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• What is the diffference between "data hiding" and "encapsulation"?

  - by john smith optional

  I'm reading "Java concurrency in practice" and there is said: "Fortunately, the same object-oriented techniques that help you write well-organized, maintainable classes - such as encapsulation and data hiding -can also help you crate thread-safe classes." The problem #1 - I never heard about data hiding and don't know what it is. The problem #2 - I always thought that encapsulation is using private vs public, and is actually the data hiding. Can you please explain what data hiding is and how it differs from encapsulation?

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• Architecture for a template-building, WYSIWIG application

  - by Sam Selikoff

  I'm building a WYSIWYG designer in Ember.js. The designer will allow users to create campaigns - think MailChimp. To build a campaign, users will choose an existing template. The template will have a defined layout. The user will then be taken to the designer, where he will be able to edit the text and style, and additionally change some layout options. I've been thinking about how best to go about structuring this app, and there are a few hurdles. Specifically, the output of the campaign will be dynamic: eventually, it will be published somewhere, and when the consumers (not my users, but the people clicking on the campaign that my user created) visit the campaign, certain pieces of data will change, depending on the type of consumer viewing the campaign. That means the ultimate output of the designer will be a dynamic site. The data that is dynamic for this site - the end product - will not be manipulated by the user in the designer. However, the data that will be manipulated by the user in the designer are things like copy, styles, layout options, etc. I'll call the first set of variables server-side data, and the second client-side data. It seems, then, that the process will go something like this: I'll need to create templates for this designer that have two dynamic segments. For instance, the server-side data could be Liquid expressions, and the client-side data Handlebars expressions. When the user creates a campaign, I would compile the template on the back end using some dummy data for the server-side variables, and serve up a handlebars template to the Ember app. The user would then edit the template, and the Ember app would save all his edits to the JS variables that were powering the template. This way he'd be able to preview the template. When he saves, he'll send back the selected template, along with all the data and options he's made. When it comes time to publish, the back-end system will have to do two things: compile the template with Handlebars using the campaign data, and then compile the template with Liquid using the server-side data Is my thinking roughly accurate about this, or is there a simpler way?

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• What is history and concept of code annotation?

  - by Eonil

  C# and Java has code attribute and code annotation. I don't know about other languages, but I know the code annotation feature is used to expand language itself. I knew what it is, but I want to know how it developed over time. I want to know its history. How it demanded and how it implemented. Is this possible to implement this in kind of concept on LISP, Smalltalk or C++? And is there a general term to call the concept of annotation?

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• DI and hypothetical readonly setters in C#

  - by Luis Ferrao

  Sometimes I would like to declare a property like this: public string Name { get; readonly set; } I am wondering if anyone sees a reason why such a syntax shouldn't exist. I believe that because it is a subset of "get; private set;", it could only make code more robust. My feeling is that such setters would be extremely DI friendly, but of course I'm more interested in hearing your opinions than my own, so what do you think? I am aware of 'public readonly' fields, but those are not interface friendly so I don't even consider them. That said, I don't mind if you bring them up into the discussion Edit I realize reading the comments that perhaps my idea is a little confusing. The ultimate purpose of this new syntax would be to have an automatic property syntax that specifies that the backing private field should be readonly. Basically declaring a property using my hypothetical syntax public string Name { get; readonly set; } would be interpreted by C# as: private readonly string name; public string Name { get { return this.name; } } And the reason I say this would be DI friendly is because when we rely heavily on constructor injection, I believe it is good practice to declare our constructor injected fields as readonly.

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• Books, resources and so on about GUI architecture [on hold]

  - by Moses

  I'm making first steps in GUI programming. Earlier I've had little experience with GUI and I remember that it was kind of pain. Code was either coupled or to verbose with tons of "Listeners". It seems to me that problem in me and not in a library that I used(Swing). So, could you recommend me some books, tutorials or resources where I can find how to design gui programms? Emphasize that I'm interested in architecture and not in how to use components of some framework(which about 90% of tutorials that I've ever seen).

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• Reading source code to learn

  - by perl.j

  As you develop as a programmer, IMO, you begin to see different practices, different Algorithms, and "more than one way to do it". Seeing this code can be a great learning experience for you, even though you did not write the code. But is doing this only going to confuse you? For example, let's say you have a library in any language that was created by a colleague, and you have been using it for a while. You decide to look at the actual source code, regardless of how extensive it is, and get a better look at how this library is written. For the sake of example, the function you use most often from this library is the max function, which finds the largest of two numbers. But this function is a lot more complicated than it needs to be. The way it is written is confusing the heck out of you, and you don't know how this works. Will this make you a better programmer, because you realize how complicated it is for such a simple function, or will it make you a worse coder because you feel less confidant? So my question, in general, is does reading source code make you a better programmer and if so how? If not why do people still do it?.

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• Hard-copy approaches to time tracking

  - by STW

  I have a problem: I suck at tracking time-on-task for specific feature/defects/etc while coding them. I tend to jump between tasks a fair bit (partly due to the inherit juggling required by professional software development, partly due to my personal tendancy to focus on the code itself and not the business process around code). My personal preference is for a hard-copy system. Even with gabillions of pixels of real-estate on-screen I find it terribly distracting to keep a tracking window convienient; either I forget about it or it gets in my ways. So, looking for suggestions on time-tracking. My only requirement is a simple system to track start/stop times per task. I've considered going as far as buying a time-clock and giving each ticket a dedicated time-card. When I start working on it, punch-in; when done working, punch-out.

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• Code sample after Job offer?

  - by mdominick

  I was verbally offered a job and the manager insisted that I start the day after the following day from the interview; so two days after the interview. I left the interview unsure of the offer the manager called me later that day and I agreed to take the position. At this point, I was told that I would get an offer letter the following day and would start the day after that. Later that evening I was asked for a code sample. I have yet to receive the offer letter the business day is about to close. I've been mostly contracting and usually answer technical questions or show samples at the beginning of the process and find this situation somewhat odd. Is this a common practice? Should I call the manager before business closes?

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• perl comparing 2 data file as array 2D for finding match one to one [migrated]

  - by roman serpa

  I'm doing a program that uses combinations of variables ( combiData.txt 63 rows x different number of columns) for analysing a data table ( j1j2_1.csv, 1000filas x 19 columns ) , to choose how many times each combination is repeated in data table and which rows come from (for instance, tableData[row][4]). I have tried to compile it , however I get the following message : Use of uninitialized value $val in numeric eq (==) at rowInData.pl line 34. Use of reference "ARRAY(0x1a2eae4)" as array index at rowInData.pl line 56. Use of reference "ARRAY(0x1a1334c)" as array index at rowInData.pl line 56. Use of uninitialized value in subtraction (-) at rowInData.pl line 56. Modification of non-creatable array value attempted, subscript -1 at rowInData.pl line 56. nothing This is my code: #!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; my $line_match; my $countTrue; open (FILE1, "<combiData.txt") or die "can't open file text1.txt\n"; my @tableCombi; while(<FILE1>) { my @row = split(' ', $_); push(@tableCombi, \@row); } close FILE1 || die $!; open (FILE2, "<j1j2_1.csv") or die "can't open file text1.txt\n"; my @tableData; while(<FILE2>) { my @row2 = split(/\s*,\s*/, $_); push(@tableData, \@row2); } close FILE2 || die $!; #function transform combiData.txt variable (position ) to the real value that i have to find in the data table. sub trueVal($){ my ($val) = $_[0]; if($val == 7){ return ('nonsynonymous_SNV'); } elsif( $val == 14) { return '1'; } elsif( $val == 15) { return '1';} elsif( $val == 16) { return '1'; } elsif( $val == 17) { return '1'; } elsif( $val == 18) { return '1';} elsif( $val == 19) { return '1';} else { print 'nothing'; } } #function IntToStr ( ) , i'm not sure if it is necessary) that transforms $ to strings , to use the function <eq> in the third loop for the array of combinations compared with the data array . sub IntToStr { return "$_[0]"; } for my $combi (@tableCombi) { $line_match = 0; for my $sheetData (@tableData) { $countTrue=0; for my $cell ( @$combi) { #my $temp =\$tableCombi[$combi][$cell] ; #if ( trueVal($tableCombi[$combi][$cell] ) eq $tableData[$sheetData][ $tableCombi[$combi][$cell] - 1 ] ){ #if ( IntToStr(trueVal($$temp )) eq IntToStr( $tableData[$sheetData][ $$temp-1] ) ){ if ( IntToStr(trueVal($tableCombi[$combi][$cell]) ) eq IntToStr($tableData[$sheetData][ $tableCombi[$combi][$cell] -1]) ){ $countTrue++;} if ($countTrue==@$combi){ $line_match++; #if ($line_match < 50){ print $tableData[$sheetData][4]." "; #} } } } print $line_match." \n"; }

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• new project; entire node.js app

  - by Jared

  I have been looking into Node.js, express and Nowjs and love how easy it is to have real time interactions between clients. My background is mostly from CodeIgniter MVC using PHP and MYSql. I want to re make a current web project of mine from scratch to make everything better and more real time with this newer technology. After researching and doing test examples I want to use node.js , express and Nowjs for the real time interactions once someone connects to the socket.io to pull data back to clients. But use Code Igniter for the control of the site and user management , possible shopping cart/store , pretty much everything else. This is purely due to time constraints and that I am already familiar with doing it that way. I have been looking at MongoDB as an alternative to MySql, Basically the app is going to be multiple chat rooms all on one page. with the ability of notifications and private messaging. Lots of data transfer and images. before I started piecing it together I wanted to get people who have already done something similar. My model would use Code Igniter and MySQL to render the page and then connect them onto a node.js server and broadcast using express and nowjs would using a mongoDB be better than mySQL for tons of messages and data being stored or MYSQL? Also does it make since to not make the whole site on Node.js , kinda piece it together like that? I was asked to re post this somewhere else as it was not up to the format for SO, OP from here http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12649469/new-project-need-some-start-up-advice-node-js-app#comment17062924_12649469

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• What does your Lisp workflow look like?

  - by Duncan Bayne

  I'm learning Lisp at the moment, coming from a language progression that is Locomotive BASIC - Z80 Assembler - Pascal - C - Perl - C# - Ruby. My approach is to simultaneously: write a simple web-scraper using SBCL, QuickLisp, closure-html, and drakma watch the SICP lectures I think this is working well; I'm developing good 'Lisp goggles', in that I can now read Lisp reasonably easily. I'm also getting a feel for how the Lisp ecosystem works, e.g. Quicklisp for dependencies. What I'm really missing, though, is a sense of how a seasoned Lisper actually works. When I'm coding for .NET, I have Visual Studio set up with ReSharper and VisualSVN. I write tests, I implement, I refactor, I commit. Then when I'm done enough of that to complete a story, I write some AUATs. Then I kick off a Release build on TeamCity to push the new functionality out to the customer for testing & hopefully approval. If it's an app that needs an installer, I use either WiX or InnoSetup, obviously building the installer through the CI system. So, my question is: as an experienced Lisper, what does your workflow look like? Do you work mostly in the REPL, or in the editor? How do you do unit tests? Continuous integration? Packaging & deployment? When you sit down at your desk, steaming mug of coffee to one side and a framed photo of John McCarthy to the other, what is it that you do? Currently, I feel like I am getting to grips with Lisp coding, but not Lisp development ...

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• How and when to ask for a pay raise?

  - by Nico

  When should one ask for a pay raise? Will I know when the time is right for a pay raise? or should I just think "I deserve a pay raise for X and Y." When would be a moment to ask for a pay grade? For instance, if you are in a company that outsources to others, could it be the right moment to ask when they move you to a different physical workplace? Maybe a few weeks/months after you started working as a consultant at the client? Should you ask for one after engaging new technologies or something you've never worked with before? In short, should you ask for a raise for a "business motive" (they move you, they assign you new responsibilities), a "professional motive" (you are required to learn new languages or technologies), or a "personal motive" (you are having twins, your mother died and you need to arrange the funeral), or are all of the above potentially valid motives? How should one ask for it? Asking for a pay raise can be difficult for some people, how you deal with this? Do you just walk up to your manager and tell him "I need more money", "I think I deserve a pay raise"? Do you suggest you might have other offers on the table? Couldn't this be counterproductive if you actually really want to stay in the company you are in (because you like the environment, made a few friends, and like all the features they give you besides your pay grade; say: free sodas, parties, after-offices that happen pretty often, a ps3 you can grab when you are tired or want to chill out, courses, english classes, football games, etc, etc. [these would be my reasons not to leave]). I mean, how would you ask for a pay raise, effectively, but without pretending to threaten to leave the company if you don't get it? Because you don't actually want to. How would you deal with their answer? If they tell you they don't think you deserve a raise, would you ask for their reasons, would you get furious and trash the room? If they give you their reasons why they think you don't deserve a pay raise yet, would you discuss this with them or just take their opinion as factual? What if they ask you how much more you think you deserve to be being paid? Should you have thought this before-hand, or expect them to set the new grade? If they do agree to a pay raise, should you expect extra work to be thrown your way, or should everything remain the same, except your pay grade?

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• Design of input files reading when it comes to defaults/transformations

  - by Stefano Borini

  Suppose you have an application that reads an input file, on a language that does not support the concept of None. The input is read, parsed, and the contents are stored on a structure for later use. Now, in general you want to keep into account transformation of the data from the input, such as adding default values when not specified, or adding full path information to relative path specified in the input. There are two different strategies to achieve this. The first strategy is to perform these transformations at input file reading time. In practice, you put all the intelligence into the input parser, and your application has no logic to deal with unexpected circumstances, such as an unspecified value. You lose the information of what was specified and what wasn't, but you gain in black-boxing the details. Your "running code" needs that information in any case and in a proper form, and is not concerned if it's the default or a user-specified information. The second strategy is to have the file reader a real one-to-one mapper from the file to a memory-stored object, with no intelligent behavior. unspecified values are not filled (which may however be a problem in languages not supporting None) and data is stored verbatim from the file. The intelligence for recovery must now go into the "running code", which must check what was specified in the file, eventually fall back to a default, or modify the input properly before using it. I would like to know your opinion on these two approaches, and in particular which one you found the most frequently implemented.

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• How can I improve my error checking and handling?

  - by Google

  Lately I have been struggling to understand what the right amount of checking is and what the proper methods are. I have a few questions regarding this: What is the proper way to check for errors (bad input, bad states, etc)? Is it better to explicitly check for errors, or use functions like asserts which can be optimized out of your final code? I feel like explicitly checking clutters a program with a lot of extra code which shouldn't be executed in most situations anyway-- and not to mention most errors end up with an abort/exit failure. Why clutter a function with explicit checks just to abort? I have looked for asserts versus explicit checking of errors and found little to truly explain when to do either. Most say 'use asserts to check for logic errors and use explicit checks to check for other failures.' This doesn't seem to get us very far though. Would we say this is feasible: Malloc returning null, check explictly API user inserting odd input for functions, use asserts Would this make me any better at error checking? What else can I do? I really want to improve and write better, 'professional' code.

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• Algorithm for Shortest Job First with Preemption

  - by Shray

  I want to implement a shortest job first routine using C# or C++. Priority of Jobs are based on their processing time. Jobs are processed using a binary (min) heap. There are three types of jobs. Type 1 is when jobs come in between every 4-6 seconds, with processing times between 4-6. Type 2 job comes in between 8-12 seconds, with processing times between 8-12. Type 3 job comes in between 24-26 seconds, with processing times between 14-16. So far, I have written the binary heap functionality, but Im kinda confused on how to start processing spawn and also the processor. #include <iostream> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> using namespace std; int timecounting = 20; struct process{ int atime; int ptime; int type; }; class pque{ private: int count; public: process pheap[100]; process type1[100]; process type2[100]; process type3[100]; process type4[100]; pque(){ count = 0; } void swap(int a, int b){ process tempa = pheap[a]; process tempb = pheap[b]; pheap[b] = tempa; pheap[a] = tempb; } void add(process c){ int current; count++; pheap[count] = c; if(count > 0){ current = count; while(pheap[count/2].ptime > pheap[current].ptime){ swap(current/2, current); current = current/2; } } } void remove(){ process temp = pheap[1]; // saves process to temporary pheap[1] = pheap[count]; //takes last process in heap, and puts it at the root int n = 1; int leftchild = 2*n; int rightchild = 2*n + 1; while(leftchild < count && rightchild < count) { if(pheap[leftchild].ptime > pheap[rightchild].ptime) { if(pheap[leftchild].ptime > pheap[n].ptime) { swap(leftchild, n); n = leftchild; int leftchild = 2*n; int rightchild = 2*n + 1; } } else { if(pheap[rightchild].ptime > pheap[n].ptime) { swap(rightchild, n); n = rightchild; int leftchild = 2*n; int rightchild = 2*n + 1; } } } } void spawn1(){ process p; process p1; p1.atime = 0; int i = 0; srand(time(NULL)); while(i < timecounting) { p.atime = rand()%3 + 4 + p1.atime; p.ptime = rand()%5 + 1; p1.atime = p.atime; p.type = 1; type1[i+1] = p; i++; } } void spawn2(){ process p; process p1; p1.atime = 0; srand(time(NULL)); int i = 0; while(i < timecounting) { p.atime = rand()%3 + 9 + p1.atime; p.ptime = rand()%5 + 6; p1.atime = p.atime; p.type = 2; type2[i+1] = p; i++; } } void spawn3(){ process p; process p1; p1.atime = 0; srand(time(NULL)); int i = 0; while(i < timecounting) { p.atime = rand()%3 + 25 + p1.atime; p.ptime = rand()%5 + 11; p1.atime = p.atime; p.type = 3; type3[i+1] = p; i++; } } void spawn4(){ process p; process p1; p1.atime = 0; srand(time(NULL)); int i = 0; while(i < timecounting) { p.atime = rand()%6 + 30 + p1.atime; p.ptime = rand()%5 + 8; p1.atime = p.atime; p.type = 4; type4[i+1] = p; i++; } } void processor() { process p; process p1; p1.atime = 0; int n = 1; int n1 = 1; int n2 = 1; for(int i = 0; i<timecounting;i++) { if(type1[n].atime == i) { add(type1[n]); n++; } if(type2[n1].atime == i) { add(type1[n1]); n1++; } if(type3[n2].atime == i) { add(type1[n2]); n2++; } /* if(pheap[1].atime <= i) { while(pheap[1].atime != 0){ pheap[1].atime--; i++; } remove(); }*/ } } };

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• Drawing shapes dynamically on an image through web browser

  - by Tom Beech

  We have a scenario where we create floor plans of locations when we visit. The floor plan is finally shown on the web. It's come to the point now where we want to show floor plans but have a key with various items on them, when an item on the key is clicked, the image should highlight all the areas of the floorplan that have that specific item. I guess we're looking for some sort of open standard javascript lib to deal with SVG (has to work pre IE9 so pure SVG wont cut it) and the floor plans have to be able to be created through a .net application to be deployed on the web. I'd rather stay away from flash if at all possible to be honest. Below are a few conceptual images of what we're trying to achieve.

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• Can't understand example using continuations

  - by Matt Fenwick

  I'm reading the r6rs Scheme report and am confused by the explanation of continuations (I find it to be too dense and lacking of examples for a beginner). What is this code doing and how does it evaluate to 4? Why does call/cc want an argument that's a function of one argument? How is call/cc's argument used? (+ 1 (call-with-current-continuation (lambda (escape) (+ 2 (escape 3))))) =? 4 This example is from section 1.11 - Continuations.

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• Organizing ASP.Net Single Page Application with Nancy

  - by OnesimusUnbound

  As a personal project, I'm creating a single page, asp.net web application using Nancy to provide RESTful services to the single page. Due to the complexity of the single page, particularly the JavaScripts used, I've think creating a dedicated project for the client side of web development and another for service side will organize and simplify the development. solution | +-- web / client side (single html page, js, css) | - contains asp.net project, and nancy library | to host the modules in application project folder | +-- application / service (nancy modules, bootstrap for other layer) | . . . and other layers (three tier, domain driven, etc) . Is this a good way of organizing a complex single page application? Am I over-engineering the web app, incurring too much complexity?

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• Editing service for blogger with terrible English grammar

  - by Josh Moore

  I would like to write a technical blog. However, the biggest things holding me back is my poor spelling, punctuation, and grammar (I have all these problems even though I am a native English speaker). I am thinking about using a professional editing/proofreading service to fix my blog posts before I post them. However, given the content will be technical in nature (some articles will get into details of programming) and I would like to write them in markdown, I am not sure if the general online services will be a good fit. Can you recommend a editor (or company) that you like that can provide this service?

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• Figuring a max repetitive sub-tree in an object tree

  - by bonomo

  I am trying to solve a problem of finding a max repetitive sub-tree in an object tree. By the object tree I mean a tree where each leaf and node has a name. Each leaf has a type and a value of that type associated with that leaf. Each node has a set of leaves / nodes in certain order. Given an object tree that - we know - has a repetitive sub-tree in it. By repetitive I mean 2 or more sub-trees that are similar in everything (names/types/order of sub-elements) but the values of leaves. No nodes/leaves can be shared between sub-trees. Problem is to identify these sub-trees of the max height. I know that the exhaustive search can do the trick. I am rather looking for more efficient approach.

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• Card deck and sparse matrix interview questions

  - by MrDatabase

  I just had a technical phone screen w/ a start-up. Here's the technical questions I was asked ... and my answers. What do think of these answers? Feel free to post better answers :-) Question 1: how would you represent a standard 52 card deck in (basically any language)? How would you shuffle the deck? Answer: use an array containing a "Card" struct or class. Each instance of card has some unique identifier... either it's position in the array or a unique integer member variable in the range [0, 51]. Shuffle the cards by traversing the array once from index zero to index 51. Randomly swap ith card with "another card" (I didn't remember how this shuffle algorithm works exactly). Watch out for using the same probability for each card... that's a gotcha in this algorithm. I mentioned the algorithm is from Programming Pearls. Question 2: how to represent a large sparse matrix? the matrix can be very large... like 1000x1000... but only a relatively small number (~20) of the entries are non-zero. Answer: condense the array into a list of the non-zero entries. for a given entry (i,j) in the array... "map" (i,j) to a single integer k... then use k as a key into a dictionary or hashtable. For the 1000x1000 sparse array map (i,j) to k using something like f(i, j) = i + j * 1001. 1001 is just one plus the maximum of all i and j. I didn't recall exactly how this mapping worked... but the interviewer got the idea (I think). Are these good answers? I'm wondering because after I finished the second question the interviewer said the dreaded "well that's all the questions I have for now." Cheers!

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• How do I write a good talk proposal for a FOSS programming conference?

  - by Andrew Grimm

  I'm hoping to give a talk at RubyKaigi this year, and I'd like to know what makes a good talk proposal. RubyKaigi is a conference run by Ruby enthusiasts (as opposed to it being a trade conference, or an academic conference). The proposal form can be seen here. So far, my draft proposal about a program I'm working on mentions: What the program is useful for and why it is relevant. How it works. What topics it touches upon (such as metaprogramming and testing) Is there anything that I should mention in my proposal? Also, how thorough should I be in my "Details of your talk" section? Should I be exhaustive, or only have a couple of short paragraphs?

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• Learning to program in C (coming from Python)

  - by Honza Pokorny

  If this is the wrong place to ask this question, please let me know. I'm a Python programmer by occupation. I would love to learn C. Indeed, I have tried many times, but I always get discouraged. In Python, you write a few lines and the program does wonders. In C, I can't seem to be able to do anything useful. It seems to be very complicated to even connect to the Internet. Do you have any suggestions on what I can do to learn C? Are there are any good websites? Any cool projects? Thanks

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• Should mock objects for tests be created at a high or low level

  - by Danack

  When creating unit tests for those other objects, what is the best way to create mock objects that provide data to other objects. Should they be created at a 'high level' and intercept the calls as soon as possible, or should they be done at a 'low level' and so make as much as the real code still be called? e.g. I'm writing a test for some code that requires a NoteMapper object that allows Notes to be loaded from the DB. class NoteMapper { function getNote($sqlQueryFactory, $noteID) { // Create an SQL query from $sqlQueryFactory // Run that SQL // if null // return null // else // return new Note($dataFromSQLQuery) } } I could either mock this object at a high level by creating a mock NoteMapper object, so that there are no calls to the SQL at all e.g. class MockNoteMapper { function getNote($sqlQueryFactory, $noteID) { //$mockData = {'Test Note title', "Test note text" } // return new Note($mockData); } } Or I could do it at a very low level, by creating a MockSQLQueryFactory that instead of actually querying the database just provides mock data back, and passing that to the current NoteMapper object. It seems that creating mocks at a high level would be easier in the short term, but that in the long term doing it at a low level would be more powerful and possibly allow more automation of tests e.g. by recording data in an out of a DB and then replaying that data for tests. Is there a recommended way of creating mocks? Are there any hard and fast rules about which are better, or should they both be used where appropriate?

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• What source code organization approach helps improve modularity and API/Implementation separation?

  - by Berin Loritsch

  Few languages are as restrictive as Java with file naming standards and project structure. In that language, the file name must match the public class declared in the file, and the file must live in a directory structure matching the class package. I have mixed feelings about that approach. While I never have to guess where a file lives, there's still a lot of empty directories and artificial constraints. There's several languages that define everything about a class in one file, at least by convention. C#, Python (I think), Ruby, Erlang, etc. The commonality in most these languages is that they are object oriented, although that statement can probably be rebuffed (there is one non-OO language in the list already). Finally, there's quite a few languages mostly in the C family that have a separate header and implementation file. For C I think this makes sense, because it is one of the few ways to separate the API interface from implementations. With C it seems that feature is used to promote modularity. Yet, with C++ the way header and implementation files are split seems rather forced. You don't get the same clean API separation that you do with C, and you are forced to include some private details in the header you would rather keep only in the implementation. There's quite a few languages that have a concept that overlaps with interfaces like Java, C#, Go, etc. Some languages use what feels like a hack to provide the same concept like C# using pure virtual abstract classes. Still others don't really have an interface concept and rely on "duck" typing--for example Ruby. Ruby has modules, but those are more along the lines of mixing in behaviors to a class than they are for defining how to interact with a class. In OO terms, interfaces are a powerful way to provide separation between an API client and an API implementation. So to hurry up and ask the question, from a personal experience point of view: Does separation of header and implementation help you write more modular code, or does it get in the way? (it helps to specify the language you are referring to) Does the strict file name to class name scheme of Java help maintainability, or is it unnecessary structure for structure's sake? What would you propose to promote good API/Implementation separation and project maintenance, how would you prefer to do it?

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