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  • BFS algorithm problem

    - by Gorkamorka
    The problem is as follows: A wanderer begins on the grid coordinates (x,y) and wants to reach the coordinates (0,0). From every gridpoint, the wanderer can go 8 steps north OR 3 steps south OR 5 steps east OR 6 steps west (8N/3S/5E/6W). How can I find the shortest route from (X,Y) to (0,0) using breadth-first search? Clarifications: Unlimited grid Negative coordinates are allowed A queue (linked list or array) must be used No obstacles present

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  • question about api functions

    - by davit-datuashvili
    i have question we have API functions in java can user create it's own function and add to his java IDE? for example i am using netbeans can i create my own function add to netbean IDE?let say create binary function or something else thanks

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  • How to make disconnected closed curves connected by adding a shortest path using MATLAB?

    - by user198729
    bwlabel can be used to get disconnected objects in an image: [L Ne] = bwlabel(image); I want to make the objects(But my target is only the contours(closed curve) of these objects) connected by adding a shortest path where necessary. How do I approach this? UPDATE Or how to dilate the closed curves so that they get connected? How to calculate the shortest path between two disconnected closed curves?

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  • Converting to a column oriented array in Java

    - by halfwarp
    Although I have Java in the title, this could be for any OO language. I'd like to know a few new ideas to improve the performance of something I'm trying to do. I have a method that is constantly receiving an Object[] array. I need to split the Objects in this array through multiple arrays (List or something), so that I have an independent list for each column of all arrays the method receives. Example: List<List<Object>> column-oriented = new ArrayList<ArrayList<Object>>(); public void newObject(Object[] obj) { for(int i = 0; i < obj.length; i++) { column-oriented.get(i).add(obj[i]); } } Note: For simplicity I've omitted the initialization of objects and stuff. The code I've shown above is slow of course. I've already tried a few other things, but would like to hear some new ideas. How would you do this knowing it's very performance sensitive?

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  • Naive Bayesian classification (spam filtering) - Doubt in one calculation? Which one is right? Plz c

    - by Microkernel
    Hi guys, I am implementing Naive Bayesian classifier for spam filtering. I have doubt on some calculation. Please clarify me what to do. Here is my question. In this method, you have to calculate P(S|W) - Probability that Message is spam given word W occurs in it. P(W|S) - Probability that word W occurs in a spam message. P(W|H) - Probability that word W occurs in a Ham message. So to calculate P(W|S), should I do (1) (Number of times W occuring in spam)/(total number of times W occurs in all the messages) OR (2) (Number of times word W occurs in Spam)/(Total number of words in the spam message) So, to calculate P(W|S), should I do (1) or (2)? (I thought it to be (2), but I am not sure, so plz clarify me) I am refering http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_spam_filtering for the info by the way. I got to complete the implementation by this weekend :( Thanks and regards, MicroKernel :) @sth: Hmm... Shouldn't repeated occurrence of word 'W' increase a message's spam score? In the your approach it wouldn't, right?. Lets take a scenario and discuss... Lets say, we have 100 training messages, out of which 50 are spam and 50 are Ham. and say word_count of each message = 100. And lets say, in spam messages word W occurs 5 times in each message and word W occurs 1 time in Ham message. So total number of times W occuring in all the spam message = 5*50 = 250 times. And total number of times W occuring in all Ham messages = 1*50 = 50 times. Total occurance of W in all of the training messages = (250+50) = 300 times. So, in this scenario, how do u calculate P(W|S) and P(W|H) ? Naturally we should expect, P(W|S) P(W|H)??? right. Please share your thought...

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  • How to sort a list so that managers are always ahead of their subordinates (How do I do a topologica

    - by James Black
    I am working on a project using Groovy, and I would like to take an array of employees, so that no manager follows their subordinates in the array. The reason being that I need to add people to a database and I would prefer not to do it in two passes. So, I basically have: <employees> <employee> <employeeid>12</employeeid> <manager>3</manager> </employee> <employee> <employeeid>1</employeeid> <manager></manager> </employee> <employee> <employeeid>3</employeeid> <manager>1</manager> </employee> </employees> So, it should be sorted as such: employeeid = 1 employeeid = 3 employeeid = 12 The first person should have a null for managers. I am thinking about a binary tree representation, but I expect it will be very unbalanced, and I am not certain the best way to do this using Groovy properly. Is there a way to do this that isn't going to involve using nested loops?

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  • List of Big-O for PHP functions?

    - by Kendall Hopkins
    After using PHP for a while now, I've noticed that not all PHP built in functions as fast as expected. Consider the below two possible implementations of a function that finds if a number is prime using a cached array of primes. //very slow for large $prime_array $prime_array = array( 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, .... 104729, ... ); $result_array = array(); foreach( $array_of_number => $number ) { $result_array[$number] = in_array( $number, $large_prime_array ); } //still decent performance for large $prime_array $prime_array => array( 2 => NULL, 3 => NULL, 5 => NULL, 7 => NULL, 11 => NULL, 13 => NULL, .... 104729 => NULL, ... ); foreach( $array_of_number => $number ) { $result_array[$number] = array_key_exists( $number, $large_prime_array ); } This is because in_array is implemented with a linear search O(n) which will linearly slow down as $prime_array grows. Where the array_key_exists function is implemented with a hash lookup O(1) which will not slow down unless the hash table gets extremely populated (in which case it's only O(logn)). So far I've had to discover the big-O's via trial and error, and occasionally looking at the source code. Now for the question... I was wondering if there was a list of the theoretical (or practical) big O times for all* the PHP built in functions. *or at least the interesting ones For example find it very hard to predict what the big O of functions listed because the possible implementation depends on unknown core data structures of PHP: array_merge, array_merge_recursive, array_reverse, array_intersect, array_combine, str_replace (with array inputs), etc.

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  • Time Complexities of recursive algorithms

    - by Peter
    Whenever I see a recursive solution, or I write recursive code for a problem, it is really difficult for me to figure out the time complexity, in most of the cases I just say its exponential? How is it exponential actually? How people say it is 2^n, when it is n!, when it is n^n or n^k. I have some questions in mind, let say find all permutations of a string (O(n!)) find all sequences which sum up to k in an array (exponential, how exactly do I calculate). Find all subsets of size k whose sum is 0 (will k come somewhere in complexity , it should come right?). Can any1 help me how to calculate the exact complexity of such questions, I am able to wrote code for them , but its hard understanding the exact time complexity.

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  • Way to store a large dictionary with low memory footprint + fast lookups (on Android)

    - by BobbyJim
    I'm developing an android word game app that needs a large (~250,000 word dictionary) available. I need: reasonably fast look ups e.g. constant time preferable, need to do maybe 200 lookups a second on occasion to solve a word puzzle and maybe 20 lookups within 0.2 second more often to check words the user just spelled. EDIT: Lookups are typically asking "Is in the dictionary?". I'd like to support up to two wildcards in the word as well, but this is easy enough by just generating all possible letters the wildcards could have been and checking the generated words (i.e. 26 * 26 lookups for a word with two wildcards). as it's a mobile app, using as little memory as possible and requiring only a small initial download for the dictionary data is top priority. My first naive attempts used Java's HashMap class, which caused an out of memory exception. I've looked into using the SQL lite databases available on android, but this seems like overkill. What's a good way to do what I need?

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  • Managed code (C#) vs Matlabs and C++ for speed

    - by dotnetdev
    Hi, I am about to start developing an edge detection system (once I've read through a couple of books, which I'm doing so at good speed), but one thing I am wondering is the speed of an app like Matlabs (which can compile code to C++) vs AFORGE.NET for edge detecton. Is unmanaged code generally faster? Thanks

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  • How do I find all paths through a set of given nodes in a DAG?

    - by Hanno Fietz
    I have a list of items (blue nodes below) which are categorized by the users of my application. The categories themselves can be grouped and categorized themselves. The resulting structure can be represented as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) where the items are sinks at the bottom of the graph's topology and the top categories are sources. Note that while some of the categories might be well defined, a lot is going to be user defined and might be very messy. Example: On that structure, I want to perform the following operations: find all items (sinks) below a particular node (all items in Europe) find all paths (if any) that pass through all of a set of n nodes (all items sent via SMTP from example.com) find all nodes that lie below all of a set of nodes (intersection: goyish brown foods) The first seems quite straightforward: start at the node, follow all possible paths to the bottom and collect the items there. However, is there a faster approach? Remembering the nodes I already passed through probably helps avoiding unnecessary repetition, but are there more optimizations? How do I go about the second one? It seems that the first step would be to determine the height of each node in the set, as to determine at which one(s) to start and then find all paths below that which include the rest of the set. But is this the best (or even a good) approach? The graph traversal algorithms listed at Wikipedia all seem to be concerned with either finding a particular node or the shortest or otherwise most effective route between two nodes. I think both is not what I want, or did I just fail to see how this applies to my problem? Where else should I read?

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  • Sync Algorithms

    - by Kristopher Johnson
    Are there any good references out there for sync algorithms? I'm interested in algorithms that synchronize the following kinds of data between multiple users: calendars documents lists and outlines I'm not just looking for synchronization of contents of directories a la rsync; I am interested in merging the data within individual files.

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  • Data Structure for a particular problem??

    - by AGeek
    Hi, Which data structure can perform insertion, deletion and searching operation in O(1) time in the worst case. We may assume the set of elements are integers drawn from a finite set 1,2,...,n, and initialization can take O(n) time. I can only think of implementing a hash table. Implementing it with Trees will not give O(1) time complexity for any of the operation. Or is it possible?? Kindly share your views on this, or any other data structure apart from these.. Thanks..

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  • question about qsort in c++

    - by davit-datuashvili
    i have following code in c++ #include <iostream> using namespace std; void qsort5(int a[],int n){ int i; int j; if (n<=1) return; for (i=1;i<n;i++) j=0; if (a[i]<a[0]) swap(++j,i,a); swap(0,j,a); qsort5(a,j); qsort(a+j+1,n-j-1); } int main() { return 0; } void swap(int i,int j,int a[]) { int t=a[i]; a[i]=a[j]; a[j]=t; } i have problem 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(13) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(std::basic_string<_Elem,_Traits,_Alloc> &,std::basic_string<_Elem,_Traits,_Alloc> &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\xstring(2203) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(13) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(std::pair<_Ty1,_Ty2> &,std::pair<_Ty1,_Ty2> &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\utility(76) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(13) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(_Ty &,_Ty &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\utility(16) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(14) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(std::basic_string<_Elem,_Traits,_Alloc> &,std::basic_string<_Elem,_Traits,_Alloc> &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\xstring(2203) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(14) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(std::pair<_Ty1,_Ty2> &,std::pair<_Ty1,_Ty2> &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\utility(76) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(14) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(_Ty &,_Ty &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\utility(16) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(16) : error C2661: 'qsort' : no overloaded function takes 2 arguments 1>Build log was saved at "file://c:\Users\dato\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\qsort5\qsort5\Debug\BuildLog.htm" please help

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  • Base X string encoding

    - by Paul Stone
    I'm looking for a routine that will encode a string (stream of bytes) into an arbitrary base/alphabet (like base64 encoding but I get to choose the alphabet). I've seen a few routines that do base X encoding for a number, but not for a string.

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  • simple plot algorithm with autoscale

    - by adrin
    I need to implement a simple plotting component in C#(WPF to be more precise). What i have is a collection of data samples containing time (X axis) and a value (both double types). I have a drawing canvas of a fixed size (Width x Height) and a DrawLine method/function that can draw on it. The problem I am facing now is how do I draw the plot so that it is autoscaled? In other words how do I map the samples I have to actual pixels on my Width x Height canvas?

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  • Client-server synchronization pattern / algorithm?

    - by tm_lv
    I have a feeling that there must be client-server synchronization patterns out there. But i totally failed to google up one. Situation is quite simple - server is the central node, that multiple clients connect to and manipulate same data. Data can be split in atoms, in case of conflict, whatever is on server, has priority (to avoid getting user into conflict solving). Partial synchronization is preferred due to potentially large amounts of data. Are there any patterns / good practices for such situation, or if you don't know of any - what would be your approach? Below is how i now think to solve it: Parallel to data, a modification journal will be held, having all transactions timestamped. When client connects, it receives all changes since last check, in consolidated form (server goes through lists and removes additions that are followed by deletions, merges updates for each atom, etc.). Et voila, we are up to date. Alternative would be keeping modification date for each record, and instead of performing data deletes, just mark them as deleted. Any thoughts?

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  • Java algorithm for normalizing audio

    - by Marty Pitt
    I'm trying to normalize an audio file of speech. Specifically, where an audio file contains peaks in volume, I'm trying to level it out, so the quiet sections are louder, and the peaks are quieter. I know very little about audio manipulation, beyond what I've learnt from working on this task. Also, my math is embarrassingly weak. I've done some research, and the Xuggle site provides a sample which shows reducing the volume using the following code: (full version here) @Override public void onAudioSamples(IAudioSamplesEvent event) { // get the raw audio byes and adjust it's value ShortBuffer buffer = event.getAudioSamples().getByteBuffer().asShortBuffer(); for (int i = 0; i < buffer.limit(); ++i) buffer.put(i, (short)(buffer.get(i) * mVolume)); super.onAudioSamples(event); } Here, they modify the bytes in getAudioSamples() by a constant of mVolume. Building on this approach, I've attempted a normalisation modifies the bytes in getAudioSamples() to a normalised value, considering the max/min in the file. (See below for details). I have a simple filter to leave "silence" alone (ie., anything below a value). I'm finding that the output file is very noisy (ie., the quality is seriously degraded). I assume that the error is either in my normalisation algorithim, or the way I manipulate the bytes. However, I'm unsure of where to go next. Here's an abridged version of what I'm currently doing. Step 1: Find peaks in file: Reads the full audio file, and finds this highest and lowest values of buffer.get() for all AudioSamples @Override public void onAudioSamples(IAudioSamplesEvent event) { IAudioSamples audioSamples = event.getAudioSamples(); ShortBuffer buffer = audioSamples.getByteBuffer().asShortBuffer(); short min = Short.MAX_VALUE; short max = Short.MIN_VALUE; for (int i = 0; i < buffer.limit(); ++i) { short value = buffer.get(i); min = (short) Math.min(min, value); max = (short) Math.max(max, value); } // assign of min/max ommitted for brevity. super.onAudioSamples(event); } Step 2: Normalize all values: In a loop similar to step1, replace the buffer with normalized values, calling: buffer.put(i, normalize(buffer.get(i)); public short normalize(short value) { if (isBackgroundNoise(value)) return value; short rawMin = // min from step1 short rawMax = // max from step1 short targetRangeMin = 1000; short targetRangeMax = 8000; int abs = Math.abs(value); double a = (abs - rawMin) * (targetRangeMax - targetRangeMin); double b = (rawMax - rawMin); double result = targetRangeMin + ( a/b ); // Copy the sign of value to result. result = Math.copySign(result,value); return (short) result; } Questions: Is this a valid approach for attempting to normalize an audio file? Is my math in normalize() valid? Why would this cause the file to become noisy, where a similar approach in the demo code doesn't?

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  • Methodologies or algorithms for filling in missing data

    - by tbone
    I am dealing with datasets with missing data and need to be able to fill forward, backward, and gaps. So, for example, if I have data from Jan 1, 2000 to Dec 31, 2010, and some days are missing, when a user requests a timespan that begins before, ends after, or encompasses the missing data points, I need to "fill in" these missing values. Is there a proper term to refer to this concept of filling in data? Imputation is one term, don't know if it is "the" term for it though. I presume there are multiple algorithms & methodologies for filling in missing data (use last measured, using median/average/moving average, etc between 2 known numbers, etc. Anyone know the proper term for this problem, any online resources on this topic, or ideally links to open source implementations of some algorithms (C# preferably, but any language would be useful)

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