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  • Django Foreign key queries

    - by Hulk
    In the following model: class header(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length = 255) created_by = models.CharField(max_length = 255) def __unicode__(self): return self.id() class criteria(models.Model): details = models.CharField(max_length = 255) headerid = models.ForeignKey(header) def __unicode__(self): return self.id() class options(models.Model): opt_details = models.CharField(max_length = 255) headerid = models.ForeignKey(header) def __unicode__(self): return self.id() If there is a row in the database for table header as Id=1, title=value-mart , createdby=CEO How do i query criteria and options tables to get all the values related to header table id=1 Also can some one please suggest a good link for queries examples, Thanks..

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  • Login URL using authentication information in Django

    - by fuSi0N
    I'm working on a platform for online labs registration for my university. Login View [project views.py] from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect, Http404 from django.shortcuts import render_to_response from django.template import RequestContext from django.contrib import auth def index(request): return render_to_response('index.html', {}, context_instance = RequestContext(request)) def login(request): if request.method == "POST": post = request.POST.copy() if post.has_key('username') and post.has_key('password'): usr = post['username'] pwd = post['password'] user = auth.authenticate(username=usr, password=pwd) if user is not None and user.is_active: auth.login(request, user) if user.get_profile().is_teacher: return HttpResponseRedirect('/teachers/'+user.username+'/') else: return HttpResponseRedirect('/students/'+user.username+'/') else: return render_to_response('index.html', {'msg': 'You don\'t belong here.'}, context_instance = RequestContext(request) return render_to_response('login.html', {}, context_instance = RequestContext(request)) def logout(request): auth.logout(request) return render_to_response('index.html', {}, context_instance = RequestContext(request)) URLS #========== PROJECT URLS ==========# urlpatterns = patterns('', (r'^media/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve', {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT }), (r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)), (r'^teachers/', include('diogenis.teachers.urls')), (r'^students/', include('diogenis.students.urls')), (r'^login/', login), (r'^logout/', logout), (r'^$', index), ) #========== TEACHERS APP URLS ==========# urlpatterns = patterns('', (r'^(?P<username>\w{0,50})/', labs), ) The login view basically checks whether the logged in user is_teacher [UserProfile attribute via get_profile()] and redirects the user to his profile. Labs View [teachers app views.py] from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect, Http404 from django.shortcuts import render_to_response from django.template import RequestContext from django.contrib.auth.decorators import user_passes_test from django.contrib.auth.models import User from accounts.models import * from labs.models import * def user_is_teacher(user): return user.is_authenticated() and user.get_profile().is_teacher @user_passes_test(user_is_teacher, login_url="/login/") def labs(request, username): q1 = User.objects.get(username=username) q2 = u'%s %s' % (q1.last_name, q1.first_name) q2 = Teacher.objects.get(name=q2) results = TeacherToLab.objects.filter(teacher=q2) return render_to_response('teachers/labs.html', {'results': results}, context_instance = RequestContext(request)) I'm using @user_passes_test decorator for checking whether the authenticated user has the permission to use this view [labs view]. The problem I'm having with the current logic is that once Django authenticates a teacher user he has access to all teachers profiles basically by typing the teachers username in the url. Once a teacher finds a co-worker's username he has direct access to his data. Any suggestions would be much appreciated.

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  • Grails checkbox

    - by Tomáš
    Hi gurus I have trouble with binding Boolean property in association classes. Property is set to true if I check checkbox (good), but is null if checbox is not checked. I know the problem with HTML checkbox. I know why is send "_fieldName" in params, but this "_fieldName" dont set my boolean property to false. class Person{ String title List<Group> groups = new ArrayList() static hasMany = [groups: Groups] } class Group{ String title Boolean isHidden static belongTo = Person } class PersonController{ def form = { def person = new Person() person.groups.add( new Group() ) return ["person": person] } def handleForm = { def person = new Person( params ) println person.groups[0] } } If I check checkbox: [isHidden:on, title:a, _isHidden:] println person.groups[0] //true If I don check checkbox: [title:a, _isHidden:] println person.groups[0] //null Thank a lot for help Tom I am sorry, I searched this web, but did not get actual info for my trouble.

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  • python: subclass a metaclass

    - by Michael Konietzny
    Hello, for putting methods of various classes into a global registry I'm using a decorator with a metaclass. The decorator tags, the metaclass puts the function in the registry: class ExposedMethod (object): def __init__(self, decoratedFunction): self._decoratedFunction = decoratedFunction def __call__(__self,*__args,**__kw): return __self._decoratedFunction(*__args,**__kw) class ExposedMethodDecoratorMetaclass(type): def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dct): for obj_name, obj in dct.iteritems(): if isinstance(obj, ExposedMethod): WorkerFunctionRegistry.addWorkerToWorkerFunction(obj_name, name) return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dct) class MyClass (object): __metaclass__ = DiscoveryExposedMethodDecoratorMetaclass @ExposeDiscoveryMethod def myCoolExposedMethod (self): pass I've now came to the point where two function registries are needed. The first thought was to subclass the metaclass and put the other registry in. For that the new method has simply to be rewritten. Since rewriting means redundant code this is not what I really want. So, it would be nice if anyone could name a way how to put an attribute inside of the metaclass which is able to be read when new is executed. With that the right registry could be put in without having to rewrite new. Thanks and Greetings, Michael

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  • Unit testing in Web2py

    - by Wraith
    I'm following the instructions from this post but cannot get my methods recognized globally. The error message: ERROR: test_suggest_performer (__builtin__.TestSearch) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "applications/myapp/tests/test_search.py", line 24, in test_suggest_performer suggs = suggest_flavors("straw") NameError: global name 'suggest_flavors' is not defined My test file: import unittest from gluon.globals import Request db = test_db execfile("applications/myapp/controllers/search.py", globals()) class TestSearch(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): request = Request() def test_suggest_flavors(self): suggs = suggest_flavors("straw") self.assertEqual(len(suggs), 1) self.assertEqual(suggs[0][1], 'Strawberry') My controller: def suggest_flavors(term): return [] Has anyone successfully completed unit testing like this in web2py?

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  • How can you do Co-routines using C#?

    - by WeNeedAnswers
    In python the yield keyword can be used in both push and pull contexts, I know how to do the pull context in c# but how would I achieve the push. I post the code I am trying to replicate in c# from python: def coroutine(func): def start(*args,**kwargs): cr = func(*args,**kwargs) cr.next() return cr return start @coroutine def grep(pattern): print "Looking for %s" % pattern try: while True: line = (yield) if pattern in line: print line, except GeneratorExit: print "Going away. Goodbye"

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  • Python sudoku programming

    - by trevor
    I need your help on this. I have this program and I must finish it. It's missing 3 parts. Here is the program I'm working with: import copy def display(A): if A: for i in range(9): for j in range(9): if type(A[i][j]) == type([]): print A[i][j][0], else: print A[i][j], print print else: print A def has_conflict(A): for i in range(9): for j in range(9): for (x,y) in get_neighbors(i,j): if len(A[i][j])==1 and A[i][j]==A[x][y]: return True return False # HERE ARE THE PARTS THAT REQUIRE HELP!!!! def get_neighbors(x,y): return [] def update(A, i, j, value): return [] def solve(A): return [] # ENDS PARTS THAT REQUIRE HELP!!!! A = [] infile = open('puzzle1.txt', 'r') for i in range(9): A += [[]] for j in range(9): num = int(infile.read(2)) if num: A[i] += [[num]] else: A[i] += [[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]] for i in range(9): for j in range(9): if len(A[i][j])==1: A = update(A, i,j, A[i][j][0]) if A==[]: break if A==[]: break if A<>[]: A = solve(A) display(A) I need to solve the stuff formerly in bold letters, now explicitly marked in the code, specifically - get_neighbors(): - update(): - solve(): Thank you for your time and help.

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  • Grails: Problem with nested associations in criteria builder

    - by Mr.B
    I have a frustrating problem with the criteria builder. I have an application in which one user has one calendar, and a calendar has many entries. Seems straightforward enough, but when I try to get the calendar entries for a given user, I can't access the user property (MissingMethodException). Here's the code: def getEntries(User user) { def entries = Entries.createCriteria().list() { calendar { user { eq("user.id", user.id) } } } } I have even tried the following variation: def getEntries(User user) { def entries = Entries.createCriteria().list() { calendar { eq("user", user) } } } That did not raise an exception, but didn't work either. Here's the relevant parts of the domain classes: class Calendar { static belongsTo = [user: User] static hasMany = [entries: Entries] ... } class User { Calendar calendar ... } class Entry { static belongsTo = [calendar: Calendar] ... } When Googling I came across a similar problem noted in early 2008: http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/GRAILS-1412 But according to that link this issue should have been solved long ago. What am I doing wrong?

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  • Wiki-fying a text using LPeg

    - by Stigma
    Long story coming up, but I'll try to keep it brief. I have many pure-text paragraphs which I extract from a system and re-output in wiki format so that the copying of said data is not such an arduous task. This all goes really well, except that there are no automatic references being generated for the 'topics' we have pages for, which end up needing to be added by reading through all the text and adding it in manually by changing Topic to [[Topic]]. First requirement: each topic is only to be made clickable once, which is the first occurrence. Otherwise, it would become a really spammy linkfest, which would detract from readability. To avoid issues with topics that start with the same words Second requirement: overlapping topic names should be handled in such a way that the most 'precise' topic gets the link, and in later occurrences, the less precise topics do not get linked, since they're likely not correct. Example: topics = { "Project", "Mary", "Mr. Moore", "Project Omega"} input = "Mary and Mr. Moore work together on Project Omega. Mr. Moore hates both Mary and Project Omega, but Mary simply loves the Project." output = function_to_be_written(input) -- "[[Mary]] and [[Mr. Moore]] work together on [[Project Omega]]. Mr. Moore hates both Mary and Project Omega, but Mary simply loves the [[Project]]." Now, I quickly figured out a simple or complicated string.gsub() could not get me what I need to satisfy the second requirement, as it provides no way to say 'Consider this match as if it did not happen - I want you to backtrack further'. I need the engine to do something akin to: input = "abc def ghi" -- Looping over the input would, in this order, match the following strings: -- 1) abc def ghi -- 2) abc def -- 3) abc -- 4) def ghi -- 5) def -- 6) ghi Once a string matches an actual topic and has not been replaced before by its wikified version, it is replaced. If this topic has been replaced by a wikified version before, don't replace, but simply continue the matching at the end of the topic. (So for a topic "abc def", it would test "ghi" next in both cases.) Thus I arrive at LPeg. I have read up on it, played with it, but it is considerably complex, and while I think I need to use lpeg.Cmt and lpeg.Cs somehow, I am unable to mix the two properly to make what I want to do work. I am refraining from posting my practice attempts as they are of miserable quality and probably more likely to confuse anyone than assist in clarifying my problem. (Why do I want to use a PEG instead of writing a triple-nested loop myself? Because I don't want to, and it is a great excuse to learn PEGs.. except that I am in over my head a bit. Unless it is not possible with LPeg, the first is not an option.)

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  • Django, want to upload eather image (ImageField) or file (FileField)

    - by Serg
    I have a form in my html page, that prompts user to upload File or Image to the server. I want to be able to upload ether file or image. Let's say if user choose file, image should be null, and vice verso. Right now I can only upload both of them, without error. But If I choose to upload only one of them (let's say I choose image) I will get an error: "Key 'attachment' not found in <MultiValueDict: {u'image': [<InMemoryUploadedFile: police.jpg (image/jpeg)>]}>" models.py: #Description of the file class FileDescription(models.Model): TYPE_CHOICES = ( ('homework', 'Homework'), ('class', 'Class Papers'), ('random', 'Random Papers') ) subject = models.ForeignKey('Subjects', null=True, blank=True) subject_name = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=False) category = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=False, blank=True, null=True) file_type = models.CharField(max_length=100, choices=TYPE_CHOICES, unique=False) file_uploaded_by = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=False) file_name = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=False) file_description = models.TextField(unique=False, blank=True, null=True) file_creation_time = models.DateTimeField(editable=False) file_modified_time = models.DateTimeField() attachment = models.FileField(upload_to='files', blank=True, null=True, max_length=255) image = models.ImageField(upload_to='files', blank=True, null=True, max_length=255) def __unicode__(self): return u'%s' % (self.file_name) def get_fields(self): return [(field, field.value_to_string(self)) for field in FileDescription._meta.fields] def filename(self): return os.path.basename(self.image.name) def category_update(self): category = self.file_name return category def save(self, *args, **kwargs): if self.category is None: self.category = FileDescription.category_update(self) for field in self._meta.fields: if field.name == 'image' or field.name == 'attachment': field.upload_to = 'files/%s/%s/' % (self.file_uploaded_by, self.file_type) if not self.id: self.file_creation_time = datetime.now() self.file_modified_time = datetime.now() super(FileDescription, self).save(*args, **kwargs) forms.py class ContentForm(forms.ModelForm): file_name =forms.CharField(max_length=255, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'size':20})) file_description = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea(attrs={'rows':4, 'cols':25})) class Meta: model = FileDescription exclude = ('subject', 'subject_name', 'file_uploaded_by', 'file_creation_time', 'file_modified_time', 'vote') def clean_file_name(self): name = self.cleaned_data['file_name'] # check the length of the file name if len(name) < 2: raise forms.ValidationError('File name is too short') # check if file with same name is already exists if FileDescription.objects.filter(file_name = name).exists(): raise forms.ValidationError('File with this name already exists') else: return name views.py if request.method == "POST": if "upload-b" in request.POST: form = ContentForm(request.POST, request.FILES, instance=subject_id) if form.is_valid(): # need to add some clean functions # handle_uploaded_file(request.FILES['attachment'], # request.user.username, # request.POST['file_type']) form.save() up_f = FileDescription.objects.get_or_create( subject=subject_id, subject_name=subject_name, category = request.POST['category'], file_type=request.POST['file_type'], file_uploaded_by = username, file_name=form.cleaned_data['file_name'], file_description=request.POST['file_description'], image = request.FILES['image'], attachment = request.FILES['attachment'], ) return HttpResponseRedirect(".")

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  • Groovy Mixin on Instance (Dynamic Mixin)

    - by david
    I'm trying to achieve following: class A { def foo() { "foo" } } class B { def bar() { "bar" } } A.mixin B def a = new A() a.foo() + a.bar() with one significant difference - I would like to do the mixin on the instance: a.mixin B but this results in groovy.lang.MissingMethodException: No signature of method: A.mixin() is applicable for argument types: (java.lang.Class) values: [class B] Is there a chance to get this working like proposed in the Groovy Mixins JSR?

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  • Why can I access private/protected methods using Object#send in Ruby?

    - by smotchkkiss
    The class class A private def foo puts :foo end public def bar puts :bar end private def zim puts :zim end protected def dib puts :dib end end instance of A a = A.new test a.foo rescue puts :fail a.bar rescue puts :fail a.zim rescue puts :fail a.dib rescue puts :fail a.gaz rescue puts :fail test output fail bar fail fail fail .send test [:foo, :bar, :zim, :dib, :gaz].each { |m| a.send(m) rescue puts :fail } .send output foo bar zim dib fail The question The section labeled "Test Output" is the expected result. So why can I access private/protected method by simply Object#send? Perhaps more important: What is the difference between public/private/protected in Ruby? When to use each? Can someone provide real world examples for private and protected usage?

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  • add/remove items in a list

    - by Jam
    I'm trying to create a player who can add and remove items from their inventory. I have everything working, I just have 1 small problem. Every time it prints the inventory, 'None' also appears. I've been messing with it to try and remove that, but no matter what I do, 'None' always appears in the program! I know I'm just missing something simple, but I can't figure it out for the life of me. class Player(object): def __init__(self, name, max_items, items): self.name=name self.max_items=max_items self.items=items def inventory(self): for item in self.items: print item def take(self, new_item): if len(self.items)<self.max_items: self.items.append(new_item) else: print "You can't carry any more items!" def drop(self, old_item): if old_item in self.items: self.items.remove(old_item) else: print "You don't have that item." def main(): player=Player("Jimmy", 5, ['sword', 'shield', 'ax']) print "Max items:", player.max_items print "Inventory:", player.inventory() choice=None while choice!="0": print \ """ Inventory Man 0 - Quit 1 - Add an item to inventory 2 - Remove an item from inventory """ choice=raw_input("Choice: ") print if choice=="0": print "Good-bye." elif choice=="1": new_item=raw_input("What item would you like to add to your inventory?") player.take(new_item) print "Inventory:", player.inventory() elif choice=="2": old_item=raw_input("What item would you like to remove from your inventory?") player.drop(old_item) print "Inventory:", player.inventory() else: print "\nSorry, but", choice, "isn't a valid choice." main() raw_input("Press enter to exit.")

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  • Beginner problems with references to arrays in python 3.1.1

    - by Protean
    As part of the last assignment in a beginner python programing class, I have been assigned a traveling sales man problem. I settled on a recursive function to find each permutation and the sum of the distances between the destinations, however, I am have a lot of problems with references. Arrays in different instances of the Permute and Main functions of TSP seem to be pointing to the same reference. from math import sqrt class TSP: def __init__(self): self.CartisianCoordinates = [['A',[1,1]], ['B',[2,2]], ['C',[2,1]], ['D',[1,2]], ['E',[3,3]]] self.Array = [] self.Max = 0 self.StoredList = ['',0] def Distance(self, i1, i2): x1 = self.CartisianCoordinates[i1][1][0] y1 = self.CartisianCoordinates[i1][1][1] x2 = self.CartisianCoordinates[i2][1][0] y2 = self.CartisianCoordinates[i2][1][1] return sqrt(pow((x2 - x1), 2) + pow((y2 - y1), 2)) def Evaluate(self): temparray = [] Data = [] for i in range(len(self.CartisianCoordinates)): Data.append([]) for i1 in range(len(self.CartisianCoordinates)): for i2 in range(len(self.CartisianCoordinates)): if i1 != i2: temparray.append(self.Distance(i1, i2)) else: temparray.append('X') Data[i1] = temparray temparray = [] self.Array = Data self.Max = len(Data) def Permute(self,varray,index,vcarry,mcarry): #Problem Class array = varray[:] carry = vcarry[:] for i in range(self.Max): print ('ARRAY:', array) print (index,i,carry,array[index][i]) if array[index][i] != 'X': carry[0] += self.CartisianCoordinates[i][0] carry[1] += array[index][i] if len(carry) != self.Max: temparray = array[:] for j in range(self.Max):temparray[j][i] = 'X' index = i mcarry += self.Permute(temparray,index,carry,mcarry) else: return mcarry print ('pass',mcarry) return mcarry def Main(self): out = [] self.Evaluate() for i in range(self.Max): array = self.Array[:] #array appears to maintain the same reference after each copy, resulting in an incorrect array being passed to Permute after the first iteration. print (self.Array[:]) for j in range(self.Max):array[j][i] = 'X' print('I:', i, array) out.append(self.Permute(array,i,[str(self.CartisianCoordinates[i][0]),0],[])) return out SalesPerson = TSP() print(SalesPerson.Main()) It would be greatly appreciated if you could provide me with help in solving the reference problems I am having. Thank you.

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  • Matplotlib canvas drawing

    - by Morgoth
    Let's say I define a few functions to do certain matplotlib actions, such as def dostuff(ax): ax.scatter([0.],[0.]) Now if I launch ipython, I can load these functions and start a new figure: In [1]: import matplotlib.pyplot as mpl In [2]: fig = mpl.figure() In [3]: ax = fig.add_subplot(1,1,1) In [4]: run functions # run the file with the above defined function If I now call dostuff, then the figure does not refresh: In [6]: dostuff(ax) I have to then explicitly run: In [7]: fig.canvas.draw() To get the canvas to draw. Now I can modify dostuff to be def dostuff(ax): ax.scatter([0.],[0.]) ax.get_figure().canvas.draw() This re-draws the canvas automatically. But now, say that I have the following code: def dostuff1(ax): ax.scatter([0.],[0.]) ax.get_figure().canvas.draw() def dostuff2(ax): ax.scatter([1.],[1.]) ax.get_figure().canvas.draw() def doboth(ax): dostuff1(ax) dostuff2(ax) ax.get_figure().canvas.draw() I can call each of these functions, and the canvas will be redrawn, but in the case of doboth(), it will get redrawn multiple times. My question is: how could I code this, such that the canvas.draw() only gets called once? In the above example it won't change much, but in more complex cases with tens of functions that can be called individually or grouped, the repeated drawing is much more obvious, and it would be nice to be able to avoid it. I thought of using decorators, but it doesn't look as though it would be simple. Any ideas?

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  • Best practise when using httplib2.Http() object

    - by tomaz
    I'm writing a pythonic web API wrapper with a class like this import httplib2 import urllib class apiWrapper: def __init__(self): self.http = httplib2.Http() def _http(self, url, method, dict): ''' Im using this wrapper arround the http object all the time inside the class ''' params = urllib.urlencode(dict) response, content = self.http.request(url,params,method) as you can see I'm using the _http() method to simplify the interaction with the httplib2.Http() object. This method is called quite often inside the class and I'm wondering what's the best way to interact with this object: create the object in the __init__ and then reuse it when the _http() method is called (as shown in the code above) or create the httplib2.Http() object inside the method for every call of the _http() method (as shown in the code sample below) import httplib2 import urllib class apiWrapper: def __init__(self): def _http(self, url, method, dict): '''Im using this wrapper arround the http object all the time inside the class''' http = httplib2.Http() params = urllib.urlencode(dict) response, content = http.request(url,params,method)

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  • Call child's method or cast parent to child in Rails

    - by Brian
    I have some STI structure like following: class Box has_many :part,:class_name = "Part" end class Part def self.dosomething() end end class TypeA<Part def self.dosomething() end end class TypeB<Part def self.dosomething() end end assuming we have some codes like boxtypeA = Box.new. I am wondering if there is a way to make boxtypeA.part.dosomething() to call TypeA's method not Part's or TypeB's. I think basically what we need to do is to convert the part to TypeA, how can we achieve that? Thx in advance!

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  • C# Client to Consume Google App Engine RESTful Webservice (rpc XML)

    - by Ngu Soon Hui
    I think I hit a problem when using C# client to consume Google App Engine Webservice. The Google App Engine code I use is here. This is how the python script on server would look like: from google.appengine.ext import webapp from google.appengine.ext.webapp.util import run_wsgi_app import logging from StringIO import StringIO import traceback import xmlrpclib from xmlrpcserver import XmlRpcServer class Application: def __init__(self): pass def getName(self,meta): return 'example' class XMLRpcHandler(webapp.RequestHandler): rpcserver = None def __init__(self): self.rpcserver = XmlRpcServer() app = Application() self.rpcserver.register_class('app',app) def post(self): request = StringIO(self.request.body) request.seek(0) response = StringIO() try: self.rpcserver.execute(request, response, None) except Exception, e: logging.error('Error executing: '+str(e)) for line in traceback.format_exc().split('\n'): logging.error(line) finally: response.seek(0) rstr = response.read() self.response.headers['Content-type'] = 'text/xml' self.response.headers['Content-length'] = "%d"%len(rstr) self.response.out.write(rstr) application = webapp.WSGIApplication( [('/xmlrpc/', XMLRpcHandler)], debug=True) def main(): run_wsgi_app(application) if __name__ == "__main__": main() The client side ( in Python) is this: import xmlrpclib s = xmlrpclib.Server('http://localhost:8080/xmlrpc/') print s.app.getName() I have no problem in using Python client to retrieve values from Google App Engine, but I do have difficulties in using a C# client to retrieve the values. The error I got was 404 method not found when I am trying to GetResponse from the web request. This is my code var request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create("http://localhost:8080/xmlrpc/app"); request.Method = "GET"; request.ContentLength = 0; request.ContentType = "text/xml"; using (HttpWebResponse response = request.GetResponse() as HttpWebResponse) //404 method not found error here. { } I think it must be that the url is wrong, but I don't know how to get it right. Any idea?

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  • Python metaclass for enforcing immutability of custom types

    - by Mark Lehmacher
    Having searched for a way to enforce immutability of custom types and not having found a satisfactory answer I came up with my own shot at a solution in form of a metaclass: class ImmutableTypeException( Exception ): pass class Immutable( type ): ''' Enforce some aspects of the immutability contract for new-style classes: - attributes must not be created, modified or deleted after object construction - immutable types must implement __eq__ and __hash__ ''' def __new__( meta, classname, bases, classDict ): instance = type.__new__( meta, classname, bases, classDict ) # Make sure __eq__ and __hash__ have been implemented by the immutable type. # In the case of __hash__ also make sure the object default implementation has been overridden. # TODO: the check for eq and hash functions could probably be done more directly and thus more efficiently # (hasattr does not seem to traverse the type hierarchy) if not '__eq__' in dir( instance ): raise ImmutableTypeException( 'Immutable types must implement __eq__.' ) if not '__hash__' in dir( instance ): raise ImmutableTypeException( 'Immutable types must implement __hash__.' ) if _methodFromObjectType( instance.__hash__ ): raise ImmutableTypeException( 'Immutable types must override object.__hash__.' ) instance.__setattr__ = _setattr instance.__delattr__ = _delattr return instance def __call__( self, *args, **kwargs ): obj = type.__call__( self, *args, **kwargs ) obj.__immutable__ = True return obj def _setattr( self, attr, value ): if '__immutable__' in self.__dict__ and self.__immutable__: raise AttributeError( "'%s' must not be modified because '%s' is immutable" % ( attr, self ) ) object.__setattr__( self, attr, value ) def _delattr( self, attr ): raise AttributeError( "'%s' must not be deleted because '%s' is immutable" % ( attr, self ) ) def _methodFromObjectType( method ): ''' Return True if the given method has been defined by object, False otherwise. ''' try: # TODO: Are we exploiting an implementation detail here? Find better solution! return isinstance( method.__objclass__, object ) except: return False However, while the general approach seems to be working rather well there are still some iffy implementation details (also see TODO comments in code): How do I check if a particular method has been implemented anywhere in the type hierarchy? How do I check which type is the origin of a method declaration (i.e. as part of which type a method has been defined)?

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  • Python, a smarter way of string to integer conversion

    - by Hellnar
    Hello I have written this code to convert string in such format "0(532) 222 22 22" to integer such as 05322222222 . class Phone(): def __init__(self,input): self.phone = input def __str__(self): return self.phone #convert to integer. def to_int(self): return int((self.phone).replace(" ","").replace("(","").replace(")","")) test = Phone("0(532) 222 22 22") print test.to_int() It feels very clumsy to use 3 replace methods to solve this. I am curious if there is a better solution?

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  • How to pass variables using Unittest suite

    - by chrissygormley
    Hello I have test's using unittest. I have a test suite and I am trying to pass variables through into each of the tests. The below code shows the test suite used. class suite(): def suite(self): #Function stores all the modules to be tested modules_to_test = ('testmodule1', 'testmodule2') alltests = unittest.TestSuite() for module in map(__import__, modules_to_test): alltests.addTest(unittest.findTestCases(module)) return alltests It calls tests, I would like to know how to pass variables into the tests from this class. An example test script is below: class TestThis(unittest.TestCase): def runTest(self): assertEqual('1', '1') class TestThisTestSuite(unittest.TestSuite): # Tests to be tested by test suite def makeTestThisTestSuite(): suite = unittest.TestSuite() suite.addTest("TestThis") return suite def suite(): return unittest.makeSuite(TestThis) if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main() So from the class suite() I would like to enter in a value to change the value that is in assert value. Eg. assertEqual(self.value, '1'). I have tried sys.argv for unittest and it doesn't seem to work. Thanks for any help.

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  • Is there a Django template tag that lets me set a context variable?

    - by hekevintran
    I want to be able to set variables in a template to string values. I wrote a tag, but it doesn't seem to change the context. The intended use is: {% define my_var as "a string" %} class DefineNode(Node): def __init__(self, value, variable_name, nodelist): self.value = value self.variable_name = variable_name self.nodelist = nodelist def __repr__(self): return "<DefineNode>" def render(self, context): context[self.variable_name] = self.value return '' @register.tag def define(parser, token): bits = list(token.split_contents()) if len(bits) != 4: raise TemplateSyntaxError("%r expected format is 'value as variable'" % bits[0]) if bits[1][0] in ('"', "'") and bits[1][-1] == bits[1][0]: value = bits[1][1:-1] nodelist = parser.parse(('enddefine',)) parser.delete_first_token() return DefineNode(value, bits[3], nodelist) I

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  • How to understand the output of gcc -S *.cpp?

    - by user198729
    A sample one as follows: .file "hw.cpp" .section .rdata,"dr" LC0: .ascii "Oh shit really bad~!\15\12\0" .text .align 2 .globl __Z3badv .def __Z3badv; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef __Z3badv: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp subl $8, %esp movl $LC0, (%esp) call _printf leave ret .section .rdata,"dr" LC1: .ascii "WOW\0" .text .align 2 .globl __Z3foov .def __Z3foov; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef __Z3foov: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp subl $4, %esp movl LC1, %eax movl %eax, -4(%ebp) movl $__Z3badv, 4(%ebp) leave ret .def ___main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .align 2 .globl _main .def _main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef _main: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp subl $8, %esp andl $-16, %esp movl $0, %eax addl $15, %eax addl $15, %eax shrl $4, %eax sall $4, %eax movl %eax, -4(%ebp) movl -4(%ebp), %eax call __alloca call ___main call __Z3foov movl $0, %eax leave ret .def _printf; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef Has anyone tried to understand it?

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  • can create a new thread on goog-app-engine ..(python)

    - by zjm1126
    i use this code can crteate ,but someone say it can't create ,why ? class LogText(db.Model): content = db.StringProperty(multiline=True) class MyThread(threading.Thread): def __init__(self,threadname): threading.Thread.__init__(self, name=threadname) def run(self,request): log=LogText() log.content=request.POST.get('content',None) log.put() def Log(request): thr = MyThread('haha') thr.run(request) return HttpResponse('')

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  • python: how to design a container with elements that must reference their container

    - by Luke404
    (the title is admittedly not that great. Please forgive my English, this is the best I could think of) I'm writing a python script that will manage email domains and their accounts, and I'm also a newby at OOP design. My two (related?) issues are: the Domain class must do special work to add and remove accounts, like adding/removing them to the underlying implementation how to manage operations on accounts that must go through their container To solve the former issue I'd add a factory method to the Domain class that'll build an Account instance in that domain, and a 'remove' (anti-factory?) method to handle deletions. For the latter this seems to me "anti-oop" since what would logically be an operation on an Account (eg, change password) must always reference the containing Domain. Seems to me that I must add to the Account a reference back to the Domain and use that to get data (like the domain name) or call methods on the Domain class. Code example (element uses data from the container) that manages an underlying Vpopmail system: class Account: def __init__(self, name, password, domain): self.name = name self.password = password self.domain = domain def set_password(self, password): os.system('vpasswd %s@%s %s' % (self.name, self.domain.name, password) self.password = password class Domain: def __init__(self, domain_name): self.name = domain_name self.accounts = {} def create_account(self, name, password): os.system('vadduser %s@%s %s' % (name, self.name, password)) account = Account(name, password, self) self.accounts[name] = account def delete_account(self, name): os.system('vdeluser %s@%s' % (name, self.name)) del self.accounts[name] another option would be for Account.set_password to call a Domain method that would do the actual work - sounds equally ugly to me. Also note the duplication of data (account name also as dict key), it sounds logical (account names are "primary key" inside a domain) but accounts need to know their own name.

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