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• Animate from end frame of one animation to end frame of another Unity3d/C#

  - by Timothy Williams

  So I have two legacy FBX animations; Animation A and Animation B. What I'm looking to do is to be able to fade from A to B regardless of the current frame A is on. Using animation.CrossFade() will play A in reverse until it reaches frame 0, then play B forward. What I'm looking to do is blend from the current frame of A to the end frame of B. Probably via some sort of lerp between the facial position in A and the facial position in the last frame of B. Does anyone know how I might be able to accomplish this? Either via a built in function or potentially lerping of some sort?

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• Camera doesnt move on opengl qt

  - by hugo

  Here is my code, as my subject indicates i have implemented a camera but i couldnt make it move,Thanks in advance. #define PI_OVER_180 0.0174532925f define GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE 0x812F include "metinalifeyyaz.h" include include include include include include include metinalifeyyaz::metinalifeyyaz(QWidget *parent) : QGLWidget(parent) { this->setFocusPolicy(Qt:: StrongFocus); time = QTime::currentTime(); timer = new QTimer(this); timer->setSingleShot(true); connect(timer, SIGNAL(timeout()), this, SLOT(updateGL())); xpos = yrot = zpos = 0; walkbias = walkbiasangle = lookupdown = 0.0f; keyUp = keyDown = keyLeft = keyRight = keyPageUp = keyPageDown = false; } void metinalifeyyaz::drawBall() { //glTranslatef(6,0,4); glutSolidSphere(0.10005,300,30); } metinalifeyyaz:: ~metinalifeyyaz(){ glDeleteTextures(1,texture); } void metinalifeyyaz::initializeGL(){ glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,0.5); glClearDepth(1.0f); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL); glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0); glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); GLfloat mat_specular[]={1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0}; GLfloat mat_shininess []={30.0}; GLfloat light_position[]={1.0,1.0,1.0}; glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular); glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,mat_shininess); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light_position); glEnable(GL_LIGHT0); glEnable(GL_LIGHTING); QImage img1 = convertToGLFormat(QImage(":/new/prefix1/halisaha2.bmp")); QImage img2 = convertToGLFormat(QImage(":/new/prefix1/white.bmp")); glGenTextures(2,texture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[0]); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, img1.width(), img1.height(), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img1.bits()); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[1]); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, img2.width(), img2.height(), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img2.bits()); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glHint(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL_NICEST); // Really nice perspective calculations } void metinalifeyyaz::resizeGL(int w, int h){ if(h==0) h=1; glViewport(0,0,w,h); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); gluPerspective(45.0f, static_cast<GLfloat>(w)/h,0.1f,100.0f); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); } void metinalifeyyaz::paintGL(){ movePlayer(); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glLoadIdentity(); GLfloat xtrans = -xpos; GLfloat ytrans = -walkbias - 0.50f; GLfloat ztrans = -zpos; GLfloat sceneroty = 360.0f - yrot; glLoadIdentity(); glRotatef(lookupdown, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glRotatef(sceneroty, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); glTranslatef(xtrans, ytrans+50, ztrans-130); glLoadIdentity(); glTranslatef(1.0f,0.0f,-18.0f); glRotatef(45,1,0,0); drawScene(); int delay = time.msecsTo(QTime::currentTime()); if (delay == 0) delay = 1; time = QTime::currentTime(); timer->start(qMax(0,10 - delay)); } void metinalifeyyaz::movePlayer() { if (keyUp) { xpos -= sin(yrot * PI_OVER_180) * 0.5f; zpos -= cos(yrot * PI_OVER_180) * 0.5f; if (walkbiasangle >= 360.0f) walkbiasangle = 0.0f; else walkbiasangle += 7.0f; walkbias = sin(walkbiasangle * PI_OVER_180) / 10.0f; } else if (keyDown) { xpos += sin(yrot * PI_OVER_180)*0.5f; zpos += cos(yrot * PI_OVER_180)*0.5f ; if (walkbiasangle <= 7.0f) walkbiasangle = 360.0f; else walkbiasangle -= 7.0f; walkbias = sin(walkbiasangle * PI_OVER_180) / 10.0f; } if (keyLeft) yrot += 0.5f; else if (keyRight) yrot -= 0.5f; if (keyPageUp) lookupdown -= 0.5; else if (keyPageDown) lookupdown += 0.5; } void metinalifeyyaz::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event) { switch (event->key()) { case Qt::Key_Escape: close(); break; case Qt::Key_F1: setWindowState(windowState() ^ Qt::WindowFullScreen); break; default: QGLWidget::keyPressEvent(event); case Qt::Key_PageUp: keyPageUp = true; break; case Qt::Key_PageDown: keyPageDown = true; break; case Qt::Key_Left: keyLeft = true; break; case Qt::Key_Right: keyRight = true; break; case Qt::Key_Up: keyUp = true; break; case Qt::Key_Down: keyDown = true; break; } } void metinalifeyyaz::changeEvent(QEvent *event) { switch (event->type()) { case QEvent::WindowStateChange: if (windowState() == Qt::WindowFullScreen) setCursor(Qt::BlankCursor); else unsetCursor(); break; default: break; } } void metinalifeyyaz::keyReleaseEvent(QKeyEvent *event) { switch (event->key()) { case Qt::Key_PageUp: keyPageUp = false; break; case Qt::Key_PageDown: keyPageDown = false; break; case Qt::Key_Left: keyLeft = false; break; case Qt::Key_Right: keyRight = false; break; case Qt::Key_Up: keyUp = false; break; case Qt::Key_Down: keyDown = false; break; default: QGLWidget::keyReleaseEvent(event); } } void metinalifeyyaz::drawScene(){ glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f); // glColor3f(0,0,1); //back glVertex3f(-6,0,-4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,0,-4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,0.0f,-1.0f); //front glVertex3f(6,0,4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,0,4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(-1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); // glColor3f(0,0,1); //left glVertex3f(-6,0,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(-6,0,-4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); // glColor3f(0,0,1); //right glVertex3f(6,0,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(6,0,4); glEnd(); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[0]); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f);//top glTexCoord2f(1.0f,0.0f); glVertex3f(6,0,-4); glTexCoord2f(1.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(6,0,4); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(-6,0,4); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,0.0f); glVertex3f(-6,0,-4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,-1.0f,0.0f); //glColor3f(0,0,1); //bottom glVertex3f(6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,-4); glEnd(); // glPushMatrix(); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[1]); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); glTexCoord2f(1.0f,0.0f); //right far goal post front face glVertex3f(5,0.5,-0.95); glTexCoord2f(1.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(5,0,-0.95); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(5,0,-1); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,0.0f); glVertex3f(5, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post back face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post left face glVertex3f(5,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(5,0,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post right face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(5, 0.5, -0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post front face glVertex3f(5,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post back face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post left face glVertex3f(5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post right face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0.5, 0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar front face glVertex3f(5,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar back face glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar bottom face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar top face glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5,0.55,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //left far goal post front face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post back face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post left face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(-5,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post right face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5, 0.5, -0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //left near goal post front face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post back face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post left face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post right face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0.5, 0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //left crossbar front face glVertex3f(-5,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(-5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar back face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar bottom face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar top face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.55,-1); glEnd(); // glPopMatrix(); // glPushMatrix(); // glTranslatef(0,0,0); // glutSolidSphere(0.10005,500,30); // glPopMatrix(); }

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• Grid pathfinding with a lot of entities

  - by Vee

  I'd like to explain this problem with a screenshot from a released game, DROD: Gunthro's Epic Blunder, by Caravel Games. The game is turn-based and tile-based. I'm trying to create something very similar (a clone of the game), and I've got most of the fundamentals done, but I'm having trouble implementing pathfinding. Look at the screenshot. The guys in yellow are friendly, and want to kill the roaches. Every turn, every guy in yellow pathfinds to the closest roach, and every roach pathfinds to the closest guy in yellow. By closest I mean the target with the shortest path, not a simple distance calculation. All of this without any kind of slowdown when loading the level or when passing turns. And all of the entities change position every turn. Also (not shown in screenshot), there can be doors that open and close and change the level's layout. Impressive. I've tried implementing pathfinding in my clone. First attempt was making every roach find a path to a yellow guy every turn, using a breadth-first search algorithm. Obviously incredibly slow with more than a single roach, and would get exponentially slower with more than a single yellow guy. Second attempt was mas making every yellow guy generate a pathmap (still breadth-first search) every time he moved. Worked perfectly with multiple roaches and a single yellow guy, but adding more yellow guys made the game slow and unplayable. Last attempt was implementing JPS (jump point search). Every entity would individually calculate a path to its target. Fast, but with a limited number of entities. Having less than half the entities in the screenshot would make the game slow. And also, I had to get the "closest" enemy by calculating distance, not shortest path. I've asked on the DROD forums how they did it, and a user replied that it was breadth-first search. The game is open source, and I took a look at the source code, but it's C++ (I'm using C#) and I found it confusing. I don't know how to do it. Every approach I tried isn't good enough. And I believe that DROD generates global pathmaps, somehow, but I can't understand how every entity find the best individual path to other entities that move every turn. What's the trick? This is a reply I just got on the DROD forums: Without having looked at the code I'd wager it's two (or so) pathmaps for the whole room: One to the nearest enemy, and one to the nearest friendly for every tile. There's no need to make a separate pathmap for every entity when the overall goal is "move towards nearest enemy/friendly"... just mark every tile with the number of moves it takes to the nearest target and have the entity chose the move that takes it to the tile with the lowest number. To be honest, I don't understand it that well.

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• How to blend multiple normal maps?

  - by János Turánszki

  I want to achieve a distortion effect which distorts the full screen. For that I spawn a couple of images with normal maps. I render their normal map part on some camera facing quads onto a rendertarget which is cleared with the color (127,127,255,255). This color means that there is no distortion whatsoever. Then I want to render some images like this one onto it: If I draw one somewhere on the screen, then it looks correct because it blends in seamlessly with the background (which is the same color that appears on the edges of this image). If I draw another one on top of it then it will no longer be a seamless transition. For this I created a blendstate in directX 11 that keeps the maximum of two colors, so it is now a seamless transition, but this way, the colors lower than 127 (0.5f normalized) will not contribute. I am not making a simulation and the effect looks quite convincing and nice for a game, but in my spare time I am thinking how I could achieve a nicer or a more correct effect with a blend state, maybe averaging the colors somehow? I I did it with a shader, I would add the colors and then I would normalize them, but I need to combine arbitrary number of images onto a rendertarget. This is my blend state now which blends them seamlessly but not correctly: D3D11_BLEND_DESC bd; bd.RenderTarget[0].BlendEnable=true; bd.RenderTarget[0].SrcBlend = D3D11_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA; bd.RenderTarget[0].DestBlend = D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA; bd.RenderTarget[0].BlendOp = D3D11_BLEND_OP_MAX; bd.RenderTarget[0].SrcBlendAlpha = D3D11_BLEND_ONE; bd.RenderTarget[0].DestBlendAlpha = D3D11_BLEND_ZERO; bd.RenderTarget[0].BlendOpAlpha = D3D11_BLEND_OP_MAX; bd.RenderTarget[0].RenderTargetWriteMask = 0x0f; Is there any way of improving upon this? (PS. I considered rendering each one with a separate shader incementally on top of each other but that would consume a lot of render targets which is unacceptable)

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• Which data structure you will use to for a witness list?

  - by mateen

  I'm making a game where the plot is a bank robbery. Lots of people witness that robbery. The game will load a list of suspects, while the players (witnesses) will have to identify the suspects of this robbery. The game should load a list of suspects to identify the one as quickly as possible. Admin can add/remove suspects in the lists and two or more lists of suspects can also be merged into one (to show it to the player). The question is which data structure will be suitable to develop the lists?

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• Why, on iOS, is glRenderbufferStorage appearing to fail?

  - by dugla

  On an iOS device (iPad) I decided to change the storage for my renderbuffer from the CAEAGLLayer that backs the view to explicit storage via glRenderbufferStorage. Sadly, the following code fails to result in a valid FBO. Can someone please tell me what I missed?: glGenFramebuffers(1, &m_framebuffer); glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, m_framebuffer); glGenRenderbuffers(1, &m_colorbuffer); glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, m_colorbuffer); GLsizei width = (GLsizei)layer.bounds.size.width; GLsizei height = (GLsizei)layer.bounds.size.height; glRenderbufferStorage(m_colorbuffer, GL_RGBA8_OES, width, height); glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_RENDERBUFFER, m_colorbuffer); Note: The layer size is valid and correct. This is solid production working rendering code. The only change I am making is the line glRenderbufferStorage(...) previously I did: [m_context renderbufferStorage:GL_RENDERBUFFER fromDrawable:layer] Thanks, Doug

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• Lighting-Reflectance Models & Licensing Issues

  - by codey

  Generally, or specifically, is there any licensing issue with using any of the well known lighting/reflectance models (i.e. the BRDFs or other distribution or approximation functions): Phong, Blinn–Phong, Cook–Torrance, Blinn-Torrance-Sparrow, Lambert, Minnaert, Oren–Nayar, Ward, Strauss, Ashikhmin-Shirley and common modifications where applicable, such as: Beckmann distribution, Blinn distribution, Schlick's approximation, etc. in your shader code utilised in a commercial product? Or is it a non-issue?

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• How to use batch rendering with an entity component system?

  - by Kiril

  I have an entity component system and a 2D rendering engine. Because I have a lot of repeating sprites (the entities are non-animated, the background is tile based) I would really like to use batch rendering to reduce calls to the drawing routine. What would be the best way to integrate this with an engtity system? I thought about creating and populating the sprite batche every frame update, but that will probably be very slow. A better way would be to add a reference to an entity's quad to the sprite batch at initialization, but that would mean that the entity factory has to be aware of the Rendering System or that the sprite batch has to be a component of some Cache entity. One case violates encapsulation pretty heavily, while the other forces a non-game object entity in the entity system, which I am not sure I like a lot. As for engine, I am using Love2D (Love2D website) and FEZ ( FEZ website) as entity system(so everything is in Lua). I am more interested in a generic pattern of how to properly implement that rather than a language/library specific solution. Thanks in advance!

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• How to move Objects smoothly like swimming arround

  - by philipp

  I have a Box2D project that is about to create a view where the user looks from the Sky onto Water. Or perhaps on a bathtub filled with water or something like this. The Object which holds the fluid actually does not matter, what matters is the movement of the bodies, because they should move like drops of grease on a soup, or wood on water, I can even imagine the the fluid is mercurial, extreme heavy and "lazy". How can I manipulate the bodies (every frame or time by time) to make them move like this? I started with randomly manipulation their linear velocity, but I turned out that this not very smooth and looks quite hard. Is it a better idea to check their velocity and apply impulses? Is there any example? Greetings philipp

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• Data-driven animation states

  - by user8363

  I'm trying to handle animations in a 2D game engine hobby project, without hard-coding them. Hard coding animation states seems like a common but very strange phenomenon, to me. A little background: I'm working with an entity system where components are bags of data and subsystems act upon them. I chose to use a polling system to update animation states. With animation states I mean: "walking_left", "running_left", "walking_right", "shooting", ... My idea to handle animations was to design it as a data driven model. Data could be stored in an xml file, a rdbms, ... And could be loaded at the start of a game / level/ ... This way you can easily edit animations and transitions without having to go change the code everywhere in your game. As an example I made an xml draft of the data definitions I had in mind. One very important piece of data would simply be the description of an animation. An animation would have a unique id (a descriptive name). It would hold a reference id to an image (the sprite sheet it uses, because different animations may use different sprite sheets). The frames per second to run the animation on. The "replay" here defines if an animation should be run once or infinitely. Then I defined a list of rectangles as frames. <animation id='WIZARD_WALK_LEFT'> <image id='WIZARD_WALKING' /> <fps>50</fps> <replay>true</replay> <frames> <rectangle> <x>0</x> <y>0</y> <width>45</width> <height>45</height> </rectangle> <rectangle> <x>45</x> <y>0</y> <width>45</width> <height>45</height> </rectangle> </frames> </animation> Animation data would be loaded and held in an animation resource pool and referenced by game entities that are using it. It would be treated as a resource like an image, a sound, a texture, ... The second piece of data to define would be a state machine to handle animation states and transitions. This defines each state a game entity can be in, which states it can transition to and what triggers that state change. This state machine would differ from entity to entity. Because a bird might have states "walking" and "flying" while a human would only have the state "walking". However it could be shared by different entities because multiple humans will probably have the same states (especially when you define some common NPCs like monsters, etc). Additionally an orc might have the same states as a human. Just to demonstrate that this state definition might be shared but only by a select group of game entities. <state id='IDLE'> <event trigger='LEFT_DOWN' goto='MOVING_LEFT' /> <event trigger='RIGHT_DOWN' goto='MOVING_RIGHT' /> </state> <state id='MOVING_LEFT'> <event trigger='LEFT_UP' goto='IDLE' /> <event trigger='RIGHT_DOWN' goto='MOVING_RIGHT' /> </state> <state id='MOVING_RIGHT'> <event trigger='RIGHT_UP' goto='IDLE' /> <event trigger='LEFT_DOWN' goto='MOVING_LEFT' /> </state> These states can be handled by a polling system. Each game tick it grabs the current state of a game entity and checks all triggers. If a condition is met it changes the entity's state to the "goto" state. The last part I was struggling with was how to bind animation data and animation states to an entity. The most logical approach seemed to me to add a pointer to the state machine data an entity uses and to define for each state in that machine what animation it uses. Here is an xml example how I would define the animation behavior and graphical representation of some common entities in a game, by addressing animation state and animation data id. Note that both "wizard" and "orc" have the same animation states but a different animation. Also, a different animation could mean a different sprite sheet, or even a different sequence of animations (an animation could be longer or shorter). <entity name="wizard"> <state id="IDLE" animation="WIZARD_IDLE" /> <state id="MOVING_LEFT" animation="WIZARD_WALK_LEFT" /> </entity> <entity name="orc"> <state id="IDLE" animation="ORC_IDLE" /> <state id="MOVING_LEFT" animation="ORC_WALK_LEFT" /> </entity> When the entity is being created it would add a list of states with state machine data and an animation data reference. In the future I would use the entity system to build whole entities by defining components in a similar xml format. -- This is what I have come up with after some research. However I had some trouble getting my head around it, so I was hoping op some feedback. Is there something here what doesn't make sense, or is there a better way to handle these things? I grasped the idea of iterating through frames but I'm having trouble to take it a step further and this is my attempt to do that.

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• Difference between the terms Material & Effect

  - by codey

  I'm making an effect system right now (I think, because it may be a material system... or both!). The effects system follows the common (e.g. COLLADA, DirectX) effect framework abstraction of Effects have Techniques, Techniques have Passes, Passes have States & Shader Programs. An effect, according to COLLADA, defines the equations necessary for the visual appearance of geometry and screen-space image processing. Keeping with the abstraction, effects contain techniques. Each effect can contain one or many techniques (i.e. ways to generate the effect), each of which describes a different method for rendering that effect. The technique could be relate to quality (e.g. high precision, high LOD, etc.), or in-game-situation (e.g. night/day, power-up-mode, etc.). Techniques hold a description of the textures, samplers, shaders, parameters, & passes necessary for rendering this effect using one method. Some algorithms require several passes to render the effect. Pipeline descriptions are broken into an ordered collection of Pass objects. A pass provides a static declaration of all the render states, shaders, & settings for "one rendering pipeline" (i.e. one pass). Meshes usually contain a series of materials that define the model. According to the COLLADA spec (again), a material instantiates an effect, fills its parameters with values, & selects a technique. But I see material defined differently in other places, such as just the Lambert, Blinn, Phong "material types/shaded surfaces", or as Metal, Plastic, Wood, etc. In game dev forums, people often talk about implementing a "material/effect system". Is the material not an instance of an effect? Ergo, if I had effect objects, stored in a collection, & each effect instance object with there own parameter setting, then there is no need for the concept of a material... Or am I interpreting it wrong? Please help by contributing your interpretations as I want to be clear on a distinction (if any), & don't want to miss out on the concept of a material if it should be implemented to follow the abstraction of the DirectX FX framework & COLLADA definitions closely.

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• Checker AI in visual basic not working [on hold]

  - by Eugene Galkine

  I am trying to a make checkers in visual basic with ai. I am using the minimax algorithm (or at least what I understand of it) and it works, except the ai is retarded and plays like it is trying to loose and I tried to switch around the min and the max but the results are IDENTICAL. I am pissed of and have been trying to fix it for over a week now, I would really appreciate it if someone could help me out here. I have 3 years experience of programming (in Java, only about of month of VB experience) and I always am able to solve all my errors on my own so I don't know why I can't get this to work. The program is not at all optimized or anything at this point and is over 1.2K lines long, so here is the entire vb project instead: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/evii0jendn93ir2/9fntwH2dNW I would really appreciate any help I could get.

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• Implementing an automatic navigation mesh generation for 2d top down map?

  - by J2V

  I am currently in the middle of implementing an A* pathfinding for enemies. In order to implement the actual A* logic, I need a navigation mesh for my map. I am working on a 2D top down rpg map. The world is static, meaning there is no requirement for dynamic runtime mesh generation. My world objects are pixel based, not tile based and have associated data with them such as scale, rotation, origin etc. I will obviously need some vertex data being generated from my world objects, maybe create a polygon generation from color data? I could create a colormap with objects for my whole map, but I have no idea how to begin creating nav mesh polygons. How would an actual navigation mesh generation look like with this kind of available information? Can anyone maybe point to some great resources? I have looked into some 3D nav mesh tools, but they seem kind of overly complex for my situation and also have a lot of their req data available from models. Thanks a lot in advance! I have been trying to get my head around it for some time now.

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• Game thread, render thread, animation/inverse kinematics, and synchronization

  - by user782220

  In a multithreaded setup with a game logic thread and a render thread, with some kind of skin mesh animation with inverse kinematics plus etc how does animation work? Does the game logic thread just update a number saying time T in the animation and then the render thread infers Who owns the skin mesh animation, the game logic thread or the render thread? How is it stored in the scene graph if it is stored there at all? When the game logic updates does it do the computation of the skin mesh animation and the computation of the inverse kinematics and then store the result directly in the scene graph or is it stored indirectly and the render thread does the computation?

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• Audio Panning using RtAudio

  - by user1801724

  I use Rtaudio library. I would like to implement an audio program where I can control the panning (e.g. shifting the sound from the left channel to the right channel). In my specific case, I use a duplex mode (you can find an example here: duplex mode). It means that I link the microphone input to the speaker output. I seek on the web, but I did not find anything useful. Should I apply a filter on the output buffer? What kind of filter? Can anyone help me? Thanks

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• How can I calculate a vertex normal for a hard edge?

  - by K.G.

  Here is a picture of a lovely polygon: Circled is a vertex, and numbered are its adjacent faces. I have calculated the normals of those faces as such (not yet normalized, 0-indexed): Vertex 1 normal 0: 0.000000 0.000000 -0.250000 Vertex 1 normal 1: 0.000000 0.000000 -0.250000 Vertex 1 normal 2: -0.250000 0.000000 0.000000 Vertex 1 normal 3: -0.250000 0.000000 0.000000 Vertex 1 normal 4: 0.250000 0.000000 0.000000 What I'm wondering is, how can I determine, taken as given that I want this vertex to represent a hard edge, whether its normal should be the normal of 1/2 or 3/4? My plan after I glanced at the sketch I used to put this together was "Ha! I'll just use whichever two faces have the same normal!" and now I see that there are two sets of two faces for which this is true. Is there a rule I can apply based on the face winding, angle of the adjacent edges, moon phase, coin flip, to consistently choose a normal direction for this box? For the record, all of the other polygons I plan to use will have their normals dictated in Maya, but after encountering this problem, it made me really curious.

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• Should NPC dialog be stored in XML or in a script?

  - by Andrea Tucci

  I'm developing an action RPG with some friends. I would like to know the differences and pros/cons of making NPC's dialogue using a file in XMLformat instead of using a script. I see that script method is often used by game developers for NPC text, but is it better then a XML file? We've thought that a XML file with tags like <FirstText>[text1]<SecondText>[text2] et cetera is perfect for NPC text and also for possible quests to give the player. So what are the differences between this two methods? Is a script suitable for this aim?

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• Constructive criticsm on my linear sampling Gaussian blur

  - by Aequitas

  I've been attempting to implement a gaussian blur utilising linear sampling, I've come across a few articles presented on the web and a question posed here which dealt with the topic. I've now attempted to implement my own Gaussian function and pixel shader drawing reference from these articles. This is how I'm currently calculating my weights and offsets: int support = int(sigma * 3.0) weights.push_back(exp(-(0*0)/(2*sigma*sigma))/(sqrt(2*pi)*sigma)); total += weights.back(); offsets.push_back(0); for (int i = 1; i <= support; i++) { float w1 = exp(-(i*i)/(2*sigma*sigma))/(sqrt(2*pi)*sigma); float w2 = exp(-((i+1)*(i+1))/(2*sigma*sigma))/(sqrt(2*pi)*sigma); weights.push_back(w1 + w2); total += 2.0f * weights[i]; offsets.push_back(w1 / weights[i]); } for (int i = 0; i < support; i++) { weights[i] /= total; } Here is an example of my vertical pixel shader: vec3 acc = texture2D(tex_object, v_tex_coord.st).rgb*weights[0]; vec2 pixel_size = vec2(1.0 / tex_size.x, 1.0 / tex_size.y); for (int i = 1; i < NUM_SAMPLES; i++) { acc += texture2D(tex_object, (v_tex_coord.st+(vec2(0.0, offsets[i])*pixel_size))).rgb*weights[i]; acc += texture2D(tex_object, (v_tex_coord.st-(vec2(0.0, offsets[i])*pixel_size))).rgb*weights[i]; } gl_FragColor = vec4(acc, 1.0); Am I taking the correct route with this? Any criticism or potential tips to improving my method would be much appreciated.

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• OpenGL and gluUnProject, 3d object following mouse

  - by Robert

  i have a 3d object and i want him to "follow" my mouse position, so i use gluUnProject function to convert screen coordinates to 3d world coordinates and i translate this object with the new coordinates. Its working but i have a problem, my object can follow my mouse but he is moving extremely fast, when i move my mouse a little bit(something like 2 pixels), its moving extremly fast in the 3d world. I want something like that : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90zS8SVUAIY (red circle following mouse). Thanks for your help.

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• Bitmap font rendering, UV generation and vertex placement

  - by jack

  I am generating a bitmap, however, I am not sure on how to render the UV's and placement. I had a thread like this once before, but it was too loosely worded as to what I was looking to do. What I am doing right now is creating a large 1024x1024 image with characters evenly placed every 64 pixels. Here is an example of what I mean. I then save the bitmap X/Y information to a file (which is all multiples of 64). However, I am not sure how to properly use this information and bitmap to render. This falls into two different categories, UV generation and kerning. Now I believe I know how to do both of these, however, when I attempt to couple them together I will get horrendous results. For example, I am trying to render two different text arrays, "123" and "njfb". While ignoring the texture quality (I will be increasing the texture to provide more detail once I fix this issue), here is what it looks like when I try to render them. http://img64.imageshack.us/img64/599/badfontrendering.png Now for the algorithm. I am doing my letter placement with both GetABCWidth and GetKerningPairs. I am using GetABCWidth for the width of the characters, then I am getting the kerning information for adjust the characters. Does anyone have any suggestions on how I can implement my own bitmap font renderer? I am trying to do this without using external libraries such as angel bitmap tool or freetype. I also want to stick to the way the bitmap font sheet is generated so I can do extra effects in the future. Rendering Algorithm for(U32 c = 0, vertexID = 0, i = 0; c < numberOfCharacters; ++c, vertexID += 4, i += 6) { ObtainCharInformation(fontName, m_Text[c]); letterWidth = (charInfo.A + charInfo.B + charInfo.C) * scale; if(c != 0) { DWORD BytesReq = GetGlyphOutlineW(dc, m_Text[c], GGO_GRAY8_BITMAP, &gm, 0, 0, &mat); U8 * glyphImg= new U8[BytesReq]; DWORD r = GetGlyphOutlineW(dc, m_Text[c], GGO_GRAY8_BITMAP, &gm, BytesReq, glyphImg, &mat); for (int k=0; k<nKerningPairs; k++) { if ((kerningpairs[k].wFirst == previousCharIndex) && (kerningpairs[k].wSecond == m_Text[c])) { letterBottomLeftX += (kerningpairs[k].iKernAmount * scale); break; } } letterBottomLeftX -= (gm.gmCellIncX * scale); } SetVertex(letterBottomLeftX, 0.0f, zFight, vertexID); SetVertex(letterBottomLeftX, letterHeight, zFight, vertexID + 1); SetVertex(letterBottomLeftX + letterWidth, letterHeight, zFight, vertexID + 2); SetVertex(letterBottomLeftX + letterWidth, 0.0f, zFight, vertexID + 3); zFight -= 0.001f; float BottomLeftX = (F32)(charInfo.bitmapXOrigin) / (float)m_BitmapWidth; float BottomLeftY = (F32)(charInfo.bitmapYOrigin + charInfo.charBitmapHeight) / (float)m_BitmapWidth; float TopLeftX = BottomLeftX; float TopLeftY = (F32)(charInfo.bitmapYOrigin) / (float)m_BitmapWidth; float TopRightX = (F32)(charInfo.bitmapXOrigin + charInfo.B - charInfo.C) / (float)m_BitmapWidth; float TopRightY = TopLeftY; float BottomRightX = TopRightX; float BottomRightY = BottomLeftY; SetTextureCoordinate(TopLeftX, TopLeftY, vertexID + 1); SetTextureCoordinate(BottomLeftX, BottomLeftY, vertexID + 0); SetTextureCoordinate(BottomRightX, BottomRightY, vertexID + 3); SetTextureCoordinate(TopRightX, TopRightY, vertexID + 2); /// index setting letterBottomLeftX += letterWidth; previousCharIndex = m_Text[c]; }

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• Rotation based on x coordinate and x velocity?

  - by Lewis

  -(void) accelerometer:(UIAccelerometer *)accelerometer didAccelerate:(UIAcceleration *)acceleration { float deceleration = 0.3f, sensitivity = 8.0f, maxVelocity = 150; // adjust velocity based on current accelerometer acceleration playerVelocity.x = playerVelocity.x * deceleration + acceleration.x * sensitivity; // we must limit the maximum velocity of the player sprite, in both directions (positive & negative values) playerVelocity.x = fmaxf(fminf(playerVelocity.x, maxVelocity), -maxVelocity); } Hi, I want to rotate my sprite based on the velocity and accelerometer input. My sprite can move along the X axis like so: <--------- sprite ----------- But it always faces forwards, if it is moving left I want it to point slightly to the left, the degree of how far it is pointing to be judged from the velocity. This should also work for the right. I tried using atan but as the y velocity and position is always the same the function returns 0, which doesn't rotate it at all. Any ideas? Regards, Lewis.

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• Mesh with quads to triangle mesh

  - by scape

  I want to use Blender for making models yet realize some of the polygons are not triangles but contain quads or more (example: cylinder top and bottom). I could export the the mesh as a basic mesh file and import it in to an openGL application and workout rendering the quads as tris, but anything with more than 4 vert indices is beyond me. Is it typical to convert the mesh to a triangle-based mesh inside blender before exporting it? I actually tried this through the quads_convert_to_tris method within a blender py script and the top of the cylinder does not look symmetrical. What is typically done to render a loaded mesh as a tri?

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• How do I get my character to move after adding to JFrame?

  - by A.K.

  So this is kind of a follow up on my other JPanel question that got resolved by playing around with the Layout... Now my MouseListener allows me to add a new Board(); object from its class, which is the actual game map and animator itself. But since my Board() takes Key Events from a Player Object inside the Board Class, I'm not sure if they are being started. Here's my Frame Class, where SideScroller S is the player object: package OurPackage; //Made By A.K. 5/24/12 //Contains Frame. import java.awt.BorderLayout; import java.awt.Button; import java.awt.CardLayout; import java.awt.Color; import java.awt.Container; import java.awt.Dimension; import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Graphics2D; import java.awt.GridBagLayout; import java.awt.GridLayout; import java.awt.Image; import java.awt.Rectangle; import java.awt.event.ActionEvent; import java.awt.event.ActionListener; import java.awt.event.KeyEvent; import java.awt.event.MouseAdapter; import java.awt.event.MouseEvent; import java.awt.event.MouseListener; import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.plaf.basic.BasicOptionPaneUI.ButtonActionListener; public class Frame implements MouseListener { public static boolean StartGame = false; JFrame frm = new JFrame("Action-Packed Jack"); ImageIcon img = new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/Images/ActionJackTitle.png")); ImageIcon StartImg = new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/Images/JackStart.png")); public Image Title; JLabel TitleL = new JLabel(img); public JPanel TitlePane = new JPanel(); public JPanel BoardPane = new JPanel(); JPanel cards; JButton StartB = new JButton(StartImg); Board nBoard = new Board(); static Sound nSound; public Frame() { frm.setLayout(new GridBagLayout()); cards = new JPanel(new CardLayout()); nSound = new Sound("/Sounds/BunchaJazz.wav"); TitleL.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(970, 420)); frm.add(TitleL); frm.add(cards); cards.setSize(new Dimension(150, 45)); cards.setLayout(new GridBagLayout ()); cards.add(StartB); StartB.addMouseListener(this); StartB.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(150, 45)); frm.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); frm.setSize(1200, 420); frm.setVisible(true); frm.setResizable(false); frm.setLocationRelativeTo(null); frm.pack(); } public static void main(String[] args) { SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { public void run() { new Frame(); } }); } public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) { nSound.play(); StartB.setContentAreaFilled(false); cards.remove(StartB); frm.remove(TitleL); frm.remove(cards); frm.setLayout(new GridLayout(1, 1)); frm.add(nBoard); //Add Game "Tiles" Or Content. x = 1200 nBoard.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(1200, 420)); cards.revalidate(); frm.validate(); } @Override public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent arg0) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } @Override public void mouseExited(MouseEvent arg0) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } @Override public void mousePressed(MouseEvent arg0) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } @Override public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent arg0) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } }

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• C++ Game engine time scale

  - by I Phantasm I

  i have begun creating a very simple game engine and i am trying to work out how to create a time scale for the game.by time scale i mean some way of increasing and decreasing the speed of the game(not the fps) like creating a slow motion effect ... i have no idea how this could be accomplished so any help would be appreciated. if this help im using windows, Opengl and C++ in the game engine... How my engine is setup i have an update and draw function...update is called 25 times per second while display is called as much as possible.

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• Draw multiple objects with textures

  - by Simplex

  I want to draw cubes using textures. void OperateWithMainMatrix(ESContext* esContext, GLfloat offsetX, GLfloat offsetY, GLfloat offsetZ) { UserData *userData = (UserData*) esContext->userData; ESMatrix modelview; ESMatrix perspective; //Manipulation with matrix ... glVertexAttribPointer(userData->positionLoc, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, cubeFaces); //in cubeFaces coordinates verticles cube glVertexAttribPointer(userData->normalLoc, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, cubeFaces); //for normals (use in fragment shaider for textures) glEnableVertexAttribArray(userData->positionLoc); glEnableVertexAttribArray(userData->normalLoc); // Load the MVP matrix glUniformMatrix4fv(userData->mvpLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, (GLfloat*)&userData->mvpMatrix.m[0][0]); //Bind base map glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, userData->baseMapTexId); //Set the base map sampler to texture unit to 0 glUniform1i(userData->baseMapLoc, 0); // Draw the cube glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36); } (coordinates transformation is in OperateWithMainMatrix() ) Then Draw() function is called: void Draw(ESContext *esContext) { UserData *userData = esContext->userData; // Set the viewport glViewport(0, 0, esContext->width, esContext->height); // Clear the color buffer glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); // Use the program object glUseProgram(userData->programObject); OperateWithMainMatrix(esContext, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); eglSwapBuffers(esContext->eglDisplay, esContext->eglSurface); } This work fine, but if I try to draw multiple cubes (next code for example): void Draw(ESContext *esContext) { ... // Use the program object glUseProgram(userData->programObject); OperateWithMainMatrix(esContext, 2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); OperateWithMainMatrix(esContext, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); OperateWithMainMatrix(esContext, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); OperateWithMainMatrix(esContext, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); OperateWithMainMatrix(esContext, -2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); eglSwapBuffers(esContext->eglDisplay, esContext->eglSurface); } A side faces overlapes frontal face. The side face of the right cube overlaps frontal face of the center cube. How can i remove this effect and display miltiple cubes without it?

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