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• How to store bitmaps in memory?

  - by Geotarget

  I'm working with general purpose image rendering, and high-performance image processing, and so I need to know how to store bitmaps in-memory. (24bpp/32bpp, compressed/raw, etc) I'm not working with 3D graphics or DirectX / OpenGL rendering and so I don't need to use graphics card compatible bitmap formats. My questions: What is the "usual" or "normal" way to store bitmaps in memory? (in C++ engines/projects?) How to store bitmaps for high-performance algorithms, such that read/write times are the fastest? (fixed array? with/without padding? 24-bpp or 32-bpp?) How to store bitmaps for applications handling a lot of bitmap data, to minimize memory usage? (JPEG? or a faster [de]compression algorithm?) Some possible methods: Use a fixed packed 24-bpp or 32-bpp int[] array and simply access pixels using pointer access, all pixels are allocated in one continuous memory chunk (could be 1-10 MB) Use a form of "sparse" data storage so each line of the bitmap is allocated separately, reusing more memory and requiring smaller contiguous memory segments Store bitmaps in its compressed form (PNG, JPG, GIF, etc) and unpack only when its needed, reducing the amount of memory used. Delete the unpacked data if its not used for 10 secs.

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• Finding the endpoint of a named bone in Irrlicht

  - by Boreal

  I'm making a tank game that will have multiple tanks. I want to be able to define the weapon placements using bones that I can add right inside the modelling program (Blender to be exact). All tanks will have a bone called Body and a bone called Turret, and then names like Cannon0 and PickupGun for where the shots will be fired from that are attached to the Turret bone. Is there some way to find the absolute end position of a bone that I choose by name?

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• Creating a 2D Line Branch (Part 2)

  - by Danran

  Yesterday i asked this question on how to create a 2D line branch; Creating a 2D Line Branch And thanks to the answered provided, i now have this nice looking main branch; *coloured to show the different segments in the final item. Now is the time now to branch things off as discussed in the article; http://drilian.com/2009/02/25/lightning-bolts/ Again however i am confused as to the meaning of the following pseudo code; splitEnd = Rotate(direction, randomSmallAngle)*lengthScale + midPoint; I'm unsure how to actually rotate this correctly. In all honesty i'm abit unsure what to-do completely at this part, "splitEnd" will be a Vector3, so whatever happens in the rotate function must then return some form of directional rotation which is then * by a scale to create length and then added to the midPoint. I'm not sure. If someone could explain what i'm meant to be doing in this part that would be really grateful.

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• How to get this wavefront .obj data onto the frustum?

  - by NoobScratcher

  I've finally figured out how to get the data from a .obj file and store the vertex positions x,y,z into a structure called Points with members x y z which are of type float. I want to know how to get this data onto the screen. Here is my attempt at doing so: //make a fileobject and store list and the index of that list in a c string ifstream file (list[index].c_str() ); std::vector<int>faces; std::vector<Point>points; points.push_back(Point()); Point p; int face[4]; while ( !file.eof() ) { char modelbuffer[10000]; //Get lines and store it in line string file.getline(modelbuffer, 10000); switch(modelbuffer[0]) { case 'v' : sscanf(modelbuffer, "v %f %f %f", &p.x, &p.y, &p.z); points.push_back(p); cout << "Getting Vertex Positions" << endl; cout << "v" << p.x << endl; cout << "v" << p.y << endl; cout << "v" << p.z << endl; break; case 'f': sscanf(modelbuffer, "f %d %d %d %d", face, face+1, face+2, face+3 ); cout << face[0] << endl; cout << face[1] << endl; cout << face[2] << endl; cout << face[3] << endl; faces.push_back(face[0]); faces.push_back(face[1]); faces.push_back(face[2]); faces.push_back(face[3]); } GLuint vertexbuffer; glGenBuffers(1, &vertexbuffer); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexbuffer); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, points.size(), points.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW); //glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,sizeof(points), &(points[0]), GL_STATIC_DRAW); glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0); glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(points),points.data()); glIndexPointer(GL_DOUBLE, 0, faces.data()); glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS, 0, points.size()); glDrawElements(GL_QUADS, faces.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, faces.data()); } As you can see I've clearly failed the end part but I really don't know why its not rendering the data onto the frustum? Does anyone have a solution for this?

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• How do I draw a scrolling background?

  - by droidmachine

  How can I draw background tile in my 2D side-scrolling game? Is that loop logical for OpenGL es? My tile 2400x480. Also I want to use parallax scrolling for my game. batcher.beginBatch(Assets.background); for(int i=0; i<100; i++) batcher.drawSprite(0+2400*i, 240, 2400, 480, Assets.backgroundRegion); batcher.endBatch(); UPDATE And thats my onDrawFrame.I'm sending deltaTime for fps control. public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) { GLGameState state = null; synchronized(stateChanged) { state = this.state; } if(state == GLGameState.Running) { float deltaTime = (System.nanoTime()-startTime) / 1000000000.0f; startTime = System.nanoTime(); screen.update(deltaTime); screen.present(deltaTime); } if(state == GLGameState.Paused) { screen.pause(); synchronized(stateChanged) { this.state = GLGameState.Idle; stateChanged.notifyAll(); } } if(state == GLGameState.Finished) { screen.pause(); screen.dispose(); synchronized(stateChanged) { this.state = GLGameState.Idle; stateChanged.notifyAll(); } } }

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• How can I solve this SAT direct corner intersection edge case?

  - by ssb

  I have a working SAT implementation, but I am running into a problem where direct collisions at a corner do not work for tiled surfaces. That is, it clips on the surface when going in a certain direction because it gets hung up on one of the tiles, and so, for example, if I walk across a floor while holding both down and left, the player will stop when meeting the next shape because the player will be colliding with the right side rather than with the top of the floor tile. This illustration shows what I mean: The top block will translate right first and then up. I have checked here and here which are helpful, but this does not address what I should do in a situation where I don't have a tile-based world. My usage of the term "tile" before isn't really accurate since what I'm doing here is manually placing square obstacles next to each other, not assigning them spots on a grid. What can I do to fix this?

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• Selection of a mesh with arbitrary region

  - by Tigran

  Considering example: I have a mesh(es) on the OpenGL screen and would like to select a part of it (say for delete purpose). There is a clear way to do the selction via Ray Tracing, or via Selection provided by OpenGL itself. But, for my users, considering that meshes can get wired surfaces, I need to implement a selection via a Arbitrary closed region, so all triangles that appears present inside that region has to be selected. To be more clear, here is screen shot: I want all triangles inside black polygon to be selected, identified, whatever in some way. How can I achieve that ?

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• Infinite terrain shadows

  - by user35399

  I'm creating an infinite terrain engine, which generates the terrain either with fractals or noise. How can I make dynamic shadows for the sun on this terrain, if I don't know in advance what will be rendered in front of the sun. My terrain: The sun is the only light, it is directional, my terrain is generated on a plane which is positioned before the camera, frustum culled and fits the size of the viewing frustum. It is height mapped with generated noise texture, and using tessellation shaders on it. Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tk6yFwYusOs Dynamic shadows with the infinite terrain.

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• Deferred rendering order?

  - by Nick Wiggill

  There are some effects for which I must do multi-pass rendering. I've got the basics set up (FBO rendering etc.), but I'm trying to get my head around the most suitable setup. Here's what I'm thinking... The framebuffer objects: FBO 1 has a color attachment and a depth attachment. FBO 2 has a color attachment. The render passes: Render g-buffer: normals and depth (used by outline & DoF blur shaders); output to FBO no. 1. Render solid geometry, bold outlines (as in toon shader), and fog; output to FBO no. 2. (can all render via a single fragment shader -- I think.) (optional) DoF blur the scene; output to the default frame buffer OR ELSE render FBO2 directly to default frame buffer. (optional) Mesh wireframes; composite over what's already in the default framebuffer. Does this order seem viable? Any obvious mistakes?

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• Preventing item duplication?

  - by PuppyKevin

  For my game, there's two types of items - stackable, and nonstackable. Nonstackable items get assigned a unique ID that stays with it forever. A character ID is assosicated with the item, as is a state (CHANGED, UNCHANGED, NEW, REMOVED). The character ID and state is used for item saving purposes. Stackable items have one unique ID, as in the entire stack has one unique ID. For example: 5 Potions (stacked ontop of each other) has one unique ID. When dropping a nonstackable item, the state gets set to REMOVED, and the unique ID and state don't change. If picked up by another player, the state gets set to NEW, and the character ID gets changed to the new character's ID. When dropping all items in a stack of stackable items (for example, 5 potions out of 5) - it behaves just like a nonstackable item. When dropping some of a stack of stackable items (for example, 3 potions out of 5)... I really have no clue what to do. The 3 dropped potions have the state of REMOVED, but the same unique ID and character ID. If another player picks it up, it has no choice but to obtain a new unique ID, and its state gets changed to NEW and its character ID to the new one. If the dropping player picks it back up, they'd just be readded to the stack. There's two issues with that though. 1. If the player who dropped the 3 potions picks it back up, there's no way to tell if they legitimately dropped the items, or if they're duped items. 2. If another player picks up the 3 potions (assuming they're duped), there's no way to know if they're duped or not. My question is: How can I create a system that detects duplicated items for both nonstackable and stackable items?

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• Must all AI states be able to react to any event?

  - by Prog

  FSMs implemented with the State design pattern are a common way to design AI agents. I am familiar with the State design pattern and know how to implement it. How is this used in games to design AI agents? Consider a simplified class Monster, representing an AI agent: class Monster { State state; // other fields omitted public void update(){ // called every game-loop cycle state.execute(this); } public void setState(State state){ this.state = state; } // irrelevant stuff omitted } There are several State subclasses implementing execute() differently. So far, classic State pattern. AI agents are subject to environmental effects and other objects communicating with them. For example, an AI agent might tell another AI agent to attack (i.e. agent.attack()). Or a fireball might tell an AI agent to fall down. This means that the agent must have methods such as attack() and fallDown(), or commonly some message receiving mechanism to understand such messages. With an FSM, the current State of the agent should be the one taking care of such method calls - i.e. the agent delegates to the current state upon every event. Is this correct? If correct, how is this done? Are all states obligated by their superclass to implement methods such as attack(), fallDown() etc., so the agent can always delegate to them on almost every event? Or is it done in some other way?

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• HLSL 5 interpolation issues

  - by metredigm

  I'm having issues with the depth components of my shadowmapping shaders. The shadow map rendering shader is fine, and works very well. The world rendering shader is more problematic. The only value which seems to definitely be off is the pixel's position from the light's perspective, which I pass in parallel to the position. struct Pixel { float4 position : SV_Position; float4 light_pos : TEXCOORD2; float3 normal : NORMAL; float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD; }; The reason that I used the semantic 'TEXCOORD2' on the light's pixel position is because I believe that the problem lies with Direct3D's interpolation of values between shaders, and I started trying random semantics and also forcing linear and noperspective interpolations. In the world rendering shader, I observed in the pixel shader that the Z value of light_pos was always extremely close to, but less than the W value. This resulted in a depth result of 0.999 or similar for every pixel. Here is the vertex shader code : struct Vertex { float3 position : POSITION; float3 normal : NORMAL; float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD; }; struct Pixel { float4 position : SV_Position; float4 light_pos : TEXCOORD2; float3 normal : NORMAL; float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD; }; cbuffer Camera : register (b0) { matrix world; matrix view; matrix projection; }; cbuffer Light : register (b1) { matrix light_world; matrix light_view; matrix light_projection; }; Pixel RenderVertexShader(Vertex input) { Pixel output; output.position = mul(float4(input.position, 1.0f), world); output.position = mul(output.position, view); output.position = mul(output.position, projection); output.world_pos = mul(float4(input.position, 1.0f), world); output.world_pos = mul(output.world_pos, light_view); output.world_pos = mul(output.world_pos, light_projection); output.texcoord = input.texcoord; output.normal = input.normal; return output; } I suspect interpolation to be the culprit, as I used the camera matrices in place of the light matrices in the vertex shader, and had the same problem. The problem is evident as both of the same vectors were passed to a pixel from the VS, but only one of them showed a change in the PS. I have already thoroughly debugged the matrices' validity, the cbuffers' validity, and the multiplicative validity. I'm very stumped and have been trying to solve this for quite some time. Misc info : The light projection matrix and the camera projection matrix are the same, generated from D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(), with an FOV of 60.0f * 3.141f / 180.0f, a near clipping plane of 0.1f, and a far clipping plane of 1000.0f. Any ideas on what is happening? (This is a repost from my question on Stack Overflow)

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• HUD layer not being added on my scene

  - by Shailesh_ios

  I have a CCScene which already holds my gameLayer and I am trying to add HUD layer on that.But the HUD layer is not getting added in my scene, I can say that because I have set up a CCLabel on HUD layer and when I run my project, I cannot see that label. Here's what I am doing : In my gameLayer: +(id) scene { CCScene *scene = [CCScene node]; GameScreen *layer = [GameScreen node]; [scene addChild: layer]; HUDclass * otherLayer = [HUDclass node]; [scene addChild:otherLayer]; layer.HC = otherLayer;// HC is reference to my HUD layer in @Interface of gameLayer return scene; } And then in my HUD layer I have just added a CCLabelTTF in its init method like this : -(id)init { if ((self = [super init])) { CCLabelTTF * label = [CCLabelTTF labelWithString:@"IN WEAPON CLASS" fontName:@"Arial" fontSize:15]; label.position = ccp(240,160); [self addChild:label]; } return self; } But now when I run my project I dont see that label, What am I doing wrong here ..? Any Ideas.. ? Thanks in advance for your time.

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• Putting Together a Game Design Team?

  - by Kaia

  I'm attempting to put together a game design team that is willing to help me design/program, test, and somewhat produce the game we make to the public. I need anyone who knows anything about programming/coding, designing, etc. Once we get it up and running and out into the world (over dramatic maybe? haha) I have ideas of generating a profit from it so there is a possibility of payment. My thinking on it (so far) is this: 2D (possibly. I haven't decided if I want it 2D or 3D. It really depends on what is easier) 3rd person. Adventure (I want there to be a point to it, but like a point with no real end) I want there to be a story to it. If you've ever played Dofus, think like that. There is a story to the game, but no real end. I want (if possible) to include mini-games. These could end up becoming a possible way for a player to aquire in-game money, quest items, etc. If anyone is interested in helping me create the story line/script (which we will finsih first, before creating the game) please contact me. I want to get this completed as soon as possible.

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• Previewing a Demo Level in Mobile for UDK?

  - by Reno Yeo

  I've already clicked on "Emulate Mobile Features" and everything has been compiled. I've also set the mobile previewer settings to iPhone 4's dimensions and features. However, when i click on the mobile previewer, a new window pops up but it goes into a "Not Responding" mode after a while. Is there anything I'm doing wrong? To be honest, I'm afraid of the difficulty curve required in learning UDK, but I am interested in developing a game for it.

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• Fast determination of whether objects are onscreen in 2D

  - by Ben Ezard

  So currently, I have this in each object's renderer's update method: float a = transform.position.x * Main.scale; float b = transform.position.y * Main.scale; float c = Camera.main.transform.position.x * Main.scale; float d = Camera.main.transform.position.y * Main.scale; onscreen = a + width - c > 0 && a - c < GameView.width && b + height - d > 0 && b - d < GameView.height; transform.position is a 2D vector containing the game engine's definition of where the object is - this is then multiplied by Main.scale to translate that coordinate into actual screen space Similarly, Camera.main.transform.position is the in-engine representation of where the main camera is, and this is also multiplied by Main.scale The problem is, as my game is tile-based, thousands of these updates get called every frame, just to determine whether or not each object should be drawn - how can I improve this please?

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• Better solution for boolean mixing?

  - by Ruben Nunez

  Sorry if this question has been asked in the past, but searching Google and here didn't yield relevant results, so here goes. I'm working on a fragment shader that implements both conditional/boolean diffuse and bump mapping (that is to say, you don't need a diffuse texture or a normals texture, and if they're not present, they're simply changed to default values). My current solution is to use a uniform float to say "mix amount". For example, computing the diffuse texel works as: // Compute diffuse amount scaled by vCol // If no texture is present (mDif = 0.0), then DiffuseTexel = vCol // kT[0] is the diffuse texture // vTex is the texture co-ordinates // mDif is the uniform float containing the mix amount (either 0.0 or 1.0) vec4 DiffuseTexel = vCol*mix(vec4(1.0), texture2D(kT[0], vTex), mDif); While that works great and all, I was wondering if there's a better way of doing this, as I will never have any use for in-between values for funky effects. I know that perhaps the best solution is to simply write separate shaders for mDif=0.0 and mDif=1.0, but I'd like a more elegant solution than splicing shaders before compiling or writing multiple shader files and keeping each one updated. Any ideas are greatly appreciated. =)

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• C++: Checking if an object faces a point (within a certain range)

  - by bojoradarial

  I have been working on a shooter game in C++, and am trying to add a feature whereby missiles shot must be within 90 degrees (PI/2 radians) of the direction the ship is facing. The missiles will be shot towards the mouse. My idea is that the ship's angle of rotation is compared with the angle between the ship and the mouse (std::atan2(mouseY - shipY, mouseX - shipX)), and if the difference is less than PI/4 (45 degrees) then the missile can be fired. However, I can't seem to get this to work. The ship's angle of rotation is increased and decreased with the A and D keys, so it is possible that it isn't between 0 and 2*PI, hence the use of fmod() below. Code: float userRotation = std::fmod(user->Angle(), 6.28318f); if (std::abs(userRotation - missileAngle) > 0.78f) return; Any help would be appreciated. Thanks!

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• Multiplayer tile based movement synchronization

  - by Mars

  I have to synchronize the movement of multiple players over the Internet, and I'm trying to figure out the safest way to do that. The game is tile based, you can only move in 4 directions, and every move moves the sprite 32px (over time of course). Now, if I would simply send this move action to the server, which would broadcast it to all players, while the walk key is kept being pressed down, to keep walking, I have to take this next command, send it to the server, and to all clients, in time, or the movement won't be smooth anymore. I saw this in other games, and it can get ugly pretty quick, even without lag. So I'm wondering if this is even a viable option. This seems like a very good method for single player though, since it's easy, straight forward (, just take the next movement action in time and add it to a list), and you can easily add mouse movement (clicking on some tile), to add a path to a queue, that's walked along. The other thing that came to my mind was sending the information that someone started moving in some direction, and again once he stopped or changed the direction, together with the position, so that the sprite will appear at the correct position, or rather so that the position can be fixed if it's wrong. This should (hopefully) only make problems if someone really is lagging, in which case it's to be expected. For this to work out I'd need some kind of queue though, where incoming direction changes and stuff are saved, so the sprite knows where to go, after the current movement to the next tile is finished. This could actually work, but kinda sounds overcomplicated. Although it might be the only way to do this, without risk of stuttering. If a stop or direction change is received on the client side it's saved in a queue and the char keeps moving to the specified coordinates, before stopping or changing direction. If the new command comes in too late there'll be stuttering as well of course... I'm having a hard time deciding for a method, and I couldn't really find any examples for this yet. My main problem is keeping the tile movement smooth, which is why other topics regarding synchronization of pixel based movement aren't helping too much. What is the "standard" way to do this?

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• OpenGL + Allegro. Moving from software drawing X Y to openGL is confusing

  - by Aaron

  Having a fair bit of trouble. I'm used to Allegro and drawing sprites on a bitmap buffer at X Y coords. Now I've started a test project with OpenGL and its weird. Basically, as far as I know, theirs many ways to draw stuff in OpenGL. At the moment, I think I'm creating a Quad? Whatever that is, and I think Ive given it a texture of a bitmap and them im drawing that: GLuint gl_image; bitmap = load_bitmap("cat.bmp", NULL); gl_image = allegro_gl_make_texture_ex(AGL_TEXTURE_MASKED, bitmap, GL_RGBA); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gl_image); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glColor4ub(255, 255, 255, 255); glTexCoord2f(0, 0); glVertex3f(-0.5, 0.5, 0); glTexCoord2f(1, 0); glVertex3f(0.5, 0.5, 0); glTexCoord2f(1, 1); glVertex3f(0.5, -0.5, 0); glTexCoord2f(0, 1); glVertex3f(-0.5, -0.5, 0); glEnd(); So yeah. So I got a few questions: Is this the best way of drawing a sprite? Is it suitable? The big question: Can anyone help / Does anyone know any tutorials on this weird coordinate thing? If it even is that. It's vastly different from XY, but I want to learn it. I was thinking maybe I could learn how this weird positioning stuff works, and then write a function to try and translate it to X and Y coords. Thats about it. I'm still trying to figure it all out on my own but any contributions you guys can make would be greatly appreciated =D Thanks!

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• Passing an objects rotation down through its children

  - by MintyAnt

  In my topdown 2d game you have a player with a sword, like an old Zelda game. The sword is a seperate entity, and its collision box "rotates" around the player like an orbit, but always follows the player wherever he goes. The player and sword both have a vector2 heading. The sword is a weapon object that is attached to the character. In order to allow swinging in a direction, I have the following property inside sword (RotateCopy returns a copy of the mHeading after rotation) public Vector2 Heading { get { return mHeading.RotateCopy(mOwner.Rotation); } } This seems a bit messy to me, and slower than it could be. Is there a better way to "translate" the base/owner component rotations through to whatever component I am using, like this sword? Would using a rotation MATRIX be better? (Curretnly rotates by sin/cos) If so, how can I "add" up the matrices? Thank you.

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• Grid based collision - How many cells?

  - by Fibericon

  The game I'm creating is a bullet hell game, so there can be quite a few objects on the screen at any given time. It probably maxes out at about 40 enemies and 200 or so bullets. That being said, I'm splitting up the playing field into a grid for my collision checking. Right now, it's only 8 cells. How many would be optimal? I'm worried that if I use too many, I'll be wasting CPU power. My main concern is processing power, to make the game run smoothly. RAM is not a big concern for me.

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• How can I customize an FPS game?

  - by monoceres

  I want to create a customized (modded) fps game where I can change the look and feel of the game to match my intended theme. Some of the things I would like to do: Create a custom map (terrain). Add custom sound effects Change AI (For example, running away instead of actively looking for combat). Change menus and add some storyboard. Script events in game (like a countdown until game over) Change the models of the NPC's. What options do I have? Is there any platform/game/engine/whatever that allows one to do the things above in a reasonable way? I work as a programmer so I'm not afraid of coding some part of the project, but to save time it would be nice to work in some high-level way (like scripting or configuration files).

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• Make OpenGL game perform better

  - by Csabi

  I have programmed an OpenGL game which just contains one F1 car and a track. It is very simple and only uses around of 10'000 - 20'000 triangles. It should run on any PC but it won't, it needs a really good graphics-card to run at a decent framerate. Can you write some methods or links to sites which would help me make my scene/game more efective? my game can be downloaded from here or directly from here

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• How can be data oriented programming applied for GUI system?

  - by Miro

  I've just learned basics of Data oriented programming design, but I'm not very familiar with that yet. I've also read Pitfalls of Object Oriented Programming GCAP 09. It seems that data oriented programming is much better idea for games, than OOP. I'm just creating my own GUI system and it's completely OOP. I'm thinking if is data oriented programming design applicable for structured things like GUI. The main problem I see is that every type widget has different data, so I can hardly group them into arrays. Also every type of widget renders differently so I still need to call virtual functions.

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