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• Soft Shadows in Raytracing 3D to 2D

  - by Myx

  Hello: I wish to implement soft shadows produced by area lights in my raytracer. I'm having trouble generating the random samples. So I have a scene in which I have an area light (represented as a circle) whose world (x,y,z) coordinates of the center are given, the radius is given, the normal of the plane on which the circle lies is given, as well as the color and attenuation factors. The sampling scheme I wish to use is the following: generate samples on the quadrilateral that encompasses the circle and discard points outside the circle until the required number of samples within the circle have been found. I'm having trouble understanding how I can transform the 3D coordinates of the center of the circle to its 2D representation (I don't think I can assume that the projection of the circle is on the x-y axis and thus just get rid of the z-component). I think the plane normal information should be used but I'm not sure how. Any and all suggestions are appreciated.

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• Null Pointer Exception on a 2D array (Java)

  - by user315156

  I have a class, "Tetris", in which one of the instance variables is "board". "board" is 2D array of Color objects. Upon the creation of a tetris object I call a method that sets the dimensions of board and then sets all of the Color objects to be the Default value, that is to say, Color.blue. public Tetris(int rows, int cols){ this.rows = rows; this.cols = cols; reset(rows, cols); } public void reset(int rows, int cols){ Color[][] board = new Color[rows][cols]; for(int i = 0; i Unfortunately, when I run the code (which obviously has not been posted in its entirety) I get a null pointer exception on the line: board[i][j] = DEFAULT_COLOR; // Color.blue; //DEFAULT-COLOR. Is there anything obviously wrong with what I am doing? (Sorry if there are glaring format issues, this is my first time on Stack Overflow)

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• 2D collision detection and stuff with OpenGL

  - by shinjuo

  I am working on a simple 2D openGL project. It contains a main actor you can control with the keyboard arrows. I got that to work okay. What I am wanting is something that can help explain how to make another actor object follow the main actor. Maybe a tutorial on openGL. The three main things I need to learn are the actor following, collision detection, and some kind of way to create gravity. Any good books or tutorials to help get me in the right direction would be great.

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• Projecting a 3D point to 2D screen coordinate OpenTK

  - by sinsro

  Using Monotouch and OpenTK I am trying to get the screen coordinate of one 3D point. I have my world view projection matrix set up, and OpenGL makes sense of it and projects my 3D model perfectly, but how to use the same matrix to project just one point from 2D to 3D? I thought I could simply use: Vector3.Transform(ref input3Dpos, ref matWorldViewProjection, out projected2Dpos); Then have the projected screen coordinate in projected2DPos. But the resulting Vector4 does not seem to represent the proper projected screen coordinate. And I do not know how to calculate it from there on.

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• Java: Last access of 2D HashMap

  - by JamieFlowers

  I have the following structure: HashMap< String, HashMap< String, String Now i want to know the last accessed element in the 2nd dimension. I know there is TreeMap which makes sense in the 1rst dimension but after that it doesn't make any sense. How can I keep track of a 2D HashMap ordering? With access i mean: value = hashmap.get("a").get("1") value = hashmap.get("b").get("2") value = hashmap.get("c").get("3") hashmap.removeLast(); hashmap.removeLast(); hashmap.removeLast();

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• formula for best approximation for center of 2D rotation with small angles

  - by RocketSurgeon

  This is not a homework. I am asking to see if problem is classical (trivial) or non-trivial. It looks simple on a surface, and I hope it is truly a simple problem. Have N points (N = 2) with coordinates Xn, Yn on a surface of 2D solid body. Solid body has some small rotation (below Pi/180) combined with small shifts (below 1% of distance between any 2 points of N). Possibly some small deformation too (<<0.001%) Same N points have new coordinates named XXn, YYn Calculate with best approximation the location of center of rotation as point C with coordinates XXX, YYY. Thank you

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• Mapping functions of 2D numpy arrays

  - by perimosocordiae

  I have a function foo that takes a NxM numpy array as an argument and returns a scalar value. I have a AxNxM numpy array data, over which I'd like to map foo to give me a resultant numpy array of length A. Curently, I'm doing this: result = numpy.array([foo(x) for x in data]) It works, but it seems like I'm not taking advantage of the numpy magic (and speed). Is there a better way? I've looked at numpy.vectorize, and numpy.apply_along_axis, but neither works for a function of 2D arrays. EDIT: I'm doing boosted regression on 24x24 image patches, so my AxNxM is something like 1000x24x24. What I called foo above applies a Haar-like feature to a patch (so, not terribly computationally intensive).

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• How to calculate both positive and negative angle between two lines?

  - by Jaanus

  There is a very handy set of 2d geometry utilities here. The angleBetweenLines has a problem, though. The result is always positive. I need to detect both positive and negative angles, so if one line is 15 degrees "above" or "below" the other line, the shape obviously looks different. The configuration I have is that one line remains stationary, while the other line rotates, and I need to understand what direction it is rotating in, by comparing it with the stationary line. EDIT: in response to swestrup's comment below, the situation is actually that I have a single line, and I record its starting position. The line then rotates from its starting position, and I need to calculate the angle from its starting position to current position. E.g if it has rotated clockwise, it is positive rotation; if counterclockwise, then negative. (Or vice versa.) How to improve the algorithm so it returns the angle as both positive or negative depending on how the lines are positioned?

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• Chipmunk Physics or Box2D for C++ 2D GameEngine ?

  - by Mr.Gando

  Hello, I'm developing what it's turning into a "cross-platform" 2D Game Engine, my initial platform target is iPhone OS, but could move on to Android or even some console like the PSP, or Nintendo DS, I want to keep my options open. My engine is developed in C++, and have been reading a lot about Box2D and Chipmunk but still I can't decide which one to use as my Physics Middleware. Chipmunk appears to have been made to be embedded easily, and Box2D seems to be widely used. Chipmunk is C , and Box2D is C++, but I've heard the API's of Box2D are much worse than chipmunk's API's. For now I will be using the engine shape creation and collision detection features for irregular polygons (not concave). I value: 1) Good API's 2) Easy to integrate. 3) Portability. And of course if you notice anything else, I would love to hear it. Which one do you think that would fit my needs better ?

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• loading data from file into 2d array

  - by Chris

  I am just starting with perl and would like some help with arrays please. I am reading lines from a data file and splitting the line into fields: open (INFILE, $infile); do { my $linedata = <INFILE>; my @data= split ',',$linedata; .... } until eof; I then want to store the individual field values (in @data) in and array so that the array looks like the input data file ie, the first "row" of the array contains the first line of data from INFILE etc. Each line of data from the infile contains 4 values, x,y,z and w and once the data are all in the array, I have to pass the array into another program which reads the x,y,z,w and displays the w value on a screen at the point determined by the x,y,z value. I can not pas the data to the other program on a row-by-row basis as the program expects the data to in a 2d matrtix format. Any help greatly appreciated. Chris

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• how to initialize a 2d array in perl

  - by Mark

  How do I initialize a 2d array in perl? I am trying the following code: 0 use strict; 10 my @frame_events = (((1) x 10), ((1) x 10)); 20 print "$frame_events[1][1]\n"; but it gives the following error: Can't use string ("1") as an ARRAY ref while "strict refs" in use at ./dyn_pf.pl line 20. This syntax only seems to initialize a 1d array as print "$frame_events[1]\n" works. Though perl doesn't give any error during the assignment.

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• How to achieve a palette effect on iPhone using OpenGL

  - by Joe

  I'm porting a 2d retro game to iPhone that has the following properties: targets OpenGL ES 1.1 entire screen is filled with tiles (textured triangle strip tile textured using a single 256x256 RGBA texture image the texture is passed to OpenGL once at the start of the game only 4 displayed colours are used one of the displayed colours is black The original game flashed the screen when time starts to run out by toggling the black pixels to white using an indexed palette. What is the best (i.e. most efficient) way to achieve this in OpenGL ES 1.1? My thoughts so far: Generate an alternative texture with white instead of black pixels, and pass to OpenGL when the screen is flashing Render a white poly underneath the background and render the texture with alpha on to display it Try and render a poly on top with some blending that achieves the effect (not sure this is possible) I'm fairly new to OpenGL so I'm not sure what the performance drawbacks of each of these are, or if there's a better way of doing this.

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• PHP 2D Array to MySQL Database

  - by Ashley Ward

  I have a PHP 2D array, many keys, each with one value, I need to put this into a MySQL database. The database has 8 fields. Eg. Field1, Field2, Field3, etc. I am trying to ensure value1 => field1, value2 =>field2, value3 => field3 and so on, when one record is full (i.e. after 8 values) a new record should be created for the next 8 values and so on. I am aware that the 1st, 9th, 17th, 26th values etc, will need an insert statement and the intermediate values will be an update statement. What is the best way of going about this?

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• Rotate a 2d matrix to the right

  - by adam

  I want a 2d matrix to rotate to the right, it compiles fine but when I try to the run it freezes. For example I want {{10,20,30},{40,50,60}} to rotate into {{40,10},{50,20},{60,30}} import java.util.*; public class Rotate{ public static int[][] rotate(int[][] m) { int [][] rotateM = new int[m[0].length][m.length]; for (int i= 0; i< m.length; i= i++){ for (int j= 0; j< m[0].length; j= j++){ rotateM[i][j] = m[j][m.length-i-1]; } } return rotateM; } public static void main(String[]args){ int[][]m = {{10,20,30}, {40,50,60}}; System.out.println(Arrays.toString(rotate(m))); } }

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• Drawing Rounded Rectangle in DirectX/3D for 2D

  - by Jengerer

  I'm using Direct3D to draw 2D elements in a C++ application of mine, and it'd be neat if I could create rounded-rectangle GUI elements that were varying in size, but I'm not sure how to do that in the most efficient manner possible. I thought of the "easy" way which would be to have images of the four corners and then just place them in the proper positions, and fill in the rest, but varying radii for the rectangle corners would be a definite plus, and this method doesn't accommodate that feature well. Through my searches I've come across the terms Pixel Shader, Stencil Buffering, and HLSL, but I'm not sure whether these terms are relevant and which one to jump into if so. Thanks in advance, Jengerer

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• iPhone - Drawing 2D Shapes

  - by Hawdon

  Hi guys! I have an array of 2D points which make an irregular polygon. What I want to do is draw the borders of it and then fill it with a color. I am using Cocos2d to code the game around, but I have not found a fill function in Cocos2d, only the ccDrawLine and such. Is there a simple way to draw filled shapes in Cocos2? I have also noted that Core Graphics would work beautifully for this purpose, but I am not able to integrate it with Cocos2d. I put this in to the draw function of my CCLayer: CGContextRef ctx = UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext(); CGContextClearRect(ctx, [[UIScreen mainScreen] bounds]); And every time I run it i get this error: <Error>: CGContextClearRect: invalid context I really need to get this working... Any ideas?

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• Programming language for web

  - by cable729

  I haven't programmed in a while, and have kind of lost interest, but I want to get back, and I've enjoyed C# the most, a lot more than objective-c and visual basic. So I want to make some games that me and my friends will be able to play next school year. So basically something you can play on the web. What programming languages deploy to the web? If c# is possible, and a mac with safari/firefox would be able to use it (I can't install plugins, and I don't want to get in trouble for making myself admin again) Flash, Java, etc. If java does, I'd like that most since it's most like c#. Then what libraries/engines would I use? I want to do 2d. And then what IDE would I use? Thanks in advance!

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• Reading a triangle of numbers into a 2d array of ints in Python

  - by Gabriel Silk

  I want to read a triangle of integer values from a file into a 2D array of ints using Python. The numbers would look like this: 75 95 64 17 47 82 18 35 87 10 20 04 82 47 65 ... The code I have so far is as follows: f = open('problem18.input', 'r') arr = [] for i in range(0, 15): arr.append([]) str = f.readline() a = str.split(' ') for tok in a: arr[i].append(int(tok[:2])) print arr I have a feeling this could be done in a tighter, more Pythonesque way. How would you do it?

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• Open Source 2D Game Engine that supports Hexagon Maps for .NET

  - by Fred F.

  Hello, I cannot find a 2D game engine to create hexagon maps for .net. The best I can find is Xconq (http://sourceforge.net/projects/xconq/) and pygame. Does anybody where I can find any? preferrably one like xconq. Thank you for your time and effort. I really apprecate it. Edit: I would like to have feature of a strategic nature. Like adding custom AIs, path finding, etc. Xcong is an engine for turn-based strategy games.

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• Sort a 2D Points List (first by X and then Y)

  - by Mikos

  I am trying to sort a List of 2D Points first by x co-ordinate and then by y co-ordinate. I implemented the IComparer interface as follows: class PointComparer : IComparer<Point> { public int Compare(Point x, Point y) { if (x.Y != y.Y) { return x.Y - y.Y; } else { return x.X - y.X; } } } And then call my sorting as follows: pointsList.Sort(new PointComparer()); For some reason the list doesn't sort. Surely is something very simple and silly, but stuck on this for quite a while....TIA

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• Non laggy movement in Flex or WPF

  - by PaN1C_Showt1Me

  I'm trying to learn something about 2D games programming. For this purpose I've downloaded many samples developed in: Flex and Microsoft WPF. I've noticed that all the animations / moving objects are kind of non-smooth. I've seen a Flex example with double buffering which solved the image flickering, but it was laggy too. WPF example too. Just to mentioned, all examples were drawing on Canvas. I'm just curious, is it possible to have a wonderful non-laggy movement on the GUI in Flash or WPF ? (e.g. like a real game, coded in C++)

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• Passing a 2D array to a function in C

  - by Tyler Treat

  I have, essentially, a matrix of data (lets say ints) that I would like to store in a 2D array in which the dimensions are not known until runtime (say x columns and y rows). I want to populate the array in a function, so I assume I need to do something like this: int main(int argc, char **argv) { int y = atoi(argv[1]); int x = atoi(argv[2]); int **matrix = malloc(x * sizeof(int*)); populateMatrix(matrix, y, x); return 0; } void populateMatrix(**matrix, int y, int x) { int i, j; for (i = 0; i < y; i++) { for (j = 0; j < x; j++) { matrix[i][j] = i * j; // populated with trivial data to keep it simple } } } Obviously this doesn't work, but I'm not sure how to do what I'm describing exactly.

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• .NET 2d library for circuit diagrams

  - by Dinah

  I want to draw and manipulate logic flow (as opposed to analog) circuit diagrams and I'm trying not to reinvent the wheel. Problems like positioning, line drawing, line crossing and connecting, path finding, rubberband lines, and drag & drop are also identical in flow charts, UML diagrams, or class diagrams so I started by viewing related topics via Google and Stack Overflow. However, the following requirements seemed to keep me from finding anything that quite fit: assuming a chip has an image with input and output stubs, the connecting lines would connect to the chip only in the exact spots of the I/O stubs the color of connecting lines are able to be set as per a chip's output Is there an existing .NET 2d graphics library that would be suitable for drawing circuit diagrams?

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• How do i tint an image with HTML5 Canvas ?

  - by djdolber

  My question is, what is the best way to tint an image that is drawn using the drawImage method. The target useage for this is advanced 2d particle-effects (game development) where particles change colors over time etc. I am not asking how to tint the whole canvas, only the current image i am about to draw. I have concluded that the globalAlpha parameter affects the current image that is drawn. //works with drawImage() canvas2d.globalAlpha = 0.5; But how do i tint each image with an arbitrary color value ? It would be awesome if there was some kind of globalFillStyle or globalColor or that kind of thing...

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• Socket server for 2D MMORPG

  - by Alejandro

  I'm starting a 2D browser multiplayer game consisting of a city with many kinds of transports (metro, buses, tunnels), players using those transports and having some interaction between them. I have started the client side in Actionscript, server side in PHP (but now i'm moving to Java) and persistence in MySQL. Which socket server (non commercial) will be preferable, RedDwarf (former DarkStar), Red5, ... ? Those servers are Flash Remoting (AMF) capable ? Those servers manage all the object's game persistence? Then there's no need to create a database ?

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