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• Why distance field text rendering have clear outline?

  - by jinhwan

  http://www.valvesoftware.com/publications/2007/SIGGRAPH2007_AlphaTestedMagnification.pdf All the process for doing distance rendering is clear, but 'how does it work' is not clear for me. It looks like that distance field pixels which are created around original pixel may affect 2d texture sampling interpolation process. But I can't understand the interpolation process. I've read that the distance field rendering is processed under nearest-neighbour interpolation. If it is true, shouldn't the distance field redering creates non interpolated result? In my thought, they should looks liked retro style pixel art. Where do i misunderstand in this process? So far, It is no difference with alpha test for me. Both of them throw away all pixcel which are not in. How does extra distance field pixel affect rendering under nearest-neighbour interpolation?

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• Interpolation between two 3D points?

  - by meds

  I'm working with some splines which define a path a character follows (you can see a gameplay video here to get a better understanding of what's going on: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BndobjOiZ6g). Basically the characters 'forward' look direction is set to the 'forward' direction of the spline and when players tilt their phone left and right the character is strafed along its 'right' coordinate. The issue with this is (rather obviously) in performance, interpolating over a spline to find the nearest position and tangent relative to the player is an incredibly costly operation. To get by this I cache a finite number of positions in what I call 'SplineDetails', the class is as follows: public class SplineDetails { public SplineDetails() { Forward = Vector3.forward; Position = Vector3.one * float.MaxValue; Alpha = -1; } public float Alpha; // [0,1] measured along length of spline where 0 is the initial point and 1 is the end point of the spline public Vector3 Position; // the point of the spline at this alpha public Vector3 Forward; // the forward tangent of the spline at this alpha } I populate this with say 30 coordinates and I can give a rough estimate of a coordinate and 'forward' based on a position past in. It's not as accurate but it's much faster. But now I'd like to make the system work better by estimating positions and 'forward' directions by interpolating between two of the cached points though I'm stuck trying to figure out some logic. My first problem is, how can I determine between which two points the object is? Given each point can be placed at different intervals along the spline it could mean that two points in front or behind the object can be closer to the object. The other problem is to figure out the proportion between the two paths it's between, i.e. if there is a point a at coordinate (0,0,0) and point b at coordinate (1,0,0) if the object is at position (0.5,0,0) then the result it should give is '0.5' (as it is equal distance away from point a and point b). That's a simple example, but what if the object is at coordinate (0.5,3,0) for example?

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• Javascript A* path finding

  - by Veyha

  I am trying to learn A* path finding. I am using this library - https://github.com/qiao/PathFinding.js But there is one thing I don't understand how to do. To find a path from player.x/player.y (player.x and player.y are both 0) to 10/10 I use this code var path = finder.findPath(player.x, player.y, 10, 10, grid); This gives an array of where I need to move, but how do I apply this array to my player.x and player.y? The path structure looks like this path = [[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 1], ..., [10, 10]]

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• Store and create game objects at positions along terrain

  - by Alex

  I have a circular character that rolls down terrain like that shown in the picture below. The terrain is created from an array holding 1000 points. The ground is drawn one screen width infront and one screen width behind. So as the character moves, edges are created infront and edges are removed behind. My problem is, I want to create box2d bodies at certain locations along the path and need a way to store these creator methods or objects. I need some way to store a position at which they are created and some pointer to a function to create them, once the character is in range. I guess this would be an array of some sort that is checked each time the ground is updated and then if in range, the function is executed and removed from the array. But I'm not sure if its even possible to store pointers to functions with parameters included... any help is much appreciated!

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• One-way platforms in UDK

  - by Jordaan Mylonas

  I'm looking to make a multi-player platforming game using UDK. I'm currently doing feasibility research, to make sure I will reasonably be able to do all of the technical things I want to do. The first major hurdle I've come across without being able to find as answer, are one-way platforms. That is to say, platforms through which a player can jump up, but not fall through (unless they choose to). These are commonly seen in games like Mario, Kirby and Smash Bros. Does anyone know how such a system would work within UDK? I can think of solutions that might work for single-player, but not multi.

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• Car brands and models licensing

  - by Ju-v

  We are small team which working on car racing game but we don't know about licensing process for branded cars like Nissan, Lamborghini, Chevrolet and etc. Do we need to buy any licence for using real car brand names, models, logos,... or we can use them for free? Second option we think about using not real brand with real models is it possible? If someone have experience with that, fell free to share it. Any information about that is welcome.

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• Jitter during wall collisions with Bullet Physics: contact/penetration tolerance?

  - by Niriel

  I use the bullet physics engine through Panda3d. My scene is still very simple, think 'Wolfenstein3d': tile-based, walls are solid cubes. I expect walls to block the player, and I expect the player to slide along the walls in case of non-normal incidence. What I get is what I expect, with one difference: there is some jitter. If I try to force myself into the wall, then I see the frames blinking quickly between two positions. These differ by about 0.04 units of distance, which corresponds to 4 cm in my game. I noticed a 4 cm elsewhere: the bottom of my player capsule is 4 cm below ground, when at rest. Does that mean that there is somewhere in the Bullet engine a default 0.04-units-long tolerance to differentiate contact from collision? If so, what should I do ? Should I change the scale of my game so that these 0.04 units correspond to 0.4 cm, making the jitter ten times smaller? Or can I ask bullet to change its tolerance to a smaller value? Edit This is the jitter I get: 6.155 - 6.118 = 0.036 LPoint3f(0, 6.11694, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.15499, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.11802, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.15545, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.11817, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.15726, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.11876, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.15911, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.11937, 0.835) I found a setMargin method. I set it to 5 mm both on the BoxShape for the walls and on the Capsule shape for the player. It still jitters by about 35 mm as illustrated by this log (11.117 - 11.082 = 0.035): LPoint3f(0, 11.0821, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.1169, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.082, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.117, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.082, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.117, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.0821, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.1175, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.0822, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.1178, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.0823, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.1183, 0.905) The margin on the capsule did change my penetration with the floor though, I'm a bit higher (0.905 instead of 0.835). However, it did not change anything when colliding with the walls. How can I make the collisions against the walls less jittery? Edit, the day after: After more investigation, it appears that dynamic objects behave well. My problem comes from the btKinematicCharacterController that I use for moving my character; that stuff is totally bugged, according to the whole Internet :/.

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• Explaining Asteroids Movement code

  - by Moaz ELdeen

  I'm writing an Asteroids Atari clone, and I want to figure out how the AI for the asteroids is done. I have came across that piece of code, but I can't get what it does 100% if ((float)rand()/(float)RAND_MAX < 0.5) { m_Pos.x = -app::getWindowWidth() / 2; if ((float)rand()/(float)RAND_MAX < 0.5) m_Pos.x = app::getWindowWidth() / 2; m_Pos.y = (int) ((float)rand()/(float)RAND_MAX * app::getWindowWidth()); } else { m_Pos.x = (int) ((float)rand()/(float)RAND_MAX * app::getWindowWidth()); m_Pos.y = -app::getWindowHeight() / 2; if (rand() < 0.5) m_Pos.y = app::getWindowHeight() / 2; } m_Vel.x = (float)rand()/(float)RAND_MAX * 2; if ((float)rand()/(float)RAND_MAX < 0.5) { m_Vel.x = -m_Vel.x; } m_Vel.y =(float)rand()/(float)RAND_MAX * 2; if ((float)rand()/(float)RAND_MAX < 0.5) m_Vel.y = -m_Vel.y;

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• XNA 2D Board game - trouble with the cursor

  - by Adorjan

  I just have started making a simple 2D board game using XNA, but I got stuck at the movement of the cursor. This is my problem: I have a 10x10 table on with I should use a cursor to navigate. I simply made that table with the spriteBatch.Draw() function because I couldn't do it on another way. So here is what I did with the cursor: public override void LoadContent() { ... mutato.Position = new Vector2(X, Y); //X=103, Y=107; mutato.Sebesseg = 45; ... mutato.Initialize(content.Load<Texture2D>("cursor"),mutato.Position,mutato.Sebesseg); ... } public override void HandleInput(InputState input) { if (input == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("input"); // Look up inputs for the active player profile. int playerIndex = (int)ControllingPlayer.Value; KeyboardState keyboardState = input.CurrentKeyboardStates[playerIndex]; if (input.IsPauseGame(ControllingPlayer) || gamePadDisconnected) { ScreenManager.AddScreen(new PauseMenuScreen(), ControllingPlayer); } else { // Otherwise move the player position. if (keyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Down)) { Y = (int)mutato.Position.Y + mutato.Move; } if (keyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Up)) { Y = (int)mutato.Position.Y - mutato.Move; } if (keyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left)) { X = (int)mutato.Position.X - mutato.Move; } if (keyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Right)) { X = (int)mutato.Position.X + mutato.Move; } } } public override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { mutato.Draw(spriteBatch); } Here's the cursor's (mutato) class: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; namespace Battleship.Components { class Cursor { public Texture2D Cursortexture; public Vector2 Position; public int Move; public void Initialize(Texture2D texture, Vector2 position,int move) { Cursortexture = texture; Position = position; Move = move; } public void Update() { } public void Draw(SpriteBatch spriteBatch) { spriteBatch.Draw(Cursortexture, Position, Color.White); } } } And here is a part of the InputState class where I think I should change something: public bool IsNewKeyPress(Keys key, PlayerIndex? controllingPlayer, out PlayerIndex playerIndex) { if (controllingPlayer.HasValue) { // Read input from the specified player. playerIndex = controllingPlayer.Value; int i = (int)playerIndex; return (CurrentKeyboardStates[i].IsKeyDown(key) && LastKeyboardStates[i].IsKeyUp(key)); } } If I leave the movement operation like this it doesn't have any sense: X = (int)mutato.Position.X - mutato.Move; However if I modify it to this: X = (int)mutato.Position.X--; it moves smoothly. Instead of this I need to move the cursor by fields (45 pixels), but I don't have any idea how to manage it.

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• Bejeweled-like game, managing different gem/powerup behaviors?

  - by Wissam

  I thought I'd ask a question and look forward to some insight from this very compelling community. In a Bejeweled-like (Match 3) game, the standard behavior once a valid swap of two adjacent tiles is made is that the resulting matching tiles are destroyed, any tiles now sitting over empty spaces fall to the position above the next present-tile, and any void created above is filled with new tiles. In richer Match-3 games like Bejeweled, 4 in a row (as opposed to just 3) modifies this behavior such that the tile that was swapped is retained, turned into a "flaming" gem, it falls, and then the empty space above is filled. The next time that "flaming gem" is played it explodes and destroys the 8 perimeter tiles, triggers a different animation sequence (neighbors of those 8 tiles being destroyed look like they've been hit by a shockwave then they fall to their respective positions). Scoring is different, the triggered sounds are different, etc. There are even more elaborate behaviors for Match5, Match-cross-pattern, and many powerups that can be purchased, each which produces a more elaborate sequence of events, sounds, animations, scoring, etc... What is the best approach to developing all these different behaviors that respond to players' "move" and her current "performance" and that deviate from the standard sequence of events, scoring, animation, sounds etc, in such a way that we can always flexibly introduce a new "powerup" ? What we are doing now is hard-coding the events of each one, but the task is long and arduous and seems like the wrong approach especially since the game-designers and testers often offer (later) valuable insight on what works better in-game, which means that the code itself may have to be re-written even for minor changes in behavior (say, destroy only 7 neighboring tiles, instead of all 8 in an explosion). ANY pointers for good practices here would be highly appreciated.

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• 3ds Max CAT to XNA

  - by user12214

  Has anyone successfully used the CAT bone system in 3ds Max and exported the file into XNA? If so, what was your method of doing so? There are a number of methods of doing this apparently, but the ones I've tried have not worked. I used the Panda Exporter which creates a .X file. This seems to be the latest way of going about this, but when it's loaded in XNA, there is an error saying something about the bone weights. This happens when I export with and without CAT bones.

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• how to modify shadow mapping in "3D Graphics with XNA Game Studio 4.0"?

  - by naprox

  So I've been following the tutorials from the book Sean James's "3D Graphics with XNA Game Studio 4.0", and have been doing fine until i reached the shadow mapping part. in this book it creates point lights with a Sphere model. my first Q is how to draw a directional Light with this frame work? secondly it can do shadow mapping just for one light, how can i do shadow mapping for all or parts of the lights in the game? i just want to know how to modify this codes to do the above tasks. I've followed tutorials on MSDN and some other sites and didn't got the answer. please help me, its so urgent. and if any one wants, the complete code is here: http://www.mediafire.com/?6ct11mc1g8f891h

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• Animate multiple entities

  - by Robert

  I'm trying to animate multiple(3) entities using one model(IQM format). It's working but performance is really bad because I'm calling animate function for each entity in my game loop (I think problem is there). What's the best way to animate multiple entities (with different animation ofc) in OpenGL? I think I can try build one VBO / entity for better performances but I don't think it's the best way to do it.

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• Alternative to NV Occlusion Query - getting the number of fragments which passed the depth test

  - by Etan

  In "modern" environments, the "NV Occlusion Query" extension provide a method to get the number of fragments which passed the depth test. However, on the iPad / iPhone using OpenGL ES, the extension is not available. What is the most performant approach to implement a similar behaviour in the fragment shader? Some of my ideas: Render the object completely in white, then count all the colors together using a two-pass shader where first a vertical line is rendered and for each fragment the shader computes the sum over the whole row. Then, a single vertex is rendered whose fragment sums all the partial sums of the first pass. Doesn't seem to be very efficient. Render the object completely in white over a black background. Downsample recursively, abusing the hardware linear interpolation between textures until being at a reasonably small resolution. This leads to fragments which have a greyscale level depending on the number of white pixels where in their corresponding region. Is this even accurate enough? ... ?

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• Can these game be fully coded in html5/javascript?

  - by RufioLJ

  I mean the mechanics of the game. Would it be possible? -Pokemon GBA series, rendering the world would be easy, but what about battle mechanics? -MapleStory, after seen dragonbound.net which is an identical copy of Gunbound I would think it's rather possible, but I'm still not sure if javascript can handle all the mechanics of the world. It would be heavy on resources I guess? I'm asking this because I'm really interested in html5 game develop(I really think in a future will destroy flash on game dev ground). I want to have an idea of how far games developed with the html5/javascript technology can go. I got especially inspired by dragonbound. I really think it pushes htmlt/javascript to the limits (game dev).

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• What common interface would be appropriate for these game object classes?

  - by Jefffrey

  Question A component based system's goal is to solve the problems that derives from inheritance: for example the fact that some parts of the code (that are called components) are reused by very different classes that, hypothetically, would lie in a very different branch of the inheritance tree. That's a very nice concept, but I've found out that CBS is often hard to accomplish without using ugly hacks. Implementations of this system are often far from clean. But I don't want to discuss this any further. My question is: how can I solve the same problems a CBS try to solve with a very clean interface? (possibly with examples, there are a lot of abstract talks about the "perfect" design already). Context Here's an example I was going for before realizing I was just reinventing inheritance again: class Human { public: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; // other human specific components }; class Zombie { Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; // other zombie specific components }; After writing that I realized I needed an interface, otherwise I would have needed N containers for N different types of objects (or to use boost::variant to gather them all together). So I've thought of polymorphism (move what systems do in a CBS design into class specific functions): class Entity { public: virtual void on_event(Event) {} // not pure virtual on purpose virtual void on_update(World) {} virtual void on_draw(Window) {} }; class Human : public Entity { private: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; public: virtual void on_event(Event) { ... } virtual void on_update(World) { ... } virtual void on_draw(Window) { ... } }; class Zombie : public Entity { private: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; public: virtual void on_event(Event) { ... } virtual void on_update(World) { ... } virtual void on_draw(Window) { ... } }; Which was nice, except for the fact that now the outside world would not even be able to know where a Human is positioned (it does not have access to its position member). That would be useful to track the player position for collision detection or if on_update the Zombie would want to track down its nearest human to move towards him. So I added const Position& get_position() const; to both the Zombie and Human classes. And then I realized that both functionality were shared, so it should have gone to the common base class: Entity. Do you notice anything? Yes, with that methodology I would have a god Entity class full of common functionality (which is the thing I was trying to avoid in the first place). Meaning of "hacks" in the implementation I'm referring to I'm talking about the implementations that defines Entities as simple IDs to which components are dynamically attached. Their implementation can vary from C-stylish: int last_id; Position* positions[MAX_ENTITIES]; Movement* movements[MAX_ENTITIES]; Where positions[i], movements[i], component[i], ... make up the entity. Or to more C++-style: int last_id; std::map<int, Position> positions; std::map<int, Movement> movements; From which systems can detect if an entity/id can have attached components.

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• Problem with a* implementation in pygame

  - by piyush3dxyz

  Yesterday i decide to make RTS game in pygame(pygame is best).I figured out many components of RTS game like unit selecting,health,resources but only 1 thing i still not understand.. which is a* pathfinding in pygame... I also done little bit of research on wiki,articles and papers...but still cant figure out problem.... function A*(start,goal) closedset := the empty set // The set of nodes already evaluated. openset := {start} // The set of tentative nodes to be evaluated, initially containing the start node came_from := the empty map // The map of navigated nodes. g_score[start] := 0 // Cost from start along best known path. // Estimated total cost from start to goal through y. f_score[start] := g_score[start] + heuristic_cost_estimate(start, goal) while openset is not empty current := the node in openset having the lowest f_score[] value if current = goal return reconstruct_path(came_from, goal) remove current from openset add current to closedset for each neighbor in neighbor_nodes(current) if neighbor in closedset continue tentative_g_score := g_score[current] + dist_between(current,neighbor) if neighbor not in openset or tentative_g_score <= g_score[neighbor] came_from[neighbor] := current g_score[neighbor] := tentative_g_score f_score[neighbor] := g_score[neighbor] + heuristic_cost_estimate(neighbor, goal) if neighbor not in openset add neighbor to openset return failure here is the pseudocode for wiki a* implementation......

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• Unity falling body pendulum behaviour

  - by user3447980

  I wonder if someone could provide some guidance. Im attempting to create a pendulum like behaviour in 2D space in Unity without using a hinge joint. Essentially I want to affect a falling body to act as though it were restrained at the radius of a point, and to be subject to gravity and friction etc. Ive tried many modifications of this code, and have come up with some cool 'strange-attractor' like behaviour but i cannot for the life of me create a realistic pendulum like action. This is what I have so far: startingposition = transform.position; //Get start position newposition = startingposition + velocity; //add old velocity newposition.y -= gravity * Time.deltaTime; //add gravity newposition = pivot + Vector2.ClampMagnitude(newposition-pivot,radius); //clamp body at radius??? velocity = newposition-startingposition; //Get new velocity transform.Translate (velocity * Time.deltaTime, Space.World); //apply to transform So im working out the new position based on the old velocity + gravity, then constraining it to a distance from a point, which is the element in the code i cannot get correct. Is this a logical way to go about it?

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• Rotate camera around player and set new forward directions

  - by Samurai Fox

  I have a 3rd person camera which can rotate around the player. When I look at the back of the player and press forward, player goes forward. Then I rotate 360 around the player and "forward direction" is tilted for 90 degrees. So every 360 turn there is 90 degrees of direction change. For example when camera is facing the right side of the player, when I press button to move forward, I want player to turn to the left and make that the "new forward". I have Player object with Camera as child object. Camera object has Camera script. Inside Camera script there are Player and Camera classes. Player object itself, has Input Controller. Also I'm making this script for joystick/ controller primarily. My camera script so far: using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; public class CameraScript : MonoBehaviour { public GameObject Target; public float RotateSpeed = 10, FollowDistance = 20, FollowHeight = 10; float RotateSpeedPerTime, DesiredRotationAngle, DesiredHeight, CurrentRotationAngle, CurrentHeight, Yaw, Pitch; Quaternion CurrentRotation; void LateUpdate() { RotateSpeedPerTime = RotateSpeed * Time.deltaTime; DesiredRotationAngle = Target.transform.eulerAngles.y; DesiredHeight = Target.transform.position.y + FollowHeight; CurrentRotationAngle = transform.eulerAngles.y; CurrentHeight = transform.position.y; CurrentRotationAngle = Mathf.LerpAngle(CurrentRotationAngle, DesiredRotationAngle, 0); CurrentHeight = Mathf.Lerp(CurrentHeight, DesiredHeight, 0); CurrentRotation = Quaternion.Euler(0, CurrentRotationAngle, 0); transform.position = Target.transform.position; transform.position -= CurrentRotation * Vector3.forward * FollowDistance; transform.position = new Vector3(transform.position.x, CurrentHeight, transform.position.z); Yaw = Input.GetAxis("Right Horizontal") * RotateSpeedPerTime; Pitch = Input.GetAxis("Right Vertical") * RotateSpeedPerTime; transform.Translate(new Vector3(Yaw, -Pitch, 0)); transform.position = new Vector3(transform.position.x, transform.position.y, transform.position.z); transform.LookAt(Target.transform); } }

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• Periodic updates of an object in Unity

  - by Blue

  I'm trying to make a collider appear every 1 second. But I can't get the code right. I tried enabling the collider in the Update function and putting a yield to make it update every second or so. But it's not working (it gives me an error: Update() cannot be a coroutine.) How would I fix this? Would I need a timer system to toggle the collider? var waitTime : float = 1; var trigger : boolean = false; function Update () { if(!trigger){ collider.enabled = false; yield WaitForSeconds(waitTime); } if(trigger){ collider.enabled = true; yield WaitForSeconds(waitTime); } } }

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• In MMO game, how to handle user characters, who are offline?

  - by Deele

  In my medieval MMO game, players have their own character, that represents themselves inside game. Like a King. Players could have cities and armies, but King acts as main driving force. Then it comes to player, going offline/vacation/disconnect. How to deal with "offline King", to keep some sort of reality in game, without ruining everything for player. I have never liked unrealistic stuff in games, like appearing/dissapearing from thin air, like in WoW or other MMO RPG's, when it comes to connect/disconnect, like in Matrix movie, when you are disconnected, your "avatar" inside the system just vaninshes. Ok, if player char stays where it was left, other players who are online could kick his ass like offline player char was frozen? I see only one solution - give player char, while offline, some sort of AI, that controls char. Is there any other solutions? May be, some sort of legend/story, could make users only as inner-voice, leaving King just passively controlled by user, or other stuff... Please, help! I hope you understand my question.

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• Circle physics and collision using vectors

  - by Joe Hearty

  This is a problem I've been having, When making a set number of filled circles at random locations on a JPanel and applying a gravity (a negative change in the y), each of the circles collide. I want them to have collision detection and push in the opposite direction using vectors but I don't know how to apply that to my scenario could someone help? public void drawballs(Graphics g){ g.setColor (Color.white); //displays circles for(int i = 0; i<xlocationofcircles.length-1; i++){ g.fillOval( (int) xlocationofcircles[i], (int) (ylocationofcircles[i]) ,16 ,16 ); ylocationofcircles[i]+=.2; //gravity if(ylocationofcircles[i] > 550) //stops gravity at bottom of screen ylocationofcircles[i]-=.2; //Check distance between circles(i think..) float distance =(xlocationofcircles[i+1]-xlocationofcircles[i]) + (ylocationofcircles[i+1]-xlocationofcircles[i]); if( Math.sqrt(distance) <16) ...

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• HLSL What you get when you subtract world position from InvertViewProjection.Transform?

  - by cubrman

  In one of NVIDIA's Vertex shaders (the metal one) I found the following code: // transform object normals, tangents, & binormals to world-space: float4x4 WorldITXf : WorldInverseTranspose < string UIWidget="None"; >; // provide tranform from "view" or "eye" coords back to world-space: float4x4 ViewIXf : ViewInverse < string UIWidget="None"; >; ... float4 Po = float4(IN.Position.xyz,1); // homogeneous location coordinates float4 Pw = mul(Po,WorldXf); // convert to "world" space OUT.WorldView = normalize(ViewIXf[3].xyz - Pw.xyz); The term OUT.WorldView is subsequently used in a Pixel Shader to compute lighting: float3 Ln = normalize(IN.LightVec.xyz); float3 Nn = normalize(IN.WorldNormal); float3 Vn = normalize(IN.WorldView); float3 Hn = normalize(Vn + Ln); float4 litV = lit(dot(Ln,Nn),dot(Hn,Nn),SpecExpon); DiffuseContrib = litV.y * Kd * LightColor + AmbiColor; SpecularContrib = litV.z * LightColor; Can anyone tell me what exactly is WorldView here? And why do they add it to the normal?

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• Difference between Sound and Music

  - by Southpaw Hare

  What are the key differences between the Sound and Music classes in Pygame? What are the limitations of each? In what situation would one use one or the other? Is there a benefit to using them in an unintuitive way such as using Sound objects to play music files or visa-versa? Are there specifically issues with channel limitations, and do one or both have the potential to be dropped from their channel unreliably? What are the risks of playing music as a Sound?

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• time issue in render libgdx [duplicate]

  - by jaysingh

  This question is an exact duplicate of: time issue in render libgdx [duplicate] pls. help how to implement this loop in render method next_game_tick and GetTickCount(); always contain same time value. so position never updated @Override public void render() { float deltaTime = Gdx.graphics.getDeltaTime(); Update(deltaTime); Render(deltaTime); } const int TICKS_PER_SECOND = 50; const int SKIP_TICKS = 1000 / TICKS_PER_SECOND; const int MAX_FRAMESKIP = 10; DWORD next_game_tick = GetTickCount(); int loops; bool game_is_running = true; while( game_is_running ) { loops = 0; while( GetTickCount() > next_game_tick && loops < MAX_FRAMESKIP) { update_game(); next_game_tick += SKIP_TICKS; loops++; } display_game(); }

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