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• How do you track third-party software licenses?

  - by emddudley

  How do you track licenses for third-party libraries that you use in your software? How did you vet the licenses? Sometimes licenses change or libraries switch licenses--how do you stay up to date? At the moment I've got an Excel spreadsheet with worksheets for third-party software, licenses, and the projects we use them on (organized like a relational database). It seems to work OK, but I think it will go out-of-date pretty quickly.

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• Should extension scripts be run in a sandbox?

  - by Cubic

  In particular, this is about game extensions written in lua (luajit-2.0). I was contemplating whether I should restrict what these scripts can do, and arrived at the conclusion that I probably shouldn't: It's hard to get right. Sounds silly, but chances are my sandbox is gonna end up leaky anyways. The only benefit I could think of would be giving users some sense of security when running third party scripts. The disadvantages would be that it's just incredibly annoying for extension writers. That is, for now, myself (game content will be mostly scripted). The reason I'm asking this now before I actually have anything presentable is that adding a sandbox early on is easy, but would impose said annoying restrictions on myself too. However if I first go on with it and then later decide I do need a sandbox after all, I'm gonna run into problems (I'd either have to rewrite the scripts that are already there, or introduce some form of trust management system which seems to be more trouble than it's worth).

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• Will dolphins die if I use REST "as CRUD"?

  - by l0l0l0l0l

  Recently I moved to Laravel and I was surprised on how good setting the controllers as RESTful is, it made routes and my code cleaner. I'm kinda new on web development and never used REST before since all my clients' projects are basically CRUD operations. There's any cool buzzword to this "approach" or I'm just stupid for doing it? I don't plan to follow any REST patterns, just to make my life easier and code cleaner. Basicallly just GET/POST, the other ones are not native anyway so (emulated on hidden form value).

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• Which is more important in a web application code promotion hierarchy? production environment to repo equivalence or unidirectional propagation?

  - by ghbarratt

  Lets say you have a code promotion hierarchy consisting of several environments, (the polar end) two of which are development (dev) and production (prod). Lets say you also have a web application where important (but not developer controlled) files are created (and perhaps altered) in the production environment. Lets say that you (or someone above you) decided that the files which are controlled/created/altered/deleted in the production environment needed to go into the repository. Which of the following two sets of practice / approaches do you find best: Committing these non-developed file modifications made in the production environment so that the repository reflects the production environment as closely and as often as possible. Generally ignoring the non-developed production environment alterations, placing confidence in backups to restore the production environment should it be harmed, and keeping a resolution to avoid pushing developments through the promotion hierarchy in the reverse direction (avoiding pushing from prod to dev), only committing the files found in the production environment if they were absolutely necessary in other environments for development. So, 1 or 2, and why? PS - I am currently slightly biased toward maintaining production environment to repository equivalence (option 1), but I keep an open mind and would accept an answer supporting either.

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• how to save and load the state of a game in scheme

  - by user3667664

  I'm creating the game of chess in scheme, but do not know how to save and load game state is a part I have this code (define-struct ficha(color se-movio? tipo-ficha )) ;;tablero lista de listas de fichas (define-struct estado (tablero turno fichaSel)) (define bpawn (bitmap "b-peon.png")) (define brook (bitmap "b-torre.png")) (define bcaballo (bitmap "b-caballo.png")) (define bbish (bitmap "b-arfil.png")) (define bquee (bitmap "b-reina.png")) (define bking (bitmap "b-rey.png")) (define wpawn (bitmap "w-peon.png")) (define wrook (bitmap "w-torre.png")) (define wcaballo (bitmap "w-caballo.png")) (define wbish (bitmap "w-arfil.png")) (define wquee (bitmap "w-reina.png")) (define wking (bitmap "w-rey.png")) (define board (bitmap "board.jpg")) This is the board that is a list of lists (define tableroini (list (list torreb caballob arfilb reinab reyb arfilb caballob torreb) (list peonb peonb peonb peonb peonb peonb peonb peonb) (list empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty) (list empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty) (list empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty) (list empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty) (list peonw peonw peonw peonw peonw peonw peonw peonw) (list torrew caballow arfilw reinaw reyw arfilw caballow torrew))) I did this to save the state of the game: (define (Guardar-en-archivo archivo) (write-file (string-append Subcarpeta archivo ".txt") "game state" )) But not as you insert the game state on "game state" for me to save the game How I can do this ?

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• Linux distro for software development support?

  - by Xie Jilei

  I've spent too much time on setup & maintain a development server, which contains following tools: Common services like SSH, BIND, rsync, etc. Subversion, Git. Apache server, which runs CGit, Trac, Webmin, phpmyadmin, phppgadmin, etc. Jetty, which runs Archiva and Hudson. Bugzilla. PostgresSQL server, MySQL server. I've created a lot of Debian packages, like my-trac-utils, my-bugzilla-utils, my-bind9-utils, my-mysql-utils, etc. to make my life more convenient. However, I still feel I need a lot more utils. And I've spent a lot of time to maintain these packages, too. I think there maybe many developers doing the same things. As tools like subversion, git, trac are so common today. It's not to hard to install and configure each of them, but it took a long time to install them all. And it's time consuming to maintain them. Like backup the data, plot the usage graph and generate web reports. (gitstat for example) So, I'd like to hear if there exist any pre-configured distro for Development Server purpose, i.e., something like BackTrack for hackers?

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• My first development job working at a company, what things to look out for?

  - by Kim Jong Woo

  So I've worked on my own all this time, selling software, creating a few web applications on my own. I had an Arts background I was self taught. It was a bit difficult to find a development position after endless trying, I finally landed a LAMP position. What I realized was it was all confidence issue. Before when I didn't know a few things I panicked but after spending such a long time working on my own projects and solving various problems, I felt confident enough that I could fulfill requirements on my own. I hope this helps other people applying for jobs This is the first time I will be developing with other team members in an office, are there anything I should prepare for my first day at work next week? Any tips and pointers while working as a developer at a company? I'm kinda nervous but excited.

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• Detect duplicate in a subset from a set of elements

  - by Abhinav Shrivastava

  I have a set of numbers say : 1 1 2 8 5 6 6 7 8 8 4 2... I want to detect the duplicate element in subsets(of given size say k) of the above numbers... For example : Consider the increasing subsets(for example consider k=3) Subset 1 :{1,1,2} Subset 2 :{1,2,8} Subset 3 :{2,8,5} Subset 4 :{8,5,6} Subset 5 :{5,6,6} Subset 6 :{6,6,7} .... .... So my algorithm should detect that subset 1,5,6 contains duplicates.. My approach : 1)Copy the 1st k elements to a temporary array(vector) 2) using #include file in C++ STL...using unique() I would determine if there's any change in size of vector.. Any other clue how to approach this problem..

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• Should data structures be integrated into the language (as in Python) or be provided in the standard library (as in Java)?

  - by Anto

  In Python, and most likely many other programming languages, common data structures can be found as an integrated part of the core language with their own dedicated syntax. If we put LISP's integrated list syntax aside, I can't think of any other languages that I know which provides some kind of data structure above the array as an integrated part of their syntax, though all of them (but C, I guess) seem to provide them in the standard library. From a language design perspective, what are your opinions on having a specific syntax for data structures in the core language? Is it a good idea, and does the purpose of the language (etc.) change how good this could be of a choice? Edit: I'm sorry for (apparently) causing some confusion about which data structures I mean. I talk about the basic and commonly used ones, but still not the most basic ones. This excludes trees (too complex, uncommon), stacks (too seldom used), arrays (too simple) but includes e.g. sets, lists and hashmaps.

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• JavaScript evolution -- weeding out the confusion [closed]

  - by good_computer

  There was JavaScript v1.3 (I guess) that we all started with. Then there was JavaScript 2.0 that Adobe implemented (ActionScript) but was abandoned later. Then came E4X. Then ES5. There is also ES harmony. I am really confused about which version is the latest and where is the standards body going. Can someone describe the whole chronology of JavaScript / ECMAScript evolution and the important differences between those versions?

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• What would you say to a bunch of software engineering students on their first day at college?

  - by Álvaro

  Next Friday I'm giving a short (30 min.) talk to a bunch of software engineering students who will be attending the same university I did. Some context: The place is Montevideo, Uruguay The university is Universidad de la República (public, free university) The Software Engineering programme takes 5 years (if you're very good and don't start working early). Around 800 new students per year, around 80 graduates per year. Conditions are harsh, particularly the first two years. Most of them probably have no idea what software engineering or programming is. My goal would be to somehow give them an idea of the field and hopefully motivate them to endure the hardships ahead to eventually become successful developers. So the question is: what would you tell these people?

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• Verification of requirements question

  - by user970696

  Doing a lot of reading about V&V, I would need to clarify the following. A lot of definitons (less formal ones found in books) define verification like that: Verification: The software should conform to its specification. But then they speak about requirement verification, design verification etc. If I say that these items are "software" in terms of applying the definitons, what should I checked them against, what specification should requirements, which is the basic information, conform to? And one more thing: shouldnt be requirements also validated? To make sure they meets the customer needs? All texts I have speak only about SW validation on the end of the dev.process..

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• Segmentation fault while switching QCompleter for QLineEdit [on hold]

  - by san

  I have a QLineEdit that uses autocompletion one which on focusIn event in which it shows paths from XML List(here I have used hardcoded list) but if user doesn't find the path from that list popped by QCompleter than I want user to be able to browse to path typing '/' in QLineEdit , I am not able to select the paths say /Users etc and on trying to type Segmentation fault occurs. from PyQt4.Qt import Qt, QObject,QLineEdit from PyQt4.QtCore import pyqtSlot,SIGNAL,SLOT from PyQt4 import QtGui, QtCore import sys class DirLineEdit(QLineEdit, QtCore.QObject): """docstring for DirLineEdit""" def __init__(self): super(DirLineEdit, self).__init__() self.defaultList = ['~/Development/python/searchMethod', '~/Development/Nuke_python', '~/Development/python/openexr', '~/Development/python/cpp2python'] self.textChanged.connect(self.__dirCompleter) def focusInEvent(self, event): if len(self.text()) == 0: self._pathsList() QtGui.QLineEdit.focusInEvent(self, event) self.completer().complete() def __dirCompleter(self): if len(self.text()) == 0: model = MyListModel(self.defaultList, self) completer = QtGui.QCompleter(model, self) completer.setModel(model) else: dirModel = QtGui.QFileSystemModel() dirModel.setRootPath(QtCore.QDir.currentPath()) dirModel.setFilter(QtCore.QDir.AllDirs | QtCore.QDir.NoDotAndDotDot | QtCore.QDir.Files) dirModel.setNameFilterDisables(0) completer = QtGui.QCompleter(dirModel, self) completer.setCaseSensitivity(QtCore.Qt.CaseInsensitive) completer.setModel(dirModel) self.setCompleter(completer) def _pathsList(self): completerList = QtCore.QStringList() for i in self.defaultList: completerList.append(QtCore.QString(i)) lineEditCompleter = QtGui.QCompleter(completerList) lineEditCompleter.setCompletionMode(QtGui.QCompleter.UnfilteredPopupCompletion) self.setCompleter(lineEditCompleter) class MyListModel(QtCore.QAbstractListModel): def __init__(self, datain, parent=None, *args): """ datain: a list where each item is a row """ QtCore.QAbstractTableModel.__init__(self, parent, *args) self.listdata = datain def rowCount(self, parent=QtCore.QModelIndex()): return len(self.listdata) def data(self, index, role): if index.isValid() and role == QtCore.Qt.DisplayRole: return QtCore.QVariant(self.listdata[index.row()]) else: return QtCore.QVariant() app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv) smObj = DirLineEdit() smObj.show() app.exec_() Please help fix this or suggest better way of implementation?

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• Information Spilling Across Object Boundaries

  - by Winston Ewert

  Many times my business objects tend to have situations where information needs to cross object boundaries too often. When doing OO, we want information to be in one object and as much as possible all code dealing with that information should be in that object. However, business rules do not follow this principle giving me trouble. As an example suppose that we have an Order which has a number of OrderItems which refers to an InventoryItem which has a price. I invoke Order.GetTotal() which sums the result of OrderItem.GetPrice() which multiples a quantity by InventoryItem.GetPrice(). So far so good. But then we find out that some items are sold with a two for one deal. We can handle this by having OrderItem.GetPrice() do something like InventoryItem.GetPrice( quantity ) and letting InventoryItem deal with this. However, then we find out that the two-for-one deal only lasts for a particular time period. This time period needs to be based on the date of the order. Now we change OrderItem.GetPrice() to be InventoryItem.GetPrice( quatity, order.GetDate() ) But then we need to support different prices depending on how long the customer has been in the system: InventoryItem.GetPrice( quantity, order.GetDate(), order.GetCustomer() ) But then it turns out that the two-for-one deals apply not just to buying multiple of the same inventory item but multiple for any item in a InventoryCategory. At this point we throw up our hands and just give the InventoryItem the order item and allow it to travel over the object reference graph via accessors to get the information its needs: InventoryItem.GetPrice( this ) TL;DR I want to have coupling in objects, but business rules often force me to access information from all over the place in order to make particular decisions. Are there good techniques for dealing with this? Do others find the same problem?

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• How would I go about measuring the impact an article has on the internet?

  - by Jimbo Mombasa

  For an application of mine, I analyze the sentiment of articles, using NLTK, to display sentiment trends. But right now all articles weigh the same amount. This does not show a very accurate picture because some articles have a higher impact on the internet than others. For example, a blog post from some unknown blog should not weigh the same amount as an article from the New York Times. How can I determine their impact?

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• What layer to introduce human readable error messages?

  - by MrLane

  One of the things that I have never been happy with on any project I have worked on over the years and have really not been able to resolve myself is exactly at what tier in an application should human readable error information be retrieved for display to a user. A common approach that has worked well has been to return strongly typed/concrete "result objects" from the methods on the public surface of the business tier/API. A method on the interface may be: public ClearUserAccountsResult ClearUserAccounts(ClearUserAccountsParam param); And the result class implementation: public class ClearUserAccountsResult : IResult { public readonly List<Account> ClearedAccounts{get; set;} public readonly bool Success {get; set;} // Implements IResult public readonly string Message{get; set;} // Implements IResult, human readable // Constructor implemented here to set readonly properties... } This works great when the API needs to be exposed over WCF as the result object can be serialized. Again this is only done on the public surface of the API/business tier. The error message can also be looked up from the database, which means it can be changed and localized. However, it has always been suspect to me, this idea of returning human readable information from the business tier like this, partly because what constitutes the public surface of the API may change over time...and it may be the case that the API will need to be reused by other API components in the future that do not need the human readable string messages (and looking them up from a database would be an expensive waste). I am thinking a better approach is to keep the business objects free from such result objects and keep them simple and then retrieve human readable error strings somewhere closer to the UI layer or only in the UI itself, but I have two problems here: 1) The UI may be a remote client (Winforms/WPF/Silverlight) or an ASP.NET web application hosted on another server. In these cases the UI will have to fetch the error strings from the server. 2) Often there are multiple legitimate modes of failure. If the business tier becomes so vague and generic in the way it returns errors there may not be enough information exposed publicly to tell what the error actually was: i.e: if a method has 3 modes of legitimate failure but returns a boolean to indicate failure, you cannot work out what the appropriate message to display to the user should be. I have thought about using failure enums as a substitute, they can indicate a specific error that can be tested for and coded against. This is sometimes useful within the business tier itself as a way of passing via method returns the specifics of a failure rather than just a boolean, but it is not so good for serialization scenarios. Is there a well worn pattern for this? What do people think? Thanks.

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• Studies on code documentation productivity gains/losses

  - by J T

  Hi everyone, After much searching, I have failed to answer a basic question pertaining to an assumed known in the software development world: WHAT IS KNOWN: Enforcing a strict policy on adequate code documentation (be it Doxygen tags, Javadoc, or simply an abundance of comments) adds over-head to the time required to develop code. BUT: Having thorough documentation (or even an API) brings with it productivity gains (one assumes) in new and seasoned developers when they are adding features, or fixing bugs down the road. THE QUESTION: Is the added development time required to guarantee such documentation offset by the gains in productivity down-the-road (in a strictly economical sense)? I am looking for case studies, or answers that can bring with them objective evidence supporting the conclusions that are drawn. Thanks in advance!

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• I'm porting my app from iOS to Android: what do I need to know?

  - by kubi

  What pitfalls should I avoid? What Java language paradigms do Objective-C developers consistently misunderstand? I learned to program in Java, but I have worked in nothing but Objective-C for years now. How are the design patterns different between Android and iOS? If you've made the transition yourself, what parts of Android confused you or took you longer to learn than it should have? Is Eclipse the best OS X IDE for Android? For the record, my app is very strongly tied to UIKit and Foundation, so the word "porting" may be a misnomer; I'll actually be completely rewriting it for Android. No code reuse. Also, I'm doing this to learn Android, so I'd rather fail at the port and learn Android than take a shortcut.

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• Simple Architecture Verification

  - by Jean Carlos Suárez Marranzini

  I just made an architecture for an application with the function of scoring, saving and loading tennis games. The architecture has 2 kinds of elements: components & layers. Components: Standalone elements that can be consumed by other components or by layers. They might also consume functionality from the model/bottom layer. Layers: Software components whose functionality rests on previous layers (except for the model layer). -Layers: -Models: Data and it's behavior. -Controllers: A layer that allows interaction between the views and the models. -Views: The presentation layer for interacting with the user. -Components: -Persistence: Makes sure the game data can be stored away for later retrieval. -Time Machine: Records changes in the game through time so it's possible to navigate the game back and forth. -Settings: Contains the settings that determine how some of the game logic will apply. -Game Engine: Contains all the game logic, which it applies to the game data to determine the path the game should take. This is an image of the architecture (I don't have enough rep to post images): http://i49.tinypic.com/35lt5a9.png The requierements which this architecture should satisfy are the following: Save & load games. Move through game history and see how the scoreboard changes as the game evolves. Tie-breaks must be properly managed. Games must be classified by hit-type. Every point can be modified. Match name and player names must be stored. Game logic must be configurable by the user. I would really appreciate any kind of advice or comments on this architecture. To see if it is well built and makes sense as a whole. I took the idea from this link. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller

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• ASP.NET Web Forms is bad, or what am I missing?

  - by iveqy

  Being a PHP guy myself I recently had to write a spider to an asp.net site. I was really surprised by the different approach to ajax and form-handling. For example, in the PHP sites I've worked with, a deletion of a database entry would be something like: GET delete.php?id=&confirm=yes and get a "success" back in some form (in the ajax case, probably a json reply). In this asp.net application you would instead post a form, including all inputs on the page, with a huge __VIEWSTATE and __EVENTVALIDATION. This would be more than 10 times as big as above. The reply would be the complete side again, with a footer containing some structured data for javascript to parse and display the result. Again, the whole page is sent, and then throwed away(?) since it's already displayed. Why not just send the footer with the data to parse (it's not json nor xml but a | separated list). I really can't see why you would design a system that way. Usually you've a fast client, and a somewhat fast server but a really slow connection. Why not keep the datatransfer to a minimum? Why those huge __VIEWSTATE and __EVENTVALIDATION? It seems that everything is done way to chatty and way to complicated. I really can't see the point and that usually means that I'm missing something. So please tell me, what are the reasons for this design and what benefits (and weaknesses) does it have? (Yes I know that __VIEWSTATE is used to tell what type of form-konfiguration should be sent back to the server. But WHY is this needed?) Please keep this discussion strictly technical and avoid flamewars. Update: Please excuse the somewhat rantish question. I tried to explain my view to be able to get a better answer. I am not saying that asp.net is bad, I am saying that I don't understand the meaning of those concepts. Usually that means that I've things to learn instead of the concepts beeing wrong. I appreciate the explanations about that "you don't have to do this way in asp.net", I'll read up on MVC and other .net technologies. However, there most be a reason for this site (the one I referred to) to be written the way it is. It's written by professionals for a big organisation with far more experience than what I've. Any explanation about their (possible) design choice would be welcome.

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• When should I increment version number?

  - by ahmed

  I didn't learn programming at school and I do not work as a (professional) developer, hence a lot of basics are not quite clear to me. This question tries to clarify one of them. Now let's suppose that I have issues #1, #2 and #3 in my Issues Tracker that are set to be corrected/enhanced for version 1.0.0 and that the last (stable) version is 0.9.0. When should I increment to version 1.0.0 ? When a) just one of the listed above issues is closed or b) when all the issues related to version 1.0 are closed ? Which one is the right way to do it ? And by the right way, I mean what is currently used in the industry. Thanks.

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• Modelling work-flow plus interaction with a database - quick and accessible options

  - by cjmUK

  I'm wanting to model a (proposed) manufacturing line, with specific emphasis on interaction with a traceability database. That is, various process engineers have already mapped the manufacturing process - I'm only interested in the various stations along the line that have to talk to the DB. The intended audience is a mixture of project managers, engineers and IT people - the purpose is to identify: points at which the line interacts with the DB (perhaps going so far as indicating the Store Procs called at each point, perhaps even which parameters are passed.) the communication source (PC/Handheld device/PLC) the communication medium (wireless/fibre/copper) control flow (if leak test fails, unit is diverted to repair station) Basically, the model will be used as a focus different groups on outstanding tasks; for example, I'm interested in the DB and any front-end app needed, process engineers need to be thinking about the workflow and liaising with the PLC suppliers, the other IT guys need to make sure we have the hardware and comms in place. Obviously I could just improvise in Visio, but I was wondering if there was a particular modelling technique that might particularly suit my needs or my audience. I'm thinking of a visual model with supporting documentation (as little as possible, as much as is necessary). Clearly, I don't want something that will take me ages to (effectively) learn, nor one that will alienate non-technical members of the project team. So far I've had brief looks at BPMN, EPC Diagrams, standard Flow Diagrams... and I've forgotten most of what I used to know about UML... And I'm not against picking and mixing... as long as it is quick, clear and effective. Conclusion: In the end, I opted for a quasi-workflow/dataflow diagram. I mapped out the parts of the manufacturing process that interact with the traceability DB, and indicated in a significantly-simplified form, the data flows and DB activity. Alongside which, I have a supporting document which outlines each process, the data being transacted for each process (a 'data dictionary' of sorts) and details of hardware and connectivity required. I can't decide whether is a product of genius or a crime against established software development practices, but I do think that is will hit the mark for this particular audience.

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• MIT and copyright

  - by Petah

  I am contributing to a library that is licensed under the MIT license. In the license and in each class file it has a comment at the top saying: Copyright (c) 2011 Joe Bloggs <[email protected]> I assume that he owns the copyright to the file, and can change the license of that file as he sees fit. If I contribute to the library with a new class entirely write by me, can I claim copyright of that file. And put: Copyright (c) 2011 Petah Piper <[email protected]> at the top?

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• Class hierarchy problem in this social network model

  - by Gerenuk

  I'm trying to design a class system for a social network data model - basically a link/object system. Now I have roughly the following structure (simplified and only relevant methods shown) class Data: "used to handle the data with mongodb" "can link, unlink data and also return other linked data" "is basically a proxy object that only stores _id and accesses mongodb on requests" "it looks like {_id: ..., _out: [id1, id2,...], _inc: [id3, id4, ...]}" def get_node(self, id) "create a new Data object from the underlying mongodb" "each data object can potentially create a reference object to new mongo data" "this is needed when the data returns the linked objects" class Node: """ this class proxies linking calls to .data it includes additional network logic operations whereas Data only contains a basic database solution """ def __init__(self, data): "the infrastructure realization is stored as composition by an included object data" "Node bascially proxies most calls to the infrastructure object data" def get_node(self, data): "creates a new object of class Object or Link depending on data" class Object(Node): "can have multiple connections to Link" class Link(Node): "has one 'in' and one 'out' connection to an Object" This system is working, however maybe wouldn't work outside Python. Note that after reading links Now I have two questions here: 1) I want to infrastructure of the data storage to be replacable. Earlier I had Data as a superclass of Node so that it provided the neccessary calls. But (without dirty Python tricks) you cannot replace the superclass dynamically. Is using composition therefore recommended? The drawback is that I have to proxy most calls (link, unlink etc). Any thoughts? 2) The class Node contains the common method .get_node which is used to built new Object or Link instances after reading out the data. Some attribute of data decided whether the object which is only stored by id should be instantiated as an Object or Link class. The problem here is that Node needs to know about Object and Link in advance, which seems dodgy. Do you see a different solution? Both Object and Link need to instantiate one of all possible types depending on what the find in their linked data. Are there any other ideas how to implement a flexible Object/Link structure where the underlying database storage is isolated?

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• What triggered the popularity of lambda functions in modern mainstream programming languages?

  - by Giorgio

  In the last few years anonymous functions (AKA lambda functions) have become a very popular language construct and almost every major / mainstream programming language has introduced them or is planned to introduce them in an upcoming revision of the standard. Yet, anonymous functions are a very old and very well-known concept in Mathematics and Computer Science (invented by the mathematician Alonzo Church around 1936, and used by the Lisp programming language since 1958, see e.g. here). So why didn't today's mainstream programming languages (many of which originated 15 to 20 years ago) support lambda functions from the very beginning and only introduced them later? And what triggered the massive adoption of anonymous functions in the last few years? Is there some specific event, new requirement or programming technique that started this phenomenon? IMPORTANT NOTE The focus of this question is the introduction of anonymous functions in modern, main-stream (and therefore, maybe with a few exceptions, non functional) languages. Also, note that anonymous functions (blocks) are present in Smalltalk, which is not a functional language, and that normal named functions have been present even in procedural languages like C and Pascal for a long time. Please do not overgeneralize your answers by speaking about "the adoption of the functional paradigm and its benefits", because this is not the topic of the question.

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