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• Implementing my Entity System. Questions about some problems I have found.

  - by Notbad

  Hi!, Well during this week I have deciding about implementation of my entity system. It is a big topic so it has been difficult to take one option from the whole. This has been my decision: 1) I don't have an entity class it is just an id. 2) I have systems that contain a list of components (the list is homegenous, I mean, RenderSystem will just have RenderComponents). 3) Compones will be just data. 4) There would be some kind of "entity prototypes" in a manager or something from we will create entity instances.Ideally they will define the type of components it has and initialization data. 5) Prototype code to create an entity (this is from the top of my head): int id=World::getInstance()->createEntity("entity template"); 6) This will notify all systems that a new entity has been created, and if the entity needs a component that the system handles it will add it to the entity. Ok, this are the ideas. Let's see if some can help with the problems: 1) The main problem is this templates that are sent to the systems in creation process to populate the entity with needed components. What would you use, an OR(ed) int?, a list of strings?. 2) How to do initialization for components when the entity has been created? How to store this in the template? I have thought about having a function in the template that is virtual and after entity is created an populated, gets the components and sets initialization values. 3) Don't you think this is a lot of work for just an entity creation?. Sorry for the long post, I have tried to expose my ideas and finding in order other could have a start beside exposing my problems. Thanks in advance, Notbad.

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• Why does unity obj import flip my x coordinate?

  - by milkplus

  When I import my wavefront obj model into unity and then draw lines over it with the same coordinates in the obj file, the x coordinate is negated. I don't see any option in the importer that might be doing that. And I'm using the same localToWorldMatrix and the same coordinate data in the .obj file. Hmmm GL.PushMatrix(); GL.MultMatrix(transform.localToWorldMatrix); CreateMaterial(); lineMaterial.SetPass(0); GL.Color(new Color(0, 1, 0)); GL.Begin(GL.LINES); GL.Vertex(p1); GL.Vertex(p2); GL.Vertex(p2); GL.Vertex(p3); //... GL.End(); GL.PopMatrix();

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• C++ Directx 11 D3DXVECTOR3 doesn't allow me to devide it

  - by Miguel P

  If i have a simple vector3 like this: D3DXVECTOR3 inversevector = D3DXVECTOR3( (pos+lookat_pos)); It works perfect! But let's say i wanted to multiply it by: Speed*(float) timeHandler.GetDelta() So: D3DXVECTOR3 inversevector = D3DXVECTOR3( (pos+lookat_pos) * Speed*(float) timeHandler.GetDelta()); Now this fails completely, i've used this snippet before, but for some wierd reason it simply won't work( The vector somehow leads x,y,z to 0 or almost, no idea why). Do you have any idea why?

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• specifying an object type at runtime

  - by lapin

  I've written a Vbo template class to work with opengl. I'd like to set the type from a config file at runtime. e.g. <vbo type="bump_vt" ... /> Vbo* pVbo = new Vbo(bump_vt, ...); Is there some way I can do this without a large if else block e.g. if( sType.compareTo("bump_vt") == 0 ) Vbo* pVbo = new Vbo(bump_vt, ...); else if ... I'm writing for multiple platforms in c++. thanks

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• How access PhysicalMaterial from Actor Class?

  - by EmAdpres

  I use Projectile for my weapon system and UDKProjectile has two main function to handle Hit of projectiles(=bullet of my weapon): simulated function ProcessTouch(Actor Other, Vector HitLocation, Vector HitNormal) // For Actors simulated event HitWall(vector HitNormal, actor Wall, PrimitiveComponent WallComp) // Everything except Actors ( I guess) the first method, the function just give me the actor which I hit and my question is How I can get that actor's physical material by first parameter ( Other ), in order to make a proper react about it ( for example a proper Sound of collide ) ... A tricky (but hateful ) way which I knew works is, make a Trace from a little back of that actor to that actor, and use HitInfo parameter which include physical Material ! But there should be a more standard way !

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• Rotating a Quad around it center

  - by Trixmix

  How can you rotate a quad around its center? This is what im trying to do but it aint working: GL11.glTranslatef(x-getWidth()/2, y-getHeight()/2, 0); GL11.glRotatef(30, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glTranslatef(x+getWidth()/2, y+getHeight()/2, 0); DRAW my main problem is that it renders it off the screen.. draw code: GL11.glBegin(GL11.GL_QUADS); { GL11.glTexCoord2f(0, 0); GL11.glVertex2f(0, 0); GL11.glTexCoord2f(0, getTexture().getHeight()); GL11.glVertex2f(0, height); GL11.glTexCoord2f(getTexture().getWidth(), getTexture().getHeight()); GL11.glVertex2f(width,height); GL11.glTexCoord2f(getTexture().getWidth(), 0); GL11.glVertex2f(width,0); } GL11.glEnd();

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• Changing the rendering resolution while maintaining the design layout

  - by Coyote

  I would like to increase the FPS of my project. Currently I would like to try reducing the resolution at which the scenes are rendered. Let's say I never want to draw more than 1280*720. What ever the real resolution is. How should I proceed? I tried pEGLView->setFrameSize(1280, 720); but only reduces the displayed size of the frame on screen (boxing). In my activity I tried setting the size of the "surface" but this seems to completely break the layout (as defined by setDesignResolutionSize). @Override public Cocos2dxGLSurfaceView onCreateView() { Cocos2dxGLSurfaceView surfaceView = new Cocos2dxGLSurfaceView(this); surfaceView.getHolder().setFixedSize(1280, 720); return surfaceView; } Is there a way to simply change the rendered

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• Isometric tile range aquisition

  - by Steve

  I'm putting together an isometric engine and need to cull the tiles that aren't in the camera's current view. My tile coordinates go from left to right on the X and top to bottom on the Y with (0,0) being the top left corner. If I have access to say the top left, top right, bot left and bot right corner coordinates, is there a formula or something I could use to determine which tiles fall in range? I've linked a picture of the layout of the tiles for reference. If there isn't one, or there's a better way to determine which tiles are on screen and which to cull, I'm all ears and am grateful for any ideas. I've got a few other methods I may be able to try such as checking the position of the tile against a rectangle. I pretty much just need something quick. Thanks for giving this a read =)

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• My Sprite comes out the screen

  - by IlNero

  If i an action moves the sprite,how can i keep the CCSprite on the screen???? this is my code: [enemy runAction:[CCSequence actions:[CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:2.0 position:ccp(-winSize.width*0.4, 0)], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:randomValueBetween(1.0, 0.3) position:ccp(randomValueBetween(winSize.width*0.2, -winSize.width*0.2), randomValueBetween(winSize.height*0.2, -winSize.height*0.2))], [CCDelayTime actionWithDuration:0.5], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:randomValueBetween(1.0, 0.3) position:ccp(randomValueBetween(winSize.width*0.2, -winSize.width*0.2), randomValueBetween(winSize.height*0.2, -winSize.height*0.2))], [CCDelayTime actionWithDuration:0.5], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:randomValueBetween(1.0, 0.3) position:ccp(randomValueBetween(winSize.width*0.2, -winSize.width*0.2), randomValueBetween(winSize.height*0.2, -winSize.height*0.2))], [CCDelayTime actionWithDuration:0.5], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:randomValueBetween(1.0, 0.3) position:ccp(randomValueBetween(winSize.width*0.2, -winSize.width*0.2), randomValueBetween(winSize.height*0.2, -winSize.height*0.2))], [CCDelayTime actionWithDuration:0.5], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:randomValueBetween(1.0, 0.3) position:ccp(randomValueBetween(winSize.width*0.2, -winSize.width*0.2), randomValueBetween(winSize.height*0.2, -winSize.height*0.2))], [CCDelayTime actionWithDuration:0.5], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:randomValueBetween(1.0, 0.3) position:ccp(randomValueBetween(-winSize.width*0.3,winSize.width*0.3), randomValueBetween(winSize.height*0.3, -winSize.height*0.3))], [CCDelayTime actionWithDuration:0.5], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:randomValueBetween(1.0, 0.3) position:ccp(randomValueBetween(-winSize.width*0.2,winSize.width*0.2), randomValueBetween(winSize.height*0.2, -winSize.height*0.2))], [CCDelayTime actionWithDuration:0.5], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:randomValueBetween(1.0, 0.3) position:ccp(randomValueBetween(-winSize.width*0.3,winSize.width*0.3), randomValueBetween(winSize.height*0.3, -winSize.height*0.3))], [CCDelayTime actionWithDuration:0.5], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:randomValueBetween(1.0, 0.3) position:ccp(randomValueBetween(-winSize.width*0.2,winSize.width*0.2), randomValueBetween(winSize.height*0.2, -winSize.height*0.2))], [CCDelayTime actionWithDuration:0.5], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:randomValueBetween(1.0, 0.3) position:ccp(randomValueBetween(-winSize.width*0.3,winSize.width*0.3), randomValueBetween(winSize.height*0.3, -winSize.height*0.3))], [CCDelayTime actionWithDuration:0.5], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:randomValueBetween(1.0, 0.3) position:ccp(randomValueBetween(-winSize.width*0.2,winSize.width*0.2), randomValueBetween(winSize.height*0.2, -winSize.height*0.2))], [CCDelayTime actionWithDuration:0.5], [CCMoveBy actionWithDuration:2.0 position:ccp(-winSize.width*1.5, 0)], [CCCallFuncN actionWithTarget:self selector:@selector(invisNode:)], nil]]; but whit this code the sprite sometimes comes out the screen, i need the sprite moves randomly in the screen without comes out..

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• Using a Higher Precision (than 8-bit unsigned integer) Buffered Image for Heightmaps in Java

  - by pl12

  I am generating a heightmap for every quad in my quadtree in openCL. The way I was creating the image is as follows: DataBufferInt dataBuffer = (DataBufferInt)img.getRaster().getDataBuffer(); int data[] = dataBuffer.getData(); //img is a bufferedimage inputImageMem = CL.clCreateImage2D( context, CL_MEM_READ_WRITE | CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR, new cl_image_format[]{imageFormat}, size, size, size * Sizeof.cl_uint, Pointer.to(data), null); This works ok but the major issue is that as the quads get smaller and smaller the 8-bit format of the buffered image starts to cause intolerable "stepping" issues as seen below: I was wondering if there was an alternate way I could go about doing this? Thanks for the time.

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• Is this the most effect simple way to display a moving image? SDL2

  - by user36324

  I've looked around for tutorials on SDL2, but there isnt many so I am curious i was messing around and is this an effective way to move an image. One problem is that it drags along the image to where it moves. #include "SDL.h" #include "SDL_image.h" int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { bool exit = false; SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_EVERYTHING); SDL_Window *win = SDL_CreateWindow("Hello World!", 100, 100, 640, 480, SDL_WINDOW_SHOWN); SDL_Renderer *ren = SDL_CreateRenderer(win, -1, SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC); SDL_Surface *png = IMG_Load("character.png"); SDL_Rect src; src.x = 0; src.y = 0; src.w = 161; src.h = 159; SDL_Rect dest; dest.x = 50; dest.y = 50; dest.w = 161; dest.h = 159; SDL_Texture *tex = SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(ren, png); SDL_FreeSurface(png); while(exit==false){ dest.x++; SDL_RenderClear(ren); SDL_RenderCopy(ren, tex, &src, &dest); SDL_RenderPresent(ren); } SDL_Delay(5000); SDL_DestroyTexture(tex); SDL_DestroyRenderer(ren); SDL_DestroyWindow(win); SDL_Quit(); }

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• Detailed Modern Opengl Tutorial?

  - by Kogesho

  I am asking for a specific modern opengl tutorial. I need a tutorial that does not skip to explain any lines of code. It should also include different independent objects moving/rotating (most tutorials use only one object), as well as imported 3d objects and collision detection for them. It should also avoid stuff that won't be used. Arcysnthesis for example gives a new concept, and after teaching it, in the next tutorial, it explains how bad it is for performance and introduces another method. Do you know any?

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• I need beginner help on loading an image (2D). I have an error

  - by Seth Taddiken

  I keep getting a "NullReferenceExeption was unhandled" with "Object reference not set to an instance of an object." written under it. I have all of the images (png) correct with names and added to references. protected override void LoadContent() { spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch(GraphicsDevice); backGround = Content.Load("Cracked"); player1.playerBlock = Content.Load("square"); player2.playerBlock = Content.Load("square2"); }

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• BoundingBox Intersection Problems

  - by Deukalion

  When I try to render two cubes, same sizes, one beside the other. With the same proportions (XYZ). My problem is, why do a Box1.BoundingBox.Contains(Box2.BoundingBox) == ContaintmentType.Intersects - when it clearly doesn't? I'm trying to place objects with BoundingBoxes as "intersection" checking, but this simple example clearly shows that this doesn't work. Why is that? I also try checking height of the next object to be placed, by checking intersection, adding each boxes height += (Max.Y - Min.Y) to a Height value, so when I add a new Box it has a height value. This works, but sometimes due to strange behavior it adds extra values when there isn't anything there. This is an example of what I mean: BoundingBox box1 = GetBoundaries(new Vector3(0, 0, 0), new Vector3(128, 64, 128)); BoundingBox box2 = GetBoundaries(new Vector3(128, 0, 0), new Vector3(128, 64, 128)); if (box1.Contains(box2) == ContainmentType.Intersects) { // This will be executed System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show("Intersects = True"); } if (box1.Contains(box2) == ContainmentType.Disjoint) { System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show("Disjoint = True"); } if (box1.Contains(box2) == ContainmentType.Contains) { System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show("Contains = True"); } Test Method: public BoundingBox GetBoundaries(Vector3 position, Vector3 size) { Vector3[] vertices = new Vector3[8]; vertices[0] = position + new Vector3(-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f) * size; vertices[1] = position + new Vector3(-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f) * size; vertices[2] = position + new Vector3(0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f) * size; vertices[3] = position + new Vector3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f) * size; vertices[4] = position + new Vector3(-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f) * size; vertices[5] = position + new Vector3(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f) * size; vertices[6] = position + new Vector3(0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f) * size; vertices[7] = position + new Vector3(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f) * size; return BoundingBox.CreateFromPoints(vertices); } Box 1 should start at x -64, Box 2 should start at x 64 which means they never overlap. If I add Box 2 to 129 instead it creates a small gap between the cubes which is not pretty. So, the question is how can I place two cubes beside eachother and make them understand that they do not overlap or actually intersect? Because this way I can never automatically check for intersections or place cube beside eachother.

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• Drawing Grid in 3D view - Mathematically calculate points and draw line between them (Not working)

  - by Deukalion

  I'm trying to draw a simple grid from a starting point and expand it to a size. Doing this mathematically and drawing the lines between each point, but since the "DrawPrimitives(LineList)" doesn't work the way it should work, And this method can't even draw lines between four points to create a simple Rectangle, so how does this method work exactly? Some sort of coordinate system: [ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ] [ ][2.2][ ][0.2][ ][2.2][ ] [ ][2.1][1.1][ ][1.1][2.1][ ] [ ][2.0][ ][0.0][ ][2.0][ ] [ ][2.1][1.1][ ][1.1][2.1][ ] [ ][2.2][ ][0.2][ ][2.2][ ] [ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ] I've checked with my method and it's working as it should. It calculates all the points to form a grid. This way I should be able to create Points where to draw line right? This way, if I supply the method with Size = 2 it starts at 0,0 and works it through all the corners (2,2) on each side. So, I have the positions of each point. How do I draw lines between these? VerticeCount = must be number of Points in this case, right? So, tell me, if I can't supply this method with Point A, Point B, Point C, Point D to draw a four vertice rectangle (Point A - B - C - D) - how do I do it? How do I even begin to understand it? As far as I'm concered, that's a "Line list" or a list of points where to draw lines. Can anyone explain what I'm missing? I wish to do this mathematically so I can create a a custom grid that can be altered.

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• Drawing Shape in DebugView (Farseer)

  - by keyvan kazemi

  As the title says, I need to draw a shape/polygon in Farseer using debugview. I have this piece of code which converts a Texture to polygon: //load texture that will represent the tray trayTexture = Content.Load<Texture2D>("tray"); //Create an array to hold the data from the texture uint[] data = new uint[trayTexture.Width * trayTexture.Height]; //Transfer the texture data to the array trayTexture.GetData(data); //Find the vertices that makes up the outline of the shape in the texture Vertices verts = PolygonTools.CreatePolygon(data, trayTexture.Width, false); //Since it is a concave polygon, we need to partition it into several smaller convex polygons _list = BayazitDecomposer.ConvexPartition(verts); Vector2 vertScale = new Vector2(ConvertUnits.ToSimUnits(1)); foreach (Vertices verti in _list) { verti.Scale(ref vertScale); } tray = BodyFactory.CreateCompoundPolygon(MyWorld, _list, 10); Now in DebugView I guess I have to use "DrawShape" method which requires: DrawShape(Fixture fixture, Transform xf, Color color) My question is how can I get the variables needed for this method, namely Fixture and Transform?

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• More efficient in range checking

  - by Mob

  I am going to use a specific example in my question, but overall it is pretty general. I use java and libgdx. I have a ship that moves through space. In space there is debris that the ship can tractor beam in and and harvest. Debris is stored in a list, and the object contains it own x and y values. So currently there is no way to to find the debris's location without first looking at the debris object. Now at any given time there can be a huge (1000+) amount of debris in space, and I figure that calculating the distance between the ship and every single piece of debris and comparing it to maximum tractor beam length is rather inefficient. I have thought of dividing space into sectors, and have each sector contain a list of every object in it. This way I could only check nearby sectors. However this essentially doubles memory for the list. (I would reference the same object so it wouldn't double overall. I am not CS major, but I doubt this would be hugely significant.) This also means anytime an object moves it has to calculate which sector it is in, again not a huge problem. I also don't know if I can use some sort of 2D MAP that uses x and y values as keys. But since I am using float locations this sounds more trouble than its worth. I am kind of new to programming games, and I imagined there would be some eloquent solution to this issue.

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• Why am I seeing streak artifacts on the cube map I'm rendering?

  - by BobDole

  I'm getting strange streaks on my cube map when rendering to it. He is my code that is being called each frame: void drawCubeMap(void) { int face; glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo); //glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, cubeMapTexture); //glClearColor(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glViewport(0,0,sizeT, sizeT); for (face = 0; face < 6; face++) { glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + face, cubeMapTexture, 0); drawSpheres(); } glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); glViewport(0,0,900, 900); } Any idea what it might be? The streaking occurs when I'm rotating the spheres around the main sphere.

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• Per fragment lighting with OpenGL 4.x tessellated model

  - by Finlaybob

  I'm experienced with OpenGL 3+. I'm dabbling with tessellation shaders and have now got to a point where I have a nicely tessellated teapot/plane demo (quick look here) As can be seen from the screenshots, the lighting is broken (though admittedly doesn't look too bad in the image) I've tried to add a normal map to the equation but it still doesn't come out right, I can calculate the normals, tangents and binormals per triangle in the geometry shader but still looks wrong. I think the question would be; How do I add per fragment lighting to a tessellated model? The teapot is 32 16-point patches, the plane is one single 16 point patch. The shaders are here, but they are a complete mess, so I don't blame anyone who cant make sense of them. But peruse at your leisure if you like. Also, if this question is more suited to be somewhere else i.e. Stack Overflow or the Programming stack please let me know.

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• Can minecraft support an asymmetrical mesh?

  - by Qwaar

  So in a bout of fancy I have decided I want to play as a Zaku II from gundam, and was saddened that player skins must be symmetrical. Then I remembered my friends mod that let him play as a MLP pony, and another one that let you shapeshift into mobs. So I decided I could just butcher a player model mesh and slap on the shoulder spike and shield, slap a Zaku skin I found on it, port the colors over onto more texture for the shoulder portions, and call it a day once I added it to the shiftable list, before butchering a gun mod to turn a gun into a ZMP-78. Before I get started on this though, I need to know if minecraft will support an asymmetrical mesh.

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• How can I create a flexible system for tiling a 2D RPG map?

  - by CptSupermrkt

  Using libgdx here. I've just finished learning some of the basics of creating a 2D environment and using an OrthographicCamera to view it. The tutorials I went through, however, hardcoded their tiled map in, and none made mention of how to do it any other way. By tiled map, I mean like Final Fantasy 1, where the world map is a grid of squares, each with a different texture. So for example, I've got a 6 tile x 6 tile map, using the following code: Array<Tile> tiles = new Array<Tile>(); tiles.add(new Tile(new Vector2(0,5), TileType.FOREST)); tiles.add(new Tile(new Vector2(1,5), TileType.FOREST)); tiles.add(new Tile(new Vector2(2,5), TileType.FOREST)); tiles.add(new Tile(new Vector2(3,5), TileType.GRASS)); tiles.add(new Tile(new Vector2(4,5), TileType.STONE)); tiles.add(new Tile(new Vector2(5,5), TileType.STONE)); //... x5 more times. Given the random nature of the environment, for loops don't really help as I have to start and finish a loop before I was able to do enough to make it worth setting up the loop. I can see how a loop might be helpful for like tiling an ocean or something, but not in the above case. The above code DOES get me my final desired output, however, if I were to decide I wanted to move a piece or swap two pieces out, oh boy, what a nightmare, even with just a 6x6 test piece, much less a 1000x1000 world map. There must be a better way of doing this. Someone on some post somewhere (can't find it now, of course) said to check out MapEditor. Looks legit. The question is, if that is the answer, how can I make something in MapEditor and have the output map plug in to a variable in my code? I need the tiles as objects in my code, because for example, I determine whether or not a tile is can be passed through or collided with based on my TileTyle enum variable. Are there alternative/language "native" (i.e. not using an outside tool) methods to doing this?

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• BOX2D Kinematic Platform with parallax layer

  - by Marcell

  I am using a kinematic body for my moving platform on x-axis, so I set the linear velocity to b2vec2(5,0). When the player jump on the platform, it works like it is suppose to. But the thing is that my platform is on the obstacle layer and I am moving it with the parallax layer. So if I setTransform the kinematic platform to follow the obstacle layer than it's physics will not work and the player will slip-off the platform. I'm developing for iOS and using cocos2d api. Anyway around this?

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• XNA content.load Dependancy

  - by Richard

  Quick question, My project i'm building for test purposes is working fine but i have dependencies flying around everywhere due to the XNA framework. In Update i have gametime passed everywhere... this is okay. In Draw i have gametime & spritebatch passed everywhere... this is okay. My issue is in the content.load textures/sounds/fonts. I have them as public variables ie Texture1 = Content.load(of texture2d)("Texture1") I'm passing a 'Game1' pointer into the constructor of every new class being instantiated to gain access to these variables. Am i missing an OOP trick to prevent me having to pass a pointer to 'game1' to every New class?

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• Accounting for waves when doing planar reflections

  - by CloseReflector

  I've been studying Nvidia's examples from the SDK, in particular the Island11 project and I've found something curious about a piece of HLSL code which corrects the reflections up and down depending on the state of the wave's height. Naturally, after examining the brief paragraph of code: // calculating correction that shifts reflection up/down according to water wave Y position float4 projected_waveheight = mul(float4(input.positionWS.x,input.positionWS.y,input.positionWS.z,1),g_ModelViewProjectionMatrix); float waveheight_correction=-0.5*projected_waveheight.y/projected_waveheight.w; projected_waveheight = mul(float4(input.positionWS.x,-0.8,input.positionWS.z,1),g_ModelViewProjectionMatrix); waveheight_correction+=0.5*projected_waveheight.y/projected_waveheight.w; reflection_disturbance.y=max(-0.15,waveheight_correction+reflection_disturbance.y); My first guess was that it compensates for the planar reflection when it is subjected to vertical perturbation (the waves), shifting the reflected geometry to a point where is nothing and the water is just rendered as if there is nothing there or just the sky: Now, that's the sky reflecting where we should see the terrain's green/grey/yellowish reflection lerped with the water's baseline. My problem is now that I cannot really pinpoint what is the logic behind it. Projecting the actual world space position of a point of the wave/water geometry and then multiplying by -.5f, only to take another projection of the same point, this time with its y coordinate changed to -0.8 (why -0.8?). Clues in the code seem to indicate it was derived with trial and error because there is redundancy. For example, the author takes the negative half of the projected y coordinate (after the w divide): float waveheight_correction=-0.5*projected_waveheight.y/projected_waveheight.w; And then does the same for the second point (only positive, to get a difference of some sort, I presume) and combines them: waveheight_correction+=0.5*projected_waveheight.y/projected_waveheight.w; By removing the divide by 2, I see no difference in quality improvement (if someone cares to correct me, please do). The crux of it seems to be the difference in the projected y, why is that? This redundancy and the seemingly arbitrary selection of -.8f and -0.15f lead me to conclude that this might be a combination of heuristics/guess work. Is there a logical underpinning to this or is it just a desperate hack? Here is an exaggeration of the initial problem which the code fragment fixes, observe on the lowest tessellation level. Hopefully, it might spark an idea I'm missing. The -.8f might be a reference height from which to deduce how much to disturb the texture coordinate sampling the planarly reflected geometry render and -.15f might be the lower bound, a security measure.

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• Splitting Pygame functionality between classes or modules?

  - by sec_goat

  I am attempting to make my pygame application more modular so that different functionalities are split up into different classes and modules. I am having some trouble getting pygame to allow me to draw or load images in secondary classes when the display has been set and pygame.init() has been done in my main class. I have typically used C# and XNA to accomplish this sort of behavior, but this time I need to use python. How do I init pygame in class1, then create an instance of class2 which loads and converts() images. I have tried pygame.init() in class 2 but then it tells me no display mode has been set, when it has been set in class1. I am under the impression i do not wnat to create multiple pygame.displays as that gets problematic I am probably missing something pythonic and simple but I am not sure what. How do I create a Display class, init python and then have other modules do my work like loading images, fonts etc.? here is the simplest version of what I am doing: class1: def __init__(self): self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((600,400)) self.imageLoader = class2() class2: def __init__(self): self.images = ['list of images'] def load_images(): self.images = os.listdir('./images/') #get all images in the images directory for img in self.images: #read all images in the directory and load them into pygame new_img = pygame.image.load(os.path.join('images', img)).convert() scale_img = pygame.transform.scale(new_img, (pygame.display.Info().current_w, pygame.display.Info().current_h)) self.images.append(scale_img) if __name__ == "__main__": c1 = class1() c1.imageLoader.load_images() Of course when it tries to load an convert the images it tells me pygame has not been initialized, so i throw in a pygame.init() in class2 ( i have heard it is safe to init multiple times) and then the error goes to pygame.error: No video mode has been set

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