )]; [self updateColor]; } - (ccColor3B) color { if(opacityModifyRGB_){ return colorUnmodified_; } return color_; } -(void) setColor:(ccColor3B)color3 { color_ = colorUnmodified_ = color3; if( opacityModifyRGB_ ){ color_.r = color3.r * opacity_/255; color_.g = color3.g * opacity_/255; color_.b = color3.b * opacity_/255; } [self updateColor]; } -(void) setOpacityModifyRGB:(BOOL)modify { ccColor3B oldColor = self.color; opacityModifyRGB_ = modify; self.color = oldColor; } -(BOOL) doesOpacityModifyRGB { return opacityModifyRGB_; } #pragma mark CCSpriteHole - CocosNodeTexture protocol -(void) updateBlendFunc { if( !texture_ || ! [texture_ hasPremultipliedAlpha] ) { blendFunc_.src = GL_SRC_ALPHA; blendFunc_.dst = GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA; [self setOpacityModifyRGB:NO]; } else { blendFunc_.src = CC_BLEND_SRC; blendFunc_.dst = CC_BLEND_DST; [self setOpacityModifyRGB:YES]; } } -(void) setTexture:(CCTexture2D*)texture { // accept texture==nil as argument NSAssert( !texture || [texture isKindOfClass:[CCTexture2D class]], @"setTexture expects a CCTexture2D. Invalid argument"); texture_ = texture; [self updateBlendFunc]; } -(CCTexture2D*) texture { return texture_; } @end but now positioning and scaling seem to not work? and it starts in the wrong position... but changing the opacity still works. so i was wondering if anyone can see why my 2.0 version is not working? or if maybe there is a better way to do a sprite hole with cocos2d/opengl 2.0? shaders? thanks

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  • How do you maintain content size vs. content quality in a mobile application?

    - by PeterK
    I am developing my first Cocos2d iPhone/iPad game that includes quite a few sprites, I would need approximately 80 different. As this is for both normal and HD displays I have 2x of each sprite. I am using TexturePacker to optimize the thing. I would like to ask if there are any rules-of-thumb, tricks, ideas etc. to adjust to in regards to size of content, quality and how you maintain high-quality HD-based graphics due to its size vs. the device memory sizes? Also, is it a good idea to only have one copy of the sprites and scale it using code?

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  • Android 2D terrain scrolling

    - by Nikola Ninkovic
    I want to make infinite 2D terrain based on my algorithm.Then I want to move it along Y axis (to the left) This is how I did it : public class Terrain { Queue<Integer> _bottom; Paint _paint; Bitmap _texture; Point _screen; int _numberOfColumns = 100; int _columnWidth = 20; public Terrain(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, Bitmap texture) { _bottom = new LinkedList<Integer>(); _screen = new Point(screenWidth, screenHeight); _numberOfColumns = screenWidth / 6; _columnWidth = screenWidth / _numberOfColumns; for(int i=0;i<=_numberOfColumns;i++) { // Generate terrain point and put it into _bottom queue } _paint = new Paint(); _paint.setStyle(Paint.Style.FILL); _paint.setShader(new BitmapShader(texture, Shader.TileMode.REPEAT, Shader.TileMode.REPEAT)); } public void update() { _bottom.remove(); // Algorithm calculates next point _bottom.add(nextPoint); } public void draw(Canvas canvas) { Iterator<Integer> i = _bottom.iterator(); int counter = 0; Path path = new Path(); path.moveTo(0, _screen.y); while (i.hasNext()) { path.lineTo(counter, _screen.y-i.next()); counter += _columnWidth; } path.lineTo(_screen.x, _screen.y); path.lineTo(0, _screen.y); canvas.drawPath(path2, _paint); } } The problem is that the game is too 'fast', so I tried with pausing thread with Thread.sleep(50); in run() method of my game thread but then it looks too torn. Well, is there any way to slow down drawing of my terrain ?

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  • How to shade a texture two different colors?

    - by Venesectrix
    To give an example of what I'm asking about, I'll use Saints Row 3 since I've been playing that lately. In that game you can customize your looks and your car's appearance a lot. Your coat can have a primary color and a trim color. Your car can have a primary color and a stripe color, etc. Is there just a single coat texture that is being shaded two different colors somehow or are they overlaying a transparent second texture for the trim/stripes that gets shaded differently? If it's just one texture I'd like to know how it's done. If it's two different textures it seems like it's a waste of space. The second texture would be the same size as the first one but mostly transparent if you just wanted to lay it on top of the first one. Or are they just carefully positioning a second, smaller texture so that it aligns properly with the first one?

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  • Android - Efficient way to draw tiles in OpenGL ES

    - by Maecky
    Hi, I am trying to write efficient code to render a tile based map in android. I load for each tile the corresponding bitmap (just one time) and then create the according tiles. I have designed a class to do this: public class VertexQuad { private float[] mCoordArr; private float[] mColArr; private float[] mTexCoordArr; private int mTextureName; private static short mCounter = 0; private short mIndex; As you can see, each tile has it's x,y location, a color array, texture coordinates and a texture name. Now, I want to render all my created tiles. To reduce the openGL api calls (I read somewhere that the state changes are costly and therefore I want to keep them to a minimum), I first want to hand ALL the coordinate-arrays, color-arrays and texture-coordinates over to OpenGL. After that I run two for loops. The first one iterates over the textures and binds the texture. The second for loop iterates over all Tiles and puts all tiles with the corresponding texture into an IndexBuffer. After the second for loop has finished, I call gl.gl_drawElements() whith the corresponding index buffer, to draw all tiles with the texture associated. For the next texture I do the same again. Now I run into some problems: Allocating and filling the FloatBuffers at the start of each rendering cycle costs very much time. I just run a test, where i wanted to put 400 coordinates into a FloatBuffer which took me about 200ms. My questions now are: Is there a better way, handling the coordinate and color structures? How is this correctly done, this is obviously not the optimal way? ;) thanks in advance, regards Markus

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  • Why do we use the Pythagorean theorem in game physics?

    - by Starkers
    I've recently learned that we use Pythagorean theorem a lot in our physics calculations and I'm afraid I don't really get the point. Here's an example from a book to make sure an object doesn't travel faster than a MAXIMUM_VELOCITY constant in the horizontal plane: MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = <any number>; SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = MAXIMUM_VELOCITY * MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; function animate(){ var squared_horizontal_velocity = (x_velocity * x_velocity) + (z_velocity * z_velocity); if( squared_horizontal_velocity <= SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY ){ scalar = squared_horizontal_velocity / SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; x_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; z_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; } } Let's try this with some numbers: An object is attempting to move 5 units in x and 5 units in z. It should only be able to move 5 units horizontally in total! MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 5; SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 5 * 5; SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 25; function animate(){ var x_velocity = 5; var z_velocity = 5; var squared_horizontal_velocity = (x_velocity * x_velocity) + (z_velocity * z_velocity); var squared_horizontal_velocity = 5 * 5 + 5 * 5; var squared_horizontal_velocity = 25 + 25; var squared_horizontal_velocity = 50; // if( squared_horizontal_velocity <= SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY ){ if( 50 <= 25 ){ scalar = squared_horizontal_velocity / SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; scalar = 50 / 25; scalar = 2.0; x_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; x_velocity = 5 / 2.0; x_velocity = 2.5; z_velocity = z_velocity / scalar; z_velocity = 5 / 2.0; z_velocity = 2.5; // new_horizontal_velocity = x_velocity + z_velocity // new_horizontal_velocity = 2.5 + 2.5 // new_horizontal_velocity = 5 } } Now this works well, but we can do the same thing without Pythagoras: MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 5; function animate(){ var x_velocity = 5; var z_velocity = 5; var horizontal_velocity = x_velocity + z_velocity; var horizontal_velocity = 5 + 5; var horizontal_velocity = 10; // if( horizontal_velocity >= MAXIMUM_VELOCITY ){ if( 10 >= 5 ){ scalar = horizontal_velocity / MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; scalar = 10 / 5; scalar = 2.0; x_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; x_velocity = 5 / 2.0; x_velocity = 2.5; z_velocity = z_velocity / scalar; z_velocity = 5 / 2.0; z_velocity = 2.5; // new_horizontal_velocity = x_velocity + z_velocity // new_horizontal_velocity = 2.5 + 2.5 // new_horizontal_velocity = 5 } } Benefits of doing it without Pythagoras: Less lines Within those lines, it's easier to read what's going on ...and it takes less time to compute, as there are less multiplications Seems to me like computers and humans get a better deal without Pythagorean theorem! However, I'm sure I'm wrong as I've seen Pythagoras' theorem in a number of reputable places, so I'd like someone to explain me the benefit of using Pythagorean theorem to a maths newbie. Does this have anything to do with unit vectors? To me a unit vector is when we normalize a vector and turn it into a fraction. We do this by dividing the vector by a larger constant. I'm not sure what constant it is. The total size of the graph? Anyway, because it's a fraction, I take it, a unit vector is basically a graph that can fit inside a 3D grid with the x-axis running from -1 to 1, z-axis running from -1 to 1, and the y-axis running from -1 to 1. That's literally everything I know about unit vectors... not much :P And I fail to see their usefulness. Also, we're not really creating a unit vector in the above examples. Should I be determining the scalar like this: // a mathematical work-around of my own invention. There may be a cleverer way to do this! I've also made up my own terms such as 'divisive_scalar' so don't bother googling var divisive_scalar = (squared_horizontal_velocity / SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY); var divisive_scalar = ( 50 / 25 ); var divisive_scalar = 2; var multiplicative_scalar = (divisive_scalar / (2*divisive_scalar)); var multiplicative_scalar = (2 / (2*2)); var multiplicative_scalar = (2 / 4); var multiplicative_scalar = 0.5; x_velocity = x_velocity * multiplicative_scalar x_velocity = 5 * 0.5 x_velocity = 2.5 Again, I can't see why this is better, but it's more "unit-vector-y" because the multiplicative_scalar is a unit_vector? As you can see, I use words such as "unit-vector-y" so I'm really not a maths whiz! Also aware that unit vectors might have nothing to do with Pythagorean theorem so ignore all of this if I'm barking up the wrong tree. I'm a very visual person (3D modeller and concept artist by trade!) and I find diagrams and graphs really, really helpful so as many as humanely possible please!

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  • OpenGL loading functions error [on hold]

    - by Ghilliedrone
    I'm new to OpenGL, and I bought a book on it for beginners. I finished writing the sample code for making a context/window. I get an error on this line at the part PFNWGLCREATECONTEXTATTRIBSARBPROC, saying "Error: expected a ')'": typedef HGLRC(APIENTRYP PFNWGLCREATECONTEXTATTRIBSARBPROC)(HDC, HGLRC, const int*); Replacing it or adding a ")" makes it error, but the error disappears when I use the OpenGL headers included in the books CD, which are OpenGL 3.0. I would like a way to make this work with the newest gl.h/wglext.h and without libraries. Here's the rest of the class if it's needed: #include <ctime> #include <windows.h> #include <iostream> #include <gl\GL.h> #include <gl\wglext.h> #include "Example.h" #include "GLWindow.h" typedef HGLRC(APIENTRYP PFNWGLCREATECONTEXTATTRIBSARBPROC)(HDC, HGLRC, const int*); PFNWGLCREATECONTEXTATTRIBSARBPROC wglCreateContextAttribsARB = NULL; bool GLWindow::create(int width, int height, int bpp, bool fullscreen) { DWORD dwExStyle; //Window Extended Style DWORD dwStyle; //Window Style m_isFullscreen = fullscreen;//Store the fullscreen flag m_windowRect.left = 0L; m_windowRect.right = (long)width; m_windowRect.top = 0L; m_windowRect.bottom = (long)height;//Set bottom to height // fill out the window class structure m_windowClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); m_windowClass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; m_windowClass.lpfnWndProc = GLWindow::StaticWndProc; //We set our static method as the event handler m_windowClass.cbClsExtra = 0; m_windowClass.cbWndExtra = 0; m_windowClass.hInstance = m_hinstance; m_windowClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); // default icon m_windowClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); // default arrow m_windowClass.hbrBackground = NULL; // don't need background m_windowClass.lpszMenuName = NULL; // no menu m_windowClass.lpszClassName = (LPCWSTR)"GLClass"; m_windowClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_WINLOGO); // windows logo small icon if (!RegisterClassEx(&m_windowClass)) { MessageBox(NULL, (LPCWSTR)"Failed to register window class", NULL, MB_OK); return false; } if (m_isFullscreen)//If we are fullscreen, we need to change the display { DEVMODE dmScreenSettings; //Device mode memset(&dmScreenSettings, 0, sizeof(dmScreenSettings)); dmScreenSettings.dmSize = sizeof(dmScreenSettings); dmScreenSettings.dmPelsWidth = width; //Screen width dmScreenSettings.dmPelsHeight = height; //Screen height dmScreenSettings.dmBitsPerPel = bpp; //Bits per pixel dmScreenSettings.dmFields = DM_BITSPERPEL | DM_PELSWIDTH | DM_PELSHEIGHT; if (ChangeDisplaySettings(&dmScreenSettings, CDS_FULLSCREEN) != DISP_CHANGE_SUCCESSFUL) { MessageBox(NULL, (LPCWSTR)"Display mode failed", NULL, MB_OK); m_isFullscreen = false; } } if (m_isFullscreen) //Is it fullscreen? { dwExStyle = WS_EX_APPWINDOW; //Window Extended Style dwStyle = WS_POPUP; //Windows Style ShowCursor(false); //Hide mouse pointer } else { dwExStyle = WS_EX_APPWINDOW | WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE; //Window Exteneded Style dwStyle = WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW; //Windows Style } AdjustWindowRectEx(&m_windowRect, dwStyle, false, dwExStyle); //Adjust window to true requested size //Class registered, so now create window m_hwnd = CreateWindowEx(NULL, //Extended Style (LPCWSTR)"GLClass", //Class name (LPCWSTR)"Chapter 2", //App name dwStyle | WS_CLIPCHILDREN | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS, 0, 0, //x, y coordinates m_windowRect.right - m_windowRect.left, m_windowRect.bottom - m_windowRect.top, //Width and height NULL, //Handle to parent NULL, //Handle to menu m_hinstance, //Application instance this); //Pass a pointer to the GLWindow here //Check if window creation failed, hwnd would equal NULL if (!m_hwnd) { return 0; } m_hdc = GetDC(m_hwnd); ShowWindow(m_hwnd, SW_SHOW); UpdateWindow(m_hwnd); m_lastTime = GetTickCount() / 1000.0f; return true; } LRESULT CALLBACK GLWindow::StaticWndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { GLWindow* window = nullptr; //If this is the create message if (uMsg == WM_CREATE) { //Get the pointer we stored during create window = (GLWindow*)((LPCREATESTRUCT)lParam)->lpCreateParams; //Associate the window pointer with the hwnd for the other events to access SetWindowLongPtr(hWnd, GWL_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR)window); } else { //If this is not a creation event, then we should have stored a pointer to the window window = (GLWindow*)GetWindowLongPtr(hWnd, GWL_USERDATA); if (!window) { //Do the default event handling return DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam); } } //Call our window's member WndProc(allows us to access member variables) return window->WndProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam); } LRESULT GLWindow::WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch (uMsg) { case WM_CREATE: { m_hdc = GetDC(hWnd); setupPixelFormat(); //Set the version that we want, in this case 3.0 int attribs[] = { WGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 3, WGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 0, 0}; //Create temporary context so we can get a pointer to the function HGLRC tmpContext = wglCreateContext(m_hdc); //Make the context current wglMakeCurrent(m_hdc, tmpContext); //Get the function pointer wglCreateContextAttribsARB = (PFNWGLCREATECONTEXTATTRIBSARBPROC)wglGetProcAddress("wglCreateContextAttribsARB"); //If this is NULL then OpenGl 3.0 is not supported if (!wglCreateContextAttribsARB) { MessageBox(NULL, (LPCWSTR)"OpenGL 3.0 is not supported", (LPCWSTR)"An error occured", MB_ICONERROR | MB_OK); DestroyWindow(hWnd); return 0; } //Create an OpenGL 3.0 context using the new function m_hglrc = wglCreateContextAttribsARB(m_hdc, 0, attribs); //Delete the temporary context wglDeleteContext(tmpContext); //Make the GL3 context current wglMakeCurrent(m_hdc, m_hglrc); m_isRunning = true; } break; case WM_DESTROY: //Window destroy case WM_CLOSE: //Windows is closing wglMakeCurrent(m_hdc, NULL); wglDeleteContext(m_hglrc); m_isRunning = false; //Stop the main loop PostQuitMessage(0); break; case WM_SIZE: { int height = HIWORD(lParam); //Get height and width int width = LOWORD(lParam); getAttachedExample()->onResize(width, height); //Call the example's resize method } break; case WM_KEYDOWN: if (wParam == VK_ESCAPE) //If the escape key was pressed { DestroyWindow(m_hwnd); } break; default: break; } return DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam); } void GLWindow::processEvents() { MSG msg; //While there are messages in the queue, store them in msg while (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) { //Process the messages TranslateMessage(&msg); DispatchMessage(&msg); } } Here is the header: #pragma once #include <ctime> #include <windows.h> class Example;//Declare our example class class GLWindow { public: GLWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance); //default constructor bool create(int width, int height, int bpp, bool fullscreen); void destroy(); void processEvents(); void attachExample(Example* example); bool isRunning(); //Is the window running? void swapBuffers() { SwapBuffers(m_hdc); } static LRESULT CALLBACK StaticWndProc(HWND wnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam); LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND wnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam); float getElapsedSeconds(); private: Example* m_example; //A link to the example program bool m_isRunning; //Is the window still running? bool m_isFullscreen; HWND m_hwnd; //Window handle HGLRC m_hglrc; //Rendering context HDC m_hdc; //Device context RECT m_windowRect; //Window bounds HINSTANCE m_hinstance; //Application instance WNDCLASSEX m_windowClass; void setupPixelFormat(void); Example* getAttachedExample() { return m_example; } float m_lastTime; };

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  • Getting a texture from a renderbuffer in OpenGL?

    - by Rushyo
    I've got a renderbuffer (DepthStencil) in an FBO and I need to get a texture from it. I can't have both a DepthComponent texture and a DepthStencil renderbuffer in the FBO, it seems, so I need some way to convert the renderbuffer to a DepthComponent texture after I'm done with it for use later down the pipeline. I've tried plenty of techniques to grab the depth component from the renderbuffer for weeks but I always come out with junk. All I want at the end is the same texture I'd get from an FBO if I wasn't using a renderbuffer. Can anyone post some comprehensive instructions or code that covers this seemingly simple operation? EDIT: Linky to an extract version of the code http://dl.dropbox.com/u/9279501/fbo.cs Screeny of the Depth of Field effect + FBO - without depth(!) http://i.stack.imgur.com/Hj9Oe.jpg Screeny without Depth of Field effect + FBO - depth working fine http://i.stack.imgur.com/boOm1.jpg

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  • Finding diagonal objects of an object in 3d space

    - by samfisher
    Using Unity3d, I have a array which is having 8 GameObjects in grid and one object (which is already known) is in center like this where K is already known object. All objects are equidistant from their adjacent objects (even with the diagonal objects) which means (distance between 4 & K) == (distance between K & 3) = (distance between 2 & K) 1 2 3 4 K 5 6 7 8 I want to remove 1,3,6,8 from array (the diagonal objects). How can I check that at runtime? my problem is the order of objects {1-8} is not known so I need to check each object's position with K to see if it is a diagonal object or not. so what check should I put with the GameObjects (K and others) to verify if this object is in diagonal position Regards, Sam

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  • I am thinking about developing a game, but i am single developer? [on hold]

    - by Jake Doe
    Since very little i wanted to create a game, my place where my rules apply, where i am not limited. Now that i am capable of doing. I am asking myself should i start ? I have already the idea i have choosen the engine, only coding and artwork is required. The engine i have choose cost is quite high(50k), i can try throught a kickstarter campaign or indiegogo. But shouid I ? Please give me your opinion. Thank you :)

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  • I love video games and know I want to work in the sector but hate programming

    - by normyp
    I just hate how I'll put in 8-10 hours in and get little to nothing back. The return results for your efforts seem to be pathetically small the majority of the time and I don't find that rewarding enough for me to put in the time and effort to learn programming and make myself better. I've heard game design is fun and I think I'd love that but apparently you can only get into that really if you can program, is that true? I feel a bit lost because I'm doing a degree in Games Technology and am worried that I'm sending myself into a job I'll hate.

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  • Most suited technology for browser games?

    - by Tingle
    I was thinking about making a 2D MMO which I would in the long run support on various plattforms like desktop, mac, browser, android and ios. The server will be c++/linux based and the first client would go in the browser. So I have done some research and found that webgl and flash 11 support hardware accelerated rendering, I saw some other things like normal HTML5 painting. So my question is, which technology should I use for such a project? My main goal would be that the users have a hassle free experience using what there hardware can give them with hardware acceleration. And the client should work on the most basic out-of-the-box pc's that any casual pc or mac user has. And another criteria would be that it should be developer friendly. I've messed with webgl abit for example and that would require writing a engine from scratch - which is acceptable but not preferred. Also, in case of non-actionscript, which kind language is most prefered in terms of speed and flexability. I'm not to fond of javascript due to the garbage collector but have learned to work around it. Thank you for you time.

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  • Why is this 8 puzzle unsolvable?

    - by Ashwin
    I am developing a 8 puzzle game. I went through the rules in this (see Detecting Unsolvable Puzzles) link, which tell you how to detect if an initial state is unsolvable. It says that if the number of inversions is odd, then the goal state cannot be reached and if even the goal state can be reached. Inversion is defined as Given a board, an inversion is any pair of blocks i and j where i < j but i appears after j when considering the board in row-major order (row 0, followed by row 1, and so forth). There is a 8-puzzle solver(applet) here. Choose 8-puzzle from the options. 1,0,3,2,4,5,6,7,8 and 7,0,2,8,5,3,6,4,1 As you can see both of them contain an even number of inversions. Still the program says that the puzzle is unsolvable. So is the Princeton link wrong?

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  • What are some good resources for creating a game engine in XNA?

    - by Glasser
    I'm currently a student game programmer working on an indie project. We have a team of eleven people (five programmers, four artists, and two audio designers) aboard, all working hard to help design this game. We've been meeting for months now and so far we have a pretty buffed out Game Design Document as well as much audio/visual concept art. Our programmers are itching to progress on our own end. Each person in our programming team is well versed in C++, but is very familiar with C#. We have enough experience and skill that we're confident that we will be successful with our game, and we're looking to build our own game engine in XNA as it seems like it would be worth our time and effort in the end. The game itself will be a 2D beat 'em up style game to be released over xbox live and the PC. It's play style will be similar to that of Castle Crashers or Scott Pilgrim vs The World. We want to design the game engine to allow us to better implement our assets into the game as well as to simplify the creation of design elements/mechanics. Currently between our programmers, we have books such as "XNA 4.0" and "Game Coding Complete, Third Edition," but we'd still like more information on both XNA and (especially) building a game engine from scratch. What are any other good books, websites, or resources we could use to further map out and program our game engine?

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  • Deferred contexts and inheriting state from the immediate context

    - by dreijer
    I took my first stab at using deferred contexts in DirectX 11 today. Basically, I created my deferred context using CreateDeferredContext() and then drew a simple triangle strip with it. Early on in my test application, I call OMSetRenderTargets() on the immediate context in order to render to the swap chain's back buffer. Now, after having read the documentation on MSDN about deferred contexts, I assumed that calling ExecuteCommandList() on the immediate context would execute all of the deferred commands as "an extension" to the commands that had already been executed on the immediate context, i.e. the triangle strip I rendered in the deferred context would be rendered to the swap chain's back buffer. That didn't seem to be the case, however. Instead, I had to manually pull out the immediate context's render target (using OMGetRenderTargets()) and then set it on the deferred context with OMSetRenderTargets(). Am I doing something wrong or is that the way deferred contexts work?

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  • Circle vs Edge collision detection / resolution

    - by topheman
    I made a javascript class Ball.js that handles physics interactions betweens balls as well as painting. In the v1.0, the ball vs ball collision detection and resolution is well handled. In the next version (v2), I'm trying to add edgeCollision handling. I'm having some problems, maybe you will be able to help me. All the v2 branch source code is on github repository : https://github.com/topheman/Ball.js/tree/v2 The v2 demos (where you can see the bug I will be talking about) : http://labs.topheman.com/Ball-v2/#help As you will see on the demo, I have two major problems that I'm having a really hard time to solve on Ball.js : method resolveEdgeCollision : bounce angle is inconsistent method checkEdgeCollision : if the ball's velocity (the length that it runs each frame) is higher than its diameter, eventually, it will pass through an edge, without triggering any collision Any Ideas ?...

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  • Combining pathfinding with global AI objectives

    - by V_Programmer
    I'm making a turn-based strategy game using Java and LibGDX. Now I want to code the AI. I haven't written the AI code yet. I've simply designed it. The AI will have two components, one focused in tactics and resource management (create troops, determine who have strategical advantage, detect important objectives, etc) and a individual component, focused in assign the work to each unit, examine its possibilites and move the unit. Now I'm facing an important problem. The map where the action take place is a grid-based map. Each terrain has different movement cost. I read about pathfinding and I think A* is a very good option to determine a good route between two points. However, imagine I have an unit with movement = 5 (i.e, it can move 5 tiles of movement cost = 1). My tactical AI has found an objective at a distance d = 20 tiles (Manhattan distance) from my unit. My problem is the following: the unit won't be able to reach the objective in one turn. So the AI will have to store a list of position and execute them in various turns. I don't know how to solve this. PS. In my unit code, I have a list called "selectionMarks" which stores all the possible places where the unit can go in this turn. This places are calculed recursively using a "getSelectionMarks" function. Any help is appreciated :D

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  • Box 2D Collision Question

    - by Farooq Arshed
    I am very new to Box 2D Physics world. I wanted to know how to collide 2 bodies when one is Dynamic and other is Kinematic. The whole Scenario is explained below: I have 3 balls in total. I want to balls to remain in their places and the third ball to be able to move. When the third ball hits the other two balls then they should move according to the speed and direction from which they were hit. My gravity of the world is 0 because I only want z-axis gravity. I would also like some one to point me towards some good tutorials regarding Box 2D basics which is language independent. I hope I have explained my scenario well. Thanks for the help in advance.

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  • RPG Item processing

    - by f00b4r
    I started working on an item system for my (first) game, and I'm having a problem conceptualizing how it should work. Since Items can produce a bunch of potentially non-standard actions (revive a character vs increasing some stat) or have use restrictions (can only revive if a character is dead). For obvious reasons, I don't want to create a new Item class for every item type. What is the best way to handle this? Should I make a handful of item types (field modifiers, status modifiers, )? Is it normal to script item usage? Could (should?) this be combined with the above mentioned solution (have a couple of different sub item types, make special case items usage scripted)? Thanks.

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  • Splitting a tetris game apart - where to put time-management?

    - by nightcracker
    I am creating a tetris game in C++ & SDL, and I'm trying to do it "good" by making it object-oriented and keeping scopes small. So far I have the following structure: A main with some lowlevel SDL set up and handling input A game class that keeps track of score and provides the interface for main (move block down, etc) A map class that keeps track of the current game field, which blocks are where. Used by the game class. A block class that consists of the current falling block, used by game. A renderer class abstracting low level SDL to a format where you render "tetris blocks". Used by map and block. Now I have a though time where to place the time-management of this game. For example, where should be decided when a block bumps the bottom of the screen how long it takes the current block locks in place and a new block spawns? I also have an other unrelated question, is there some place where you can find some standard data on tetris like standard score tables, rulesets, timings, etc?

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  • AS3 How to check on non transparent pixels in a bitmapdata?

    - by Opoe
    I'm still working on my window cleaning game from one of my previous questions I marked a contribution as my answer, but after all this time I can't get it to work and I have to many questions about this so I decided to ask some more about it. As a sequel on my mentioned previous question, my question to you is: How can I check whether or not a bitmapData contains non transparent pixels? Subquestion: Is this possible when the masked image is a movieclip? Shouldn't I use graphics instead? Information I have: A dirtywindow movieclip on the bottom layer and a clean window movieclip on layer 2(mc1) on the layer above. To hide the top layer(the dirty window) I assign a mask to it. Code // this creates a mask that hides the movieclip on top var mask_mc:MovieClip = new MovieClip(); addChild(mask_mc) //assign the mask to the movieclip it should 'cover' mc1.mask = mask_mc; With a brush(cursor) the player wipes of the dirt ( actualy setting the fill from the mask to transparent so the clean window appears) //add event listeners for the 'brush' brush_mc.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN,brushDown); brush_mc.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP,brushUp); //function to drag the brush over the mask function brushDown(dragging:MouseEvent):void{ dragging.currentTarget.startDrag(); MovieClip(dragging.currentTarget).addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME,erase) ; mask_mc.graphics.moveTo(brush_mc.x,brush_mc.y); } //function to stop dragging the brush over the mask function brushUp(dragging:MouseEvent):void{ dragging.currentTarget.stopDrag(); MovieClip(dragging.currentTarget).removeEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME,erase); } //fill the mask with transparant pixels so the movieclip turns visible function erase(e:Event):void{ with(mask_mc.graphics){ beginFill(0x000000); drawRect(brush_mc.x,brush_mc.y,brush_mc.width,brush_mc.height); endFill(); } }

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