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  • When do you use a struct instead of a class?

    - by jkohlhepp
    What are your rules of thumb for when to use structs vs. classes? I'm thinking of the C# definition of those terms but if your language has similar concepts I'd like to hear your opinion as well. I tend to use classes for almost everything, and use structs only when something is very simplistic and should be a value type, such as a PhoneNumber or something like that. But this seems like a relatively minor use and I hope there are more interesting use cases.

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  • How were the first compilers made?

    - by Sauron
    I always wonder this, and perhaps I need a good history lesson on programming languages. But....since most compilers nowadays are made in C......how were the very first compilers made (AKA before C) or were all the languages just interpreted. With that being said, I still don't understand how even the first assembly language was done, I understand what assembly language is......but I don't see how they got the VERY first assembly language working (like.....how did they make the first commands (like mov R21) or w/e set to the binary equivalent.

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  • what's included in a typical computer architecture class? [closed]

    - by sq1020
    Does this description fit what's usually included in a computer architecture class? Computer Organization and Assembly Language An introduction to the hardware organization and assembly language of the Intel processor. Topics include memory hierarchy and design- CPU design- pipelining- addressing modes- subroutine linkage- polled input/output- interrupts- high level language interfacing and macros.

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  • Questioning the motivation for dependency injection: Why is creating an object graph hard?

    - by oberlies
    Dependency injection frameworks like Google Guice give the following motivation for their usage (source): To construct an object, you first build its dependencies. But to build each dependency, you need its dependencies, and so on. So when you build an object, you really need to build an object graph. Building object graphs by hand is labour intensive (...) and makes testing difficult. But I don't buy this argument: Even without dependency injection, I can write classes which are both easy to instantiate and convenient to test. E.g. the example from the Guice motivation page could be rewritten in the following way: class BillingService { private final CreditCardProcessor processor; private final TransactionLog transactionLog; // constructor for tests, taking all collaborators as parameters BillingService(CreditCardProcessor processor, TransactionLog transactionLog) { this.processor = processor; this.transactionLog = transactionLog; } // constructor for production, calling the (productive) constructors of the collaborators public BillingService() { this(new PaypalCreditCardProcessor(), new DatabaseTransactionLog()); } public Receipt chargeOrder(PizzaOrder order, CreditCard creditCard) { ... } } So dependency injection may really be an advantage in advanced use cases, but I don't need it for easy construction and testability, do I?

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  • How to design a scriptable communication emulator?

    - by Hawk
    Requirement: We need a tool that simulates a hardware device that communicates via RS232 or TCP/IP to allow us to test our main application which will communicate with the device. Current flow: User loads script Parse script into commands User runs script Execute commands Script / commands (simplified for discussion): Connect RS232 = RS232ConnectCommand Connect TCP/IP = TcpIpConnectCommand Send data = SendCommand Receive data = ReceiveCommand Disconnect = DisconnectCommand All commands implement the ICommand interface. The command runner simply executes a sequence of ICommand implementations sequentially thus ICommand must have an Execute exposure, pseudo code: void Execute(ICommunicator context) The Execute method takes a context argument which allows the command implementations to execute what they need to do. For instance SendCommand will call context.Send, etc. The problem RS232ConnectCommand and TcpIpConnectCommand needs to instantiate the context to be used by subsequent commands. How do you handle this elegantly? Solution 1: Change ICommand Execute method to: ICommunicator Execute(ICommunicator context) While it will work it seems like a code smell. All commands now need to return the context which for all commands except the connection ones will be the same context that is passed in. Solution 2: Create an ICommunicatorWrapper (ICommunicationBroker?) which follows the decorator pattern and decorates ICommunicator. It introduces a new exposure: void SetCommunicator(ICommunicator communicator) And ICommand is changed to use the wrapper: void Execute(ICommunicationWrapper context) Seems like a cleaner solution. Question Is this a good design? Am I on the right track?

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  • Configure Jenkins and Tomcat using Puppet

    - by ex3v
    I'm trying to setup Spring dev environment (jenkins, tomcat) on Vagrant. What I really want to achieve is to limit config to only Puppet scripts, so I can share it with my colleagues and work together on the same environment. So far I managed to set up simple scripts to install jenkins, tomcat and so on, they work fine. What about jenkins configuration though? I'm pretty green in jenkins usage and configuration, not sure if I'm doing it the right way... I found this article and I want to migrate whole setup described in it to Puppet. Any ideas? Thanks.

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  • a little code to allow word substitution depending on user

    - by Fred Quimby
    Can anyone help? I'm creating a demo web app in html in order for people to physically see and comment on the app prior to committing to a proper build. So whilst the proper app will be database driven, my demo is just standard html with some javascript effects. What I do want to demonstrate is that different user group will see different words. For example, imagine I have an html sentence that says 'This will cost £100 to begin'. What I need to some way of identifying that if the user has deemed themselves to be from the US, the sentence says 'This will cost $100 to begin'. This requirement is peppered throughtout the pages but I'm happy to add each one manually. So I envisage some code along the lines of 'first, remove the [boot US] trunk' where the UK version is 'first remove the boot' but the code is saying that the visitor needs the US version. It then looks up boot (in an Access database perhaps) and sees that the table says for boot for US, display 'trunk'. I'm not a programmer but I can normally cobble together scripts so I'm hoping someone may have a relatively easy solution in javascrip, CSS or asp. To recap; I have a number of words or short sentences that need to appear differently and I'm happy to manually insert each one if necessary (but would be even better if the words were automatically changed). And I need a device which allows me to tell the pages to choose the US version, or for example, the New Zealand version. Thanks in advance. Fred

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  • Are there programming languages that allow you to do set arithmetic on types?

    - by Will Brown
    Out of curiosity, are there languages that allow you to do set arithmetic on types to create new types? Something like: interface A { void a(); void b(); } interface B { void b(); void c(); } interface C = A & B; // has b() interface D = A | B; // has a(), b() and c() interface E = (A & B) ^ B; // has c() I know that in some languages these ideas can be expressed (i.e., Java has List<Comparable & Serializable> for the union of the interfaces) but I've never heard of a language that supports type arithmetic. Thanks!

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  • In Search of Automatic ORM with REST interface

    - by Dan Ray
    I have this wish that so far Google hasn't been able to fulfill. I want to find a package (ideally in PHP, because I know PHP, but I guess that's not a hard requirement) that you point at a database, it builds an ORM based on what it finds there, and exposes a REST interface over the web. Everything I've found in my searches requires a bunch of code--like, it wants you to build the classes for it, but it'll handle the REST request routing. Or it does database and relational stuff just fine, but you have to build your own methods for all the CRUD actions. That's dumb. REST is well defined. If I wanted to re-invent the wheel, I totally could, but I don't want to. Isn't there somebody who's built a one-shot super-simple auto-RESTing web service package?

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  • Annual Review: what hard data should a developer bring?

    - by sunpech
    Many companies have annual reviews for their employees. I've heard that it's generally a good idea to muster up some hard data to analyze and bring to the review. The better the data, the better the chances to help support a promotion or raise. What I mean by hard data, are tangible numbers-- something that can be measured and/or calculated. Obviously data that a developer would have access to. Something intangible would be how beautiful the code a developer has written. I think this would be very hard to measure, nor would upper management care for it. My question is: For a software developer, what kind of hard data should be analyzed and brought to a review to help highlight good work that was done? An example I've been given in the past: The support tickets produced by each project a developer was involved in. Are the numbers low? Are the rate per month getting lower? Etc.

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  • I'm a CS student, and honestly I don't understand Knuth's books..

    - by Raymond Ho
    I stumbled this quote from Bill Gates: "You should definitely send me a resume if you can read the whole thing." He was talking about The Art of Programming books.. So I was pretty curious and want to read it all but honestly, I don't understand it at all.. I'm really not that highly intellectual being.. So this should be the reason why I can't understand it, but I am eager to learn.. I'm currently reading volume 1 about fundamental algo.. So is there any books out there that are friendly to novice/slow people like me? So I can build up myself and hopefully in the future I can read Knuth's book at ease..

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  • How to keep AST for feature access?

    - by greenoldman
    Consider such code (let's say it is C++) Foo::Bar.get().X How one should keep the AST for this -- as "tree" with root at left Foo(Bar(get(X)), or with root at right (((Foo)Bar)get)X? Or maybe as a flat structure (list)? The first one seems more convenient when resolving names, the second when working with it as expression. I set tag parsing but I am asking from semantic analysis POV really (there is no such tag).

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  • Changing from Frontend Development to .Net

    - by Ivo
    On of my colleagues is going to change jobs from full time frontend developer(jquery, css,html) to 50% frontend 50% .Net (MVC 3 with razor) What are good techniques to get him up to speed asap. I have the following idea's myself Read Clean Code Read/Pratice with the book Pro ASP.NET MVC 3 Framework Watch Asp.net video's http://www.asp.net/mvc/videos Do the nerd dinner intro http://www.asp.net/mvc/videos Start building the json services from jQuery 0.5/1 day of pair programming with an experienced .Net developer each week Is this a good way to go? Is it totally wrong? Any other tips

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  • Effective template system

    - by Alex
    I'm building a content management system, and need advice on which theming structure should I adopt. A few options (This is not a complete list): Wordpress style: the controller decides what template to load based on the user request, like: home page / article archive / single article page etc. each of these templates are unrelated to other templates, and must exist within the theme the theme developer decides if (s)he want to use inner-templates (like "sidebar", "sidebar item"), and includes them manually where (s)he thinks are needed. Drupal style: the controller gives control to the theme developer only to inner-templates; if they don't exist it falls back internally to some default templates (I find this very restrictive) Funky style: the controller only loads a "index.php" template and provides the theme developer conditional tags, which he can use to include inner-templates if (s)he wants. Among these styles, or others what style of template system allows for fast development and a more concise design and implementation.

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  • How to fill certain application design learning "gaps"?

    - by e4rthdog
    In life it doesnt matter if you do one thing for 15 years. You will end up waking one day and asking stuff that are equal to "how do i walk?" :) My specific question is that as a new entrant to C# and OOP i am stepping into many little "details" that need to be addressed. Written a lot of code in VB.NET / cobol / simple php e.t.c surely does not help much into the OOP world... So , even after reading entry level books for C# and watching some videos i recently found out about the "factory model design" for applications. I would appreciate if any of you guys recomment some reading on application design architecture for further reading...

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  • Recent programming language for AI?

    - by Eduard Florinescu
    For a few decades the programming language of choice for AI was either Prolog or LISP, and a few more others that are not so well known. Most of them were designed before the 70's. Changes happens a lot on many other domains specific languages, but in the AI domain it hadn't surfaced so much as in the web specific languages or scripting etc. Are there recent programming languages that were intended to change the game in the AI and learn from the insufficiencies of former languages?

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  • How did you get good practices for your OOP designs?

    - by Darf Zon
    I realized I have a difficulty creating OOP designs. I spent many time deciding if this property is correctly set it to X class. For example, this is a post which has a few days: http://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/8041/how-to-improve-my-factory-design I'm not convinced of my code. So I want to improve my designs, take less time creating it. How did you learn creating good designs? Some books that you can recommend me?

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  • Nearly technical books that you enjoyed reading

    - by pablo
    I've seen questions about "What books you recommend" in several of the Stack Exchange verticals. Perhaps these two questions (a and b) are the most popular. But, I'd like to ask for recommendations of a different kind of books. I have read in the past "The Passionate Programmer" and I am now reading "Coders at Work". Both of them I would argue that are almost a biography (or biographies in the "Coders at work") or even a bit of "self-help" book (that is more the case of the "Passionate programmer"). And please don't get me wrong. I loved reading the first one, and I am loving reading the second one. There's a lot of value in it, mostly in "lessons of the trade" kind of way. So, here is what I'd like to know. What other books that you read that are similar to these ones in intent that you enjoyed? Why?

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  • Would you make your website's source code public?

    - by Karpie
    Back story: My best friend is a self-taught coder for a community art site, written in PHP. Some time ago he mentioned he wanted to make the source code of the site public, to which my response was total horror - surely it was going to be full of security holes waiting to be found, and it was going to lead to hacking and errors on a huge scale. He never ended up doing it. Current story: I'm starting development of a community website built in Rails, and for ease of use I was going to use Github for version control. Then I realized it was pretty much exactly the same thing as my friend making his source code public - which made me stop and think. Would you make your website's completely-custom source code public? Or is this a case of open source gone too far? (note: I don't think this applies to people who run things like Wordpress. Or does it?)

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  • WPF: Reloading app parts to handle persistence as well as memory management.

    - by Ingó Vals
    I created a app using Microsoft's WPF. It mostly handles data reading and input as well as associating relations between data within specific parameters. As a total beginner I made some bad design decision ( not so much decisions as using the first thing I got to work ) but now understanding WPF better I'm getting the urge to refactor my code with better design principles. I had several problems but I guess each deserves it's own question for clarity. Here I'm asking for proper ways to handle the data itself. In the original I wrapped each row in a object when fetched from database ( using LINQ to SQL ) somewhat like Active Record just not active or persistence (each app instance had it's own data handling part). The app has subunits handling different aspects. However as it was setup it loaded everything when started. This creates several problems, for example often it wouldn't be neccesary to load a part unless we were specifically going to work with that part so I wan't some form of lazy loading. Also there was problem with inner persistance because you might create a new object/row in one aspect and perhaps set relation between it and different object but the new object wouldn't appear until the program was restarted. Persistance between instances of the app won't be huge problem because of the small amount of people using the program. While I could solve this now using dirty tricks I would rather refactor the program and do it elegantly, Now the question is how. I know there are several ways and a few come to mind: 1) Each aspect of the program is it's own UserControl that get's reloaded/instanced everytime you navigate to it. This ensures you only load up the data you need and you get some persistancy. DB server located on same LAN and tables are small so that shouldn't be a big problem. Minor drawback is that you would have to remember the state of each aspect so you wouldn't always start at beginners square. 2) Having a ViewModel type object at the base level of the app with lazy loading and some kind of timeout. I would then propegate this object down the visual tree to ensure every aspect is getting it's data from the same instance 3) Semi active record data layer with static load methods. 4) Some other idea What in your opinion is the most practical way in WPF, what does MVVM assume?

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  • New code base, what experiences/recommendations do you have?

    - by hlovdal
    I will later this year start on a project (embedded hardware, C, small company) where I believe that most (if not all) code will be new. So what experiences do you have to share as advice to starting a new code base? What have you been missing in projects that you have been working on? What has worked really well? What has not worked? Let's limit this question to be about things that relate directly to the code (e.g "banning the use of gets()": in scope, version control: border line, build system: out of scope).

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  • Would you refactor this and if so, would you charge your client?

    - by Julius
    I am working on a freelance job at home. The client wants me to write some new functionality for his CMS, but it is taking me a lot of time to figure out what the code is doing, because it is written in a very unreadable style. Below is just an example of what I mean. The previous programmer made extensive use of anonymous functions, of eval(), he uses deeply nested ternary operators, he didn't indent code, didn't use comments, and he uses funny constructions like misusing the behaviour of logical operators || and && for creating if/else conditions (the second condition of && only gets tested if the first one is true, opening the possibility to use && as an if/else construction). All in all it's insane code and it's costing me a lot of time to find out how the current code works. return ($this->main->context != "ajax" || in_array($this->type, $this->definition->ajax)) ? eval('return method_exists($this,"Show'.ucfirst($this->type).'") ? $this->Show'.ucfirst($this->type).'('.(count($args) ? join(",",array_map(create_function('$a','return (is_numeric($a) || preg_match("/^array/",$a)) ? $a : "\"".$a."\"";'),$args)) : "").') : null;') : ''; Would you refactor this code and how would you handle this sort of thing with your client, I mean financially?

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  • How can a computer render a CLI/console along with a GUI?

    - by Nathaniel Bennett
    I'm confused when looking into graphics - specifically with operating systems. I mean, how can a computer render a CLI/console along with a GUI? GUI's are completely different from text. And how can we have GUI windows that display text interfaces, ie how can we have CLI in modern Graphics Operating system - that's what I'm mainly trying to grip on to. How does graphics get rendered to display? Is there some sort of memory address that a GPU access which holds all pixel data, and there system's within OS's that gather the pixel position of windows and widgets, along with the Z Index and rasterize them to that memory address, which then the GPU loads to the screen? How about the CLI's integrated with Graphics? How does the OS tell the GPU that a certain part of the screen wants to display text while the rest wants to display pixel data?

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  • Lvalue required error [migrated]

    - by ankur.trapasiya
    While working with pointers i wrote the following code, int main() { int a[]={10,20,30,40,50}; int i; for(i=0;i<5;i++) { printf("\n%d",*a); a++; } return 0; } Now as per my understanding array name itself is an address in c and the pointer arithmetic done is here is correct as per my knowledge. But when i try to run the code it is giving me "Lvalue Required" error. So what is the exact reason for occuring Lvalue required error because before this also i have come across situations where this error is there. Secondly why the arithmetic on the pointer is not legal here in this case?

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  • kill SIGABRT does not generate core file from daemon started from crontab. [closed]

    - by Guma
    I am running CentOS 5.5 and working on server application that sometimes I need to force core dump so I can see what is going on. If I start my server from shell and send kill SIGABRT, core file is created. If I start same program from crontab and than I send same signal to it server is "killed" but not core file is generated. Does any one know why is that and what need to be added to my code or changed in system settings to allow core file generation? Just a side note I have ulimit set to unlimited in /etc/profile I have set kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 kernel.core_pattern=/var/cores/%h-%e-%p.core in /etc/sysctl.conf Also my server app was added to crontab under same login id as I am running it from shell. Any help greatly appreciated

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