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• How to store bitmaps in memory?

  - by Geotarget

  I'm working with general purpose image rendering, and high-performance image processing, and so I need to know how to store bitmaps in-memory. (24bpp/32bpp, compressed/raw, etc) I'm not working with 3D graphics or DirectX / OpenGL rendering and so I don't need to use graphics card compatible bitmap formats. My questions: What is the "usual" or "normal" way to store bitmaps in memory? (in C++ engines/projects?) How to store bitmaps for high-performance algorithms, such that read/write times are the fastest? (fixed array? with/without padding? 24-bpp or 32-bpp?) How to store bitmaps for applications handling a lot of bitmap data, to minimize memory usage? (JPEG? or a faster [de]compression algorithm?) Some possible methods: Use a fixed packed 24-bpp or 32-bpp int[] array and simply access pixels using pointer access, all pixels are allocated in one continuous memory chunk (could be 1-10 MB) Use a form of "sparse" data storage so each line of the bitmap is allocated separately, reusing more memory and requiring smaller contiguous memory segments Store bitmaps in its compressed form (PNG, JPG, GIF, etc) and unpack only when its needed, reducing the amount of memory used. Delete the unpacked data if its not used for 10 secs.

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• How can I solve this SAT direct corner intersection edge case?

  - by ssb

  I have a working SAT implementation, but I am running into a problem where direct collisions at a corner do not work for tiled surfaces. That is, it clips on the surface when going in a certain direction because it gets hung up on one of the tiles, and so, for example, if I walk across a floor while holding both down and left, the player will stop when meeting the next shape because the player will be colliding with the right side rather than with the top of the floor tile. This illustration shows what I mean: The top block will translate right first and then up. I have checked here and here which are helpful, but this does not address what I should do in a situation where I don't have a tile-based world. My usage of the term "tile" before isn't really accurate since what I'm doing here is manually placing square obstacles next to each other, not assigning them spots on a grid. What can I do to fix this?

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• How do I find the angle required to point to another object?

  - by Ginamin

  I am making an air combat game, where you can fly a ship in a 3D space. There is an opponent that flies around as well. When the opponent is not on screen, I want to display an arrow pointing in the direction the user should turn, as such: So, I took the camera location and the oppenent location and did this: double newDirection = atan2(activeCamera.location.y-ship_wrap.location.y, activeCamera.location.x-ship_wrap.location.x); After which, I get the position on the circumferance of a circle which surrounds my crosshairs, like such: trackingArrow.position = point((60*sin(angle)+240),60*cos(angle)+160); It all works fine, except it's the wrong angle! I assume my calculation for the new direction is incorrect. Can anyone help?

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• Deferred rendering order?

  - by Nick Wiggill

  There are some effects for which I must do multi-pass rendering. I've got the basics set up (FBO rendering etc.), but I'm trying to get my head around the most suitable setup. Here's what I'm thinking... The framebuffer objects: FBO 1 has a color attachment and a depth attachment. FBO 2 has a color attachment. The render passes: Render g-buffer: normals and depth (used by outline & DoF blur shaders); output to FBO no. 1. Render solid geometry, bold outlines (as in toon shader), and fog; output to FBO no. 2. (can all render via a single fragment shader -- I think.) (optional) DoF blur the scene; output to the default frame buffer OR ELSE render FBO2 directly to default frame buffer. (optional) Mesh wireframes; composite over what's already in the default framebuffer. Does this order seem viable? Any obvious mistakes?

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• How to control an actor movement in UDK

  - by Mikalichov

  This might be very basic, but I couldn't find something relevant to what I need (see below). I am working on a very basic thing: a 3D environment with some buildings, and actors walking inside it. It looks like following: I mainly want to manage to have one actor standing around, idling, and another walking around the area. Right now, this is done through matinee + skeletal mesh groups, and forcing a looped animation on the actors: But I realize this is super caveman-level. So I've build an AnimTree, linking the idling and directional animations to the corresponding nodes. But then, I'm stuck. I added the AnimTree in the actors properties, but nothing happens. I've tried MoveToActor, but no success - is there a thing to set to allow an actor to move? Also, I place the actors on the map manually (they are supposed to be unique), should I spawn them instead? Every tutorial I find explains how to use an AnimTree for the player character, which is not what I want. I need a way to move the actors. I tried to look for AI tutorials, but only found UT3 bots-modifications, which is not what I need either. Since I have so much trouble finding how to do this through Kismet, I'm starting to suspect this has to be done through scripting/coding, but I would like to be sure there is no way to do it through Kismet before going that route. Every bit of answer about how to tell an actor something along the lines of "go in that direction as much as you can, then when you hit a wall turn 45° and continue" would be awesome. I'll be happy to move/edit the question if there is any problem with it

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• Preventing item duplication?

  - by PuppyKevin

  For my game, there's two types of items - stackable, and nonstackable. Nonstackable items get assigned a unique ID that stays with it forever. A character ID is assosicated with the item, as is a state (CHANGED, UNCHANGED, NEW, REMOVED). The character ID and state is used for item saving purposes. Stackable items have one unique ID, as in the entire stack has one unique ID. For example: 5 Potions (stacked ontop of each other) has one unique ID. When dropping a nonstackable item, the state gets set to REMOVED, and the unique ID and state don't change. If picked up by another player, the state gets set to NEW, and the character ID gets changed to the new character's ID. When dropping all items in a stack of stackable items (for example, 5 potions out of 5) - it behaves just like a nonstackable item. When dropping some of a stack of stackable items (for example, 3 potions out of 5)... I really have no clue what to do. The 3 dropped potions have the state of REMOVED, but the same unique ID and character ID. If another player picks it up, it has no choice but to obtain a new unique ID, and its state gets changed to NEW and its character ID to the new one. If the dropping player picks it back up, they'd just be readded to the stack. There's two issues with that though. 1. If the player who dropped the 3 potions picks it back up, there's no way to tell if they legitimately dropped the items, or if they're duped items. 2. If another player picks up the 3 potions (assuming they're duped), there's no way to know if they're duped or not. My question is: How can I create a system that detects duplicated items for both nonstackable and stackable items?

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• Must all AI states be able to react to any event?

  - by Prog

  FSMs implemented with the State design pattern are a common way to design AI agents. I am familiar with the State design pattern and know how to implement it. How is this used in games to design AI agents? Consider a simplified class Monster, representing an AI agent: class Monster { State state; // other fields omitted public void update(){ // called every game-loop cycle state.execute(this); } public void setState(State state){ this.state = state; } // irrelevant stuff omitted } There are several State subclasses implementing execute() differently. So far, classic State pattern. AI agents are subject to environmental effects and other objects communicating with them. For example, an AI agent might tell another AI agent to attack (i.e. agent.attack()). Or a fireball might tell an AI agent to fall down. This means that the agent must have methods such as attack() and fallDown(), or commonly some message receiving mechanism to understand such messages. With an FSM, the current State of the agent should be the one taking care of such method calls - i.e. the agent delegates to the current state upon every event. Is this correct? If correct, how is this done? Are all states obligated by their superclass to implement methods such as attack(), fallDown() etc., so the agent can always delegate to them on almost every event? Or is it done in some other way?

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• HLSL 5 interpolation issues

  - by metredigm

  I'm having issues with the depth components of my shadowmapping shaders. The shadow map rendering shader is fine, and works very well. The world rendering shader is more problematic. The only value which seems to definitely be off is the pixel's position from the light's perspective, which I pass in parallel to the position. struct Pixel { float4 position : SV_Position; float4 light_pos : TEXCOORD2; float3 normal : NORMAL; float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD; }; The reason that I used the semantic 'TEXCOORD2' on the light's pixel position is because I believe that the problem lies with Direct3D's interpolation of values between shaders, and I started trying random semantics and also forcing linear and noperspective interpolations. In the world rendering shader, I observed in the pixel shader that the Z value of light_pos was always extremely close to, but less than the W value. This resulted in a depth result of 0.999 or similar for every pixel. Here is the vertex shader code : struct Vertex { float3 position : POSITION; float3 normal : NORMAL; float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD; }; struct Pixel { float4 position : SV_Position; float4 light_pos : TEXCOORD2; float3 normal : NORMAL; float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD; }; cbuffer Camera : register (b0) { matrix world; matrix view; matrix projection; }; cbuffer Light : register (b1) { matrix light_world; matrix light_view; matrix light_projection; }; Pixel RenderVertexShader(Vertex input) { Pixel output; output.position = mul(float4(input.position, 1.0f), world); output.position = mul(output.position, view); output.position = mul(output.position, projection); output.world_pos = mul(float4(input.position, 1.0f), world); output.world_pos = mul(output.world_pos, light_view); output.world_pos = mul(output.world_pos, light_projection); output.texcoord = input.texcoord; output.normal = input.normal; return output; } I suspect interpolation to be the culprit, as I used the camera matrices in place of the light matrices in the vertex shader, and had the same problem. The problem is evident as both of the same vectors were passed to a pixel from the VS, but only one of them showed a change in the PS. I have already thoroughly debugged the matrices' validity, the cbuffers' validity, and the multiplicative validity. I'm very stumped and have been trying to solve this for quite some time. Misc info : The light projection matrix and the camera projection matrix are the same, generated from D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(), with an FOV of 60.0f * 3.141f / 180.0f, a near clipping plane of 0.1f, and a far clipping plane of 1000.0f. Any ideas on what is happening? (This is a repost from my question on Stack Overflow)

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• Finding the endpoint of a named bone in Irrlicht

  - by Boreal

  I'm making a tank game that will have multiple tanks. I want to be able to define the weapon placements using bones that I can add right inside the modelling program (Blender to be exact). All tanks will have a bone called Body and a bone called Turret, and then names like Cannon0 and PickupGun for where the shots will be fired from that are attached to the Turret bone. Is there some way to find the absolute end position of a bone that I choose by name?

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• Creating a 2D Line Branch (Part 2)

  - by Danran

  Yesterday i asked this question on how to create a 2D line branch; Creating a 2D Line Branch And thanks to the answered provided, i now have this nice looking main branch; *coloured to show the different segments in the final item. Now is the time now to branch things off as discussed in the article; http://drilian.com/2009/02/25/lightning-bolts/ Again however i am confused as to the meaning of the following pseudo code; splitEnd = Rotate(direction, randomSmallAngle)*lengthScale + midPoint; I'm unsure how to actually rotate this correctly. In all honesty i'm abit unsure what to-do completely at this part, "splitEnd" will be a Vector3, so whatever happens in the rotate function must then return some form of directional rotation which is then * by a scale to create length and then added to the midPoint. I'm not sure. If someone could explain what i'm meant to be doing in this part that would be really grateful.

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• Strategy to prevent players from seeing through walls in an online FPS?

  - by geneotech

  Why do we still moan on wallhackers in multiplayer first-person shooters ? Isn't it possible to perform occlusion culling for all players server-side ? For example, send player xyz information to client only when the player is visible in client's frustum and not occluded by any object ? Even if the collision-geometry is very simplified, most of the time cheater won't receive tactical information. Why not do this ?

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• How can Highscores be more meaningful and engaging?

  - by Anselm Eickhoff

  I'm developing a casual Android game in which the player's success can very easily be represented by a number (I'm not more specific because I'm interested in the topic in general). Although I myself am not a highscore person at all, I was thinking of implementing a highscore for that game, but I see at least 2 problems in the classical leaderboard approach: very soon the highscore will be dominated by hardcore players, leaving no chance for beginners, who are then frustrated. This is very severe especially in casual games. there is no direct reward for being a loyal player who plays the game over and over again My current idea is to "reset" the highscore every 24 hours (for example) and each day nominate the "player of the day" who then gets a "star". Then there would be some kind of meta-highscore of players with the most stars. That way even beginners might have a chance to be "player of the day" once and continued or repeated play is rewarded much more. The idea is still very rough and there are many problems in the details and the technical implementation but I have a feeling it is a step in the right direction. Do you have creative and new ideas on how to implement highscores? Which games are doing this well / what types of highscores do you find most engaging?

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• Perminantly Sync a wiimote with a computer

  - by Adam Geisweit

  i have tried to look up many ways to sync up my wiimotes to my computer so that i can program games with it, but every time it only syncs them up temporarily, or if it says it can permanently sync it, it doesn't actually do it. it gets tiresome when i have to keep on reconnecting it every time i want to save battery life. how would i be able to sync up my wiimote to my computer so that if i turn off my wiimote, i can just hit any button and it will automatically sync it up?

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• Image loaded from TGA texture isn't displayed correctly

  - by Ramy Al Zuhouri

  I have a TGA texture containing this image: The texture is 256x256. So I'm trying to load it and map it to a cube: #import <OpenGL/OpenGL.h> #import <GLUT/GLUT.h> #import <stdlib.h> #import <stdio.h> #import <assert.h> GLuint width=640, height=480; GLuint texture; const char* const filename= "/Users/ramy/Documents/C/OpenGL/Test/Test/texture.tga"; void init() { // Initialization glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); glViewport(-500, -500, 1000, 1000); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); gluPerspective(45, width/(float)height, 1, 1000); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); gluLookAt(0, 0, -100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0); // Texture char bitmap[256][256][3]; FILE* fp=fopen(filename, "r"); assert(fp); assert(fread(bitmap, 3*sizeof(char), 256*256, fp) == 256*256); fclose(fp); glGenTextures(1, &texture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, 256, 256, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, bitmap); } void display() { glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture); glColor3ub(255, 255, 255); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glVertex3f(0, 0, 0); glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0); glVertex3f(40, 0, 0); glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(40, 40, 0); glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(0, 40, 0); glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0); glEnd(); glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glutSwapBuffers(); } int main(int argc, char** argv) { glutInit(&argc, argv); glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH | GLUT_DOUBLE); glutInitWindowPosition(100, 100); glutInitWindowSize(width, height); glutCreateWindow(argv[0]); glutDisplayFunc(display); init(); glutMainLoop(); return 0; } But this is what I get when the window loads: So just half of the image is correctly displayed, and also with different colors.Then if I resize the window I get this: Magically the image seems to fix itself, even if the colors are wrong.Why?

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• Infinite terrain shadows

  - by user35399

  I'm creating an infinite terrain engine, which generates the terrain either with fractals or noise. How can I make dynamic shadows for the sun on this terrain, if I don't know in advance what will be rendered in front of the sun. My terrain: The sun is the only light, it is directional, my terrain is generated on a plane which is positioned before the camera, frustum culled and fits the size of the viewing frustum. It is height mapped with generated noise texture, and using tessellation shaders on it. Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tk6yFwYusOs Dynamic shadows with the infinite terrain.

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• Game maps with "counties" that are split along lines that aren't necessarily straight

  - by pm_2

  I want to create a game environment that supports a 2D map. This is a really basic map, but must be split along lines that are not necessarily straight. So imagine a country with county boundaries. I then want to be able to detect drag / drop events within these counties. What I'm really looking for here is a pointer to where to start on this (how it has been done before - any existing libraries out there), as I'm sure that what I'm trying to do is not new - although I can't find a beginners guide for this anywhere.

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• How do you maintain content size vs. content quality in an application?

  - by PeterK

  I am developing my first Cocos2d iPhone/iPad game that includes quite a few sprites, I would need approximately 80 different. As this is for both normal and HD displays I have 2x of each sprite. I am using TexturePacker to optimize the thing. I would like to ask if there are any rules-of-thumb, tricks, ideas etc. to adjust to in regards to size of content, quality and how you maintain high-quality HD-based graphics due to its size vs. the device memory sizes? Also, is it a good idea to only have one copy of the sprites and scale it using code?

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• OpenGL + Allegro. Moving from software drawing X Y to openGL is confusing

  - by Aaron

  Having a fair bit of trouble. I'm used to Allegro and drawing sprites on a bitmap buffer at X Y coords. Now I've started a test project with OpenGL and its weird. Basically, as far as I know, theirs many ways to draw stuff in OpenGL. At the moment, I think I'm creating a Quad? Whatever that is, and I think Ive given it a texture of a bitmap and them im drawing that: GLuint gl_image; bitmap = load_bitmap("cat.bmp", NULL); gl_image = allegro_gl_make_texture_ex(AGL_TEXTURE_MASKED, bitmap, GL_RGBA); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gl_image); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glColor4ub(255, 255, 255, 255); glTexCoord2f(0, 0); glVertex3f(-0.5, 0.5, 0); glTexCoord2f(1, 0); glVertex3f(0.5, 0.5, 0); glTexCoord2f(1, 1); glVertex3f(0.5, -0.5, 0); glTexCoord2f(0, 1); glVertex3f(-0.5, -0.5, 0); glEnd(); So yeah. So I got a few questions: Is this the best way of drawing a sprite? Is it suitable? The big question: Can anyone help / Does anyone know any tutorials on this weird coordinate thing? If it even is that. It's vastly different from XY, but I want to learn it. I was thinking maybe I could learn how this weird positioning stuff works, and then write a function to try and translate it to X and Y coords. Thats about it. I'm still trying to figure it all out on my own but any contributions you guys can make would be greatly appreciated =D Thanks!

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• Passing an objects rotation down through its children

  - by MintyAnt

  In my topdown 2d game you have a player with a sword, like an old Zelda game. The sword is a seperate entity, and its collision box "rotates" around the player like an orbit, but always follows the player wherever he goes. The player and sword both have a vector2 heading. The sword is a weapon object that is attached to the character. In order to allow swinging in a direction, I have the following property inside sword (RotateCopy returns a copy of the mHeading after rotation) public Vector2 Heading { get { return mHeading.RotateCopy(mOwner.Rotation); } } This seems a bit messy to me, and slower than it could be. Is there a better way to "translate" the base/owner component rotations through to whatever component I am using, like this sword? Would using a rotation MATRIX be better? (Curretnly rotates by sin/cos) If so, how can I "add" up the matrices? Thank you.

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• Make OpenGL game perform better

  - by Csabi

  I have programmed an OpenGL game which just contains one F1 car and a track. It is very simple and only uses around of 10'000 - 20'000 triangles. It should run on any PC but it won't, it needs a really good graphics-card to run at a decent framerate. Can you write some methods or links to sites which would help me make my scene/game more efective? my game can be downloaded from here or directly from here

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• Grid based collision - How many cells?

  - by Fibericon

  The game I'm creating is a bullet hell game, so there can be quite a few objects on the screen at any given time. It probably maxes out at about 40 enemies and 200 or so bullets. That being said, I'm splitting up the playing field into a grid for my collision checking. Right now, it's only 8 cells. How many would be optimal? I'm worried that if I use too many, I'll be wasting CPU power. My main concern is processing power, to make the game run smoothly. RAM is not a big concern for me.

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• How can I customize an FPS game?

  - by monoceres

  I want to create a customized (modded) fps game where I can change the look and feel of the game to match my intended theme. Some of the things I would like to do: Create a custom map (terrain). Add custom sound effects Change AI (For example, running away instead of actively looking for combat). Change menus and add some storyboard. Script events in game (like a countdown until game over) Change the models of the NPC's. What options do I have? Is there any platform/game/engine/whatever that allows one to do the things above in a reasonable way? I work as a programmer so I'm not afraid of coding some part of the project, but to save time it would be nice to work in some high-level way (like scripting or configuration files).

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• iOS Game that Runs Continuously in Background

  - by user2913669

  I'm trying to understand the most logical way of creating an iOS game that runs continuously in the background. For example.. you have tower and enemy waves. The game has endless enemy waves even when the game exits. When you open the game again, it will retrieve the data that occurred when the app was closed. I assume a database on a server would be the best solution. The values continuously increment on the server. The game connects to the server and retrieves the specific user's updated game data.

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• why would you use textures that are not a power of 2?

  - by Will

  In the early days of OpenGL and DirectX, it was required that textures were powers of two. This meant that interpolation of float values could be done very quickly using shifting and such. Since OpenGL 2.0, and preceding that via an extension, non-power-of-two texture dimensions has been supported. Are there performance advantages to sticking to power-of-two textures on modern integrated and discrete GPUs? What advantages do non-power-of-two textures have, if any? Are there large populations of desktop users who don't have cards that support non-power-of-two textures?

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• Multiplayer tile based movement synchronization

  - by Mars

  I have to synchronize the movement of multiple players over the Internet, and I'm trying to figure out the safest way to do that. The game is tile based, you can only move in 4 directions, and every move moves the sprite 32px (over time of course). Now, if I would simply send this move action to the server, which would broadcast it to all players, while the walk key is kept being pressed down, to keep walking, I have to take this next command, send it to the server, and to all clients, in time, or the movement won't be smooth anymore. I saw this in other games, and it can get ugly pretty quick, even without lag. So I'm wondering if this is even a viable option. This seems like a very good method for single player though, since it's easy, straight forward (, just take the next movement action in time and add it to a list), and you can easily add mouse movement (clicking on some tile), to add a path to a queue, that's walked along. The other thing that came to my mind was sending the information that someone started moving in some direction, and again once he stopped or changed the direction, together with the position, so that the sprite will appear at the correct position, or rather so that the position can be fixed if it's wrong. This should (hopefully) only make problems if someone really is lagging, in which case it's to be expected. For this to work out I'd need some kind of queue though, where incoming direction changes and stuff are saved, so the sprite knows where to go, after the current movement to the next tile is finished. This could actually work, but kinda sounds overcomplicated. Although it might be the only way to do this, without risk of stuttering. If a stop or direction change is received on the client side it's saved in a queue and the char keeps moving to the specified coordinates, before stopping or changing direction. If the new command comes in too late there'll be stuttering as well of course... I'm having a hard time deciding for a method, and I couldn't really find any examples for this yet. My main problem is keeping the tile movement smooth, which is why other topics regarding synchronization of pixel based movement aren't helping too much. What is the "standard" way to do this?

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