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• What problem does double or triple buffering solve in modern games?

  - by krokvskrok

  I want to check if my understanding of the causes for using double (or triple) buffering is correct: A monitor with 60Hz refresh's the monitor-display 60 times per second. If the monitor refresh the monitor-display, he updates pixel for pixel and line for line. The monitor requests the color values for the pixels from the video memory. If I run now a game, then this game is constantly manipulating this video memory. If this game don't use a buffer strategy (double buffering etc.) then the following problem can happen: The monitor is now refreshing his monitor-display. At this moment the monitor had refreshed the first half monitor-display already. At the same time, the game had manipulated the video memory with new data. Now the monitor accesses for the second half monitor-display this new manipulated data from the video memory. The problems can be tearing or flickering. Is my understanding of cases of using buffer strategy correct? Are there other reasons?

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• Drawing a line using openGL does not work

  - by vikasm

  I am a beginner in OpenGL and tried to write my first program to draw some points and a line. I can see that the window opens with white background but no line is drawn. I was expecting to see red colored (because glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);) dots (pixels) and line. But nothing is seen. Here is my code. void init2D(float r, float g, float b) { glClearColor(r,g,b,0.0); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); gluOrtho2D(0.0, 200.0, 0.0, 150.0); } void display() { glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0); glBegin(GL_POINTS); for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { glVertex2i(10+5*i, 110); } glEnd(); //draw a line glBegin(GL_LINES); glVertex2i(10,10); glVertex2i(100,100); glEnd(); glFlush(); } int main(int argc, char** argv) { //Initialize Glut glutInit(&argc, argv); //setup some memory buffers for our display glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB); //set the window size glutInitWindowSize(500, 500); //create the window with the title 'points and lines' glutCreateWindow("Points and Lines"); init2D(0.0, 0.0, 0.0); glutDisplayFunc(display); glutMainLoop(); } I wanted to verify that the glcontext was opening properly and used this code: int main(int argc, char **argv) { glutInit(&argc, argv); //setup some memory buffers for our display glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB); //set the window size glutInitWindowSize(500, 500); //create the window with the title 'points and lines' glutCreateWindow("Points and Lines"); char *GL_version=(char *)glGetString(GL_VERSION); puts(GL_version); char *GL_vendor=(char *)glGetString(GL_VENDOR); puts(GL_vendor); char *GL_renderer=(char *)glGetString(GL_RENDERER); puts(GL_renderer); getchar(); return 0; } And the ouput I got was: 3.1.0 - Build 8.15.10.2345 Intel Intel(R) HD Graphics Family Can someone point out what I am doing wrong ? Thanks.

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• How to configure background image to be at the bottom OpenGL Android

  - by Maxim Shoustin

  I have class that draws white line: public class Line { //private FloatBuffer vertexBuffer; private FloatBuffer frameVertices; ByteBuffer diagIndices; float[] vertices = { -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f }; public Line(GL10 gl) { // a float has 4 bytes so we allocate for each coordinate 4 bytes ByteBuffer vertexByteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(vertices.length * 4); vertexByteBuffer.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); // allocates the memory from the byte buffer frameVertices = vertexByteBuffer.asFloatBuffer(); // fill the vertexBuffer with the vertices frameVertices.put(vertices); // set the cursor position to the beginning of the buffer frameVertices.position(0); } /** The draw method for the triangle with the GL context */ public void draw(GL10 gl) { gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); gl.glVertexPointer(2, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, frameVertices); gl.glColor4f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1f); gl.glDrawArrays(GL10.GL_LINE_LOOP , 0, vertices.length / 3); gl.glLineWidth(5.0f); gl.glDisableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); } } It works fine. The problem is: When I add BG image, I don't see the line glView = new GLSurfaceView(this); // Allocate a GLSurfaceView glView.setEGLConfigChooser(8, 8, 8, 8, 16, 0); glView.setRenderer(new mainRenderer(this)); // Use a custom renderer glView.setBackgroundResource(R.drawable.bg_day); // <- BG glView.setRenderMode(GLSurfaceView.RENDERMODE_WHEN_DIRTY); glView.getHolder().setFormat(PixelFormat.TRANSLUCENT); How to get rid of that?

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• Polygon is rotating too fast

  - by Manderin87

  I am going to be using a polygon collision detection method to test when objects collide. I am attempting to rotate a polygon to match the sprites rotation. However, the polygon is rotating too fast, much faster than the sprite is. I feel its a timing issue, but the sprite rotates like it is supposed to. Can anyone look at my code and tell me what could be causing this issue? public void rotate(float x0, float y0, double angle) { for(Point point : mPoints) { float x = (float) (x0 + (point.x - x0) * Math.cos(Utilities.toRadians(angle)) - (point.y - y0) * Math.sin(Utilities.toRadians(angle))); float y = (float) (y0 + (point.x - x0) * Math.sin(Utilities.toRadians(angle)) + (point.y - y0) * Math.cos(Utilities.toRadians(angle))); point.x = x; point.y = y; } } This algorithm works when done singly, but once I plug it into the update method the rotation is too fast. The Points used are: P1 608, 368 P2 640, 464 P3 672, 400 Origin x0 is: 640 400 The angle goes from 0 to 360 as the sprite rotates. When the codes executes the triangle looks like a star because its moving so fast. The rotation is done in the sprites update method. The rotation method just increases the sprites degree by .5 when it executes. public void update() { if(isActive()) { rotate(); mBounding.rotate(mPosition.x, mPosition.y, mDegree); } }

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• Android Array Lag?

  - by Mike

  I am making a platform game for Android. It is sort of a tile based game. I added bullets and enemies with AI and a bunch of tile types. I created a simple map with no Enemies. Everything was running well and smooth until I shot a bunch of bullets randomly everywhere. A couple of hundreds of bullets later, the FPS lowered. I made a test to find out if the bullets were the problem so I made another simple map with just a tile to stand on and left it for a while. Minutes later, I played around with it a bit to check if the FPS changed and it didnt. I reloaded the same map and shot a lot of bullets. Minutes later, the FPS was visibly lower even after the number of bullets were zero. Points to note: Programmed FPS is 30 Tested on a Samsung Galaxy Y and Samsung Galaxy W Any tile, enemy, bullet that is off screen is not drawn to prevent lag Bullets collide with Tiles (if they dont collide with in 450 frames, they are removed from the array) I used List bullets = new ListArray(); I used bullets.add(new Bullet(x, y, params...)); I used for(...){ if(...){ bullets.remove(i); } } Code for bullet: private void drawBullets(Canvas canvas) { for (int i = 0; i < bullets.size(); i++) { Bullet b = bullets.get(i); b.update(canvas); //updates physics if (b.t > blm) { //if the bullet is past its expiry bullets.remove(i); i--; } else { if (svx((b.x)) > 0 && svx(b.x) < width && svy((b.y)) > 0 && svy(b.y) < height) { // if bullet is not off screen b.draw(canvas); // draw the bullet } } } } I tried searching for solutions and references but I have no luck. I'm guessing that the lag has something to do with the Array and the Bullets or Classes that I've loaded? I'm not sure! Someone please help! Thanks in advance! :)

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• Repelling a rigidbody in the direction an object is rotating

  - by ndg

  Working in Unity, I have a game object which I rotate each frame, like so: void Update() { transform.Rotate(new Vector3(0, 1, 0) * speed * Time.deltaTime); } However, I'm running into problems when it comes to applying a force to rigidbodies that collide with this game objects sphere collider. The effect I'm hoping to achieve is that objects which touch the collider are thrown in roughly the same direction as the object is rotating. To do this, I've tried the following: Vector3 force = ((transform.localRotation * Vector3.forward) * 2000) * Time.deltaTime; collision.gameObject.rigidbody.AddForce(force, ForceMode.Impulse); Unfortunately this doesn't always match the rotation of the object. To debug the issue, I wrote a simple OnDrawGizmos script, which (strangely) appears to draw the line correctly oriented to the rotation. void OnDrawGizmos() { Vector3 pos = transform.position + ((transform.localRotation * Vector3.forward) * 2); Debug.DrawLine(transform.position, pos, Color.red); } You can see the result of the OnDrawGizmos function below: What am I doing wrong?

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• Render 2D textures on a 3D object's face

  - by www.Sillitoy.com

  I am not familiar with 3D graphics, and I'd like to know the right way to render some 2D figures on different points of a wider face of a 3D object. My 3D object is just a cube representing a poker table. I have a 2D png for players' placeholders, and I'd like to render these figures on the 3D object where needed. An alternative solution would be to render the whole face with a big picture containing all the placeholders figures. However, it would be a waste of memory and thus less efficient. What do you suggest?

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• Alternatives to voxel-based terrain

  - by Neomex

  Are there any alternatives to voxel based terrains? Such terrain should be fully destructable, allow for arches, overhangs, preserve sharp features where needed and keep consistent topology. Maybe you can explain the problem that makes you ask this question? Voxel based terrain is basically just using a 3D grid of data to store data. There are lots of ways to render that data, but it doesn't get much simpler for storing it. – Byte56 Current isosurface extraction methods aren't most effective/bug-free. Cubical Marching Squares seem to solve most of the issues, however it is a relatively new method and there aren't too many resources about it. (I've found single university paper) Even if we stick to CMS, when we want to add multi-material support, we can either divide surface into multiple meshes, or pass a texture array or texture atlas to shaders, then we are limited to set amount of textures and additionally increase memory-usage alot.

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• Android Activity access Unity Classes

  - by Anomaly

  I have made my own C# classes in Unity, is there any way I can access these classes from the Android Activity that starts the UnityPlayer? Example: I have a C# class called testClass in Unity: class testClass{ public static string myString="test string"; } From the Android activity in Java I want to access that class: string str=testClass.myString; Is this possible? If so, how? Or is there some other way to do this? In the end I basically want to communicate between my Android activity and the UnityPlayer object. Thanks in advance. EDIT: Ok so I looked at building Android plugins for Unity but this wasn't satisfactory to me. I ended up building a socket client-server interface in Unity with C# and another one in Java for the Android app: So Unity listens on port X and broadcasts on port Y The Android activity listens on port Y and broadcasts on port X This is necessary as both interfaces are running on the same host. So that's how I solved my problem, but I'm open for any suggestions if anyone knows a better way of communicating between the Unityplayer and your app.

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• Double Buffering in Panda3D (C++)

  - by jsvcycling

  How would I go about using Double Buffering (to create a loading screen) in Panda3D using C++? I've searched Google and found some forums that talk about the concept of swapping buffers, but I haven't seen any that show any type of source code (specifically Panda3D/C++). I'd like to try and stay away from using pure OpenGL code and work it through Panda3D, but if I have no other choice, then I'll have to go with OpenGL coding.

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• How can I support scrolling when using batched rendering for my tiles?

  - by dardanel

  I have tiled map 100*75 and tiles are 32*32 pixel.I want to use batching for performance .I don't figure it out , because of my game needs scrolling and every frame i draw 22*16 tiles (my screen is 20*16 tile) .I thought that batching tiles for every frame .Is it good or any suggestion? edit :to more clarify I want to use occlusion culling and batching at the same time.I thought that drawing only visible areas and batching them together .But there is a something i couldn't figure out .When scrolling screen with translate matrix , if one row become invisible , I bind new row and batch them again.Every batched objects needs to buffer again.So I batch tiles and buffer to VBO every time when one row become invisible .I don't know these way is efficient or not .This is my question .And i am open to any suggestions.

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• Phone complains that identical GLSL struct definition differs in vert/frag programs

  - by stephelton

  When I provide the following struct definition in linked frag and vert shaders, my phone (Samsung Vibrant / Android 2.2) complains that the definition differs. struct Light { mediump vec3 _position; lowp vec4 _ambient; lowp vec4 _diffuse; lowp vec4 _specular; bool _isDirectional; mediump vec3 _attenuation; // constant, linear, and quadratic components }; uniform Light u_light; I know the struct is identical because its included from another file. These shaders work on a linux implementation and on my Android 3.0 tablet. Both shaders declare "precision mediump float;" The exact error is: Uniform variable u_light type/precision does not match in vertex and fragment shader Am I doing anything wrong here, or is my phone's implementation broken? Any advice (other than file a bug report?)

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• Cocos-2D asteroids style movement (iOS)

  - by bwheeler96

  So I have a CCSprite subclass, well call this Spaceship. Spaceship needs to move on a loop, until I say othersise by calling a method. The method should look something like - (void)moveForeverAtVelocity { // method logic } The class Spaceship has two relevant iVars, resetPosition and targetPosition, the target is where we are headed, the reset is where we set to when we've hit our target. If they are both off-screen this creates a permanent looping effect. So for the logic, I have tried several things, such as CCMoveTo *move = [CCMoveTo actionWithDuration:2 position:ccp(100, 100)]; CCCallBlockN *repeat = [CCCallBlockN actionWithBlock: ^(CCNode *node) { [self moveForeverAtVelocity]; }]; [self runAction:[CCSequence actions: move, repeat, nil]]; self.position = self.resetPosition; recursively calling the moveForeverAtVelocity method. This is psuedo-code, so its not perfect. I have hard-coded some of the values for the sake of simplicity. Enough garble: The problem I am having, how can I make a method that loops forever, but can be called and reset at will. I'm running into issues with creating multiple instances of this method. If you can offer any assistance with creating this effect, that would be appreciated.

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• What data-structure/algorithm will allow me to send a list of key/value dictionaries using the least amount of bits?

  - by user12365

  I have server objects that have corresponding client objects. The data to be kept in sync is inside the server object's key/value dictionary. To keep the client objects in sync with the sever objects, I want the server to send the key/value dictionary every frame for each object. What data-structure/algorithm will allow me to send a list of key/value dictionaries using the least amount of bits? Bonus constraint 1: For each type of object, the values of some keys change more often than others. Bonus constraint 2: Memory usage on the server side is relatively expensive.

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• Changing the rendering resolution while maintaining the design layout

  - by Coyote

  I would like to increase the FPS of my project. Currently I would like to try reducing the resolution at which the scenes are rendered. Let's say I never want to draw more than 1280*720. What ever the real resolution is. How should I proceed? I tried pEGLView->setFrameSize(1280, 720); but only reduces the displayed size of the frame on screen (boxing). In my activity I tried setting the size of the "surface" but this seems to completely break the layout (as defined by setDesignResolutionSize). @Override public Cocos2dxGLSurfaceView onCreateView() { Cocos2dxGLSurfaceView surfaceView = new Cocos2dxGLSurfaceView(this); surfaceView.getHolder().setFixedSize(1280, 720); return surfaceView; } Is there a way to simply change the rendered

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• What is this type of sound effect called?

  - by Fibericon

  There is a sound typically associated with a bright flash of light, which starts with a lower whirring noise, then breaks into a higher pitched sound. What is that type of sound called? I'm not sure how to begin searching for that, so a typical name for it would be very helpful. It's something similar to what occurs at 0:41 in this youtube video (here's a link to a few seconds beforehand), where Naruto 6 tails transforms into Kyuubei in Naruto Generations.

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• Audio programming resources

  - by rashleighp

  I've been very interested in the last few months about getting in to audio programming (I'm from a musical background). I've been a .NET developer for two years and have also done some objective c for an iPhone app recently. I realise I would probably need to work on my C++ chops and have been having a play around with FMOD EX and doing a lot of research into the industry. I was just wondering if anyone could suggest some good resources for audio programming (be they websites, podcasts, books, videos, online courses etc). Anything from Fourier analysis, low level coding, audio engine creation to audio APIs. I just want to learn as much as possible! Thanks in advance.

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• XNA Framework HiDef profile requires TextureFilter to be Point when using texture format Vector4

  - by danbystrom

  Beginner question. Synopsis: my water effects does something that causes the drawing of my sky sphere to throw an exeption when run in full screen. The exception is: XNA Framework HiDef profile requires TextureFilter to be Point when using texture format Vector4. This happens both when I start in full screen directly or switch to full screen from windowed. It does NOT happen, however, if I comment out the drawing of my water. So, what in my water effect can possibly cause the drawing of my sky sphere to choke???

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• Translating an object along its heading

  - by Kuros

  I am working on a simulation that requires me to have several objects moving around in 3D space (text output of their current position on the grid and heading is fine, I do not need graphics), and I am having some trouble getting objects to move along their relative headings. I have a basic understanding of vectors and matrices. I am using a vector to represent their position, and I am also using Euler Angles. I can translate one of my entities with a matrix along whatever axis, and I can alter their heading. For example, if I have an entity at (order is XYZ) 1, 1, 1, with a heading of 0, I can apply a translation matrix to get them to talk to 1, 1, 2 fine. However, if I change their heading to 270, they still walk to 1, 1, 3, instead of 2, 1, 2 as I desire. I have a feeling that my problem lies in not translating my matrix from world space to object space, but I am not sure how to go about that. How can I do this? Addition: I am using 3D vectors to represent their current position and their heading (using the three euler angles). For now, all I want to do is have an entity walk in a square, reporting their current position at each step. So, assuming it starts at 10, 10, 10 I want it to walk as follows: 10,10,10 -> 10, 10, 15 10, 10, 15 -> 5, 10, 15 5, 10, 15 -> 5, 10, 10 5, 10, 10 -> 10, 10, 10 My 1 Z unit translation matrix is as follows: [1 0 0 0] [0 1 0 0] [0 0 1 1] [0 0 0 1] My rotation matrix is as follows: [0 0 1 0] [0 1 0 0] [-1 0 0 0] [0 0 0 1]

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• What are the statements in XNA?

  - by Katie Hajduk

  A hypothetical game called “AlienShooter” needs to be able to work on Windows and on the Xbox. In the Windows version, the keyboard will handle firing at alien spaceships, and this functionality is contained within a method called “KeyboardSupport()”. In the Xbox version of the game, the gamepad will be used for shooting, and this functionality is contained within a method called “GamepadSupport()”. Write the statement(s) that must be added so that the appropriate code is used in the each version of the game.

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• Presenting game center leaderboard

  - by Coder404

  I have the following code: -(void)showLeaderboard { GKLeaderboardViewController *leaderboardController = [[GKLeaderboardViewController alloc] init]; if (leaderboardController != NULL) { leaderboardController.timeScope = GKLeaderboardTimeScopeAllTime; leaderboardController.leaderboardDelegate = self; [self presentModalViewController: leaderboardController animated: YES]; } [leaderboardController release]; } Which I am trying to use to make my leader-board pop up. The issue is cocos2d will not allow me to use the line: [self presentModalViewController: leaderboardController animated: YES]; How do I fix this? Thanks PS I am using cocos2d

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• How can I create a VBO of a type determined at runtime?

  - by lapin

  I've written a Vbo template class to work with OpenGL. I'd like to set the type from a config file at runtime. For example: <vbo type="bump_vt" ... /> Vbo* pVbo = new Vbo(bump_vt, ...); Is there some way I can do this without a large if-else block such as: if( sType.compareTo("bump_vt") == 0 ) Vbo* pVbo = new Vbo(bump_vt, ...); else if ... I'm writing for multiple platforms in C++.

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• Attributes and Behaviours in game object design

  - by Brukwa

  Recently I have read interesting slides about game object design written by Marcin Chady Theory and Practice of the Game Object Component Architecture. I have prototyped quick sample that utilize all Attributes\Behaviour idea with some sample data. Now I have faced a little problem when I added a RenderingSystem to my prototype application. I have created an object with RenderBehaviour which listens for messages (OnMessage function) like MovedObject in order to mark them as invalid and in OnUpdate pass I am inserting a new renderable object to rederer queue. I have noticed that rendering updates should be the last thing made in single frame and this causes RenderBehaviour to depend on any other Behaviour that changes object position (i.ex. PhysicsSystem and PhysicsBehaviour). I am not even sure if I am doing this the way it should be. Do you have any clues that might put me on the right track?

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• box2d and constant movement

  - by Arnas

  i'm developing a game with a top down view, the players body is a circle. To move the character you need to tap on the screen and it moves to the spot. To achieve this i'm saving the coordinate of the touch and call a method every frame which applies linear velocity to the body with a vector of the direction the body should go _body->SetLinearVelocity(b2Vec2((a.x - currPos.x)/SPEED_RATIO,(size.height - a.y - currPos.y)/SPEED_RATIO)); //click position - current position, screen height - click position (since the y axis is flipped, (0,0) is in the bottom left ) - current position = vector of the direction we want to go now the problem with this is that the body slows down until it finally stops when getting closer to the point we want it to go, since the closer we are to that point the lenght of the vector gets smaller. Besides that i've read that it's bad practice to set linear velocity in box2d and i should use apply force instead, but that way the forces would add up and overshoot the target where it's supposed to stop. So what i'm asking is how to move a box2d body to a coordinate in constant speed.

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• How do I implement powerups for my Breakout clone?

  - by Eva

  I'm making a simple Breakout clone in Python that will have very many powerups/powerdowns (so far I came up with 26). Some will affect the paddle (paddle missile, two paddles, short paddle, etc.), some will affect the ball (slow ball, destructo-ball, invisible ball, etc.), some will affect the bricks (brick scramble, move up, bricks indestructible, etc.), and some will affect other game aspects (extra life, more points, less points, etc.). I'm pretty sure I have the code to draw the falling powerups and test for collisions with the paddle down, but I'm confused about how to code the effects of the powerups. Since there are very many powerups, it seemed inefficient to add specific methods to each component as done in this tutorial. However, I can't think of an other ways to implement the powerups. I found a page that hints at some way to design powerup behavior using classes, but I'm at a loss for how to do that. (A short example would help.) Please give me a short code example of another way to implement the effects of the powerups.

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