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  • Is there a name for the technique of using base-2 numbers to encode a list of unique options?

    - by Lunatik
    Apologies for the rather vague nature of this question, I've never been taught programming and Google is rather useless to a self-help guy like me in this case as the key words are pretty ambiguous. I am writing a couple of functions that encode and decode a list of options into a Long so they can easily be passed around the application, you know this kind of thing: 1 - Apple 2 - Orange 4 - Banana 8 - Plum etc. In this case the number 11 would represent Apple, Orange & Plum. I've got it working but I see this used all the time so assume there is a common name for the technique, and no doubt all sorts of best practice and clever algorithms that are at the moment just out of my reach.

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  • Managed code (C#) vs Matlabs and C++ for speed

    - by dotnetdev
    Hi, I am about to start developing an edge detection system (once I've read through a couple of books, which I'm doing so at good speed), but one thing I am wondering is the speed of an app like Matlabs (which can compile code to C++) vs AFORGE.NET for edge detecton. Is unmanaged code generally faster? Thanks

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  • Compact data structure for storing a large set of integral values

    - by Odrade
    I'm working on an application that needs to pass around large sets of Int32 values. The sets are expected to contain ~1,000,000-50,000,000 items, where each item is a database key in the range 0-50,000,000. I expect distribution of ids in any given set to be effectively random over this range. The operations I need on the set are dirt simple: Add a new value Iterate over all of the values. There is a serious concern about the memory usage of these sets, so I'm looking for a data structure that can store the ids more efficiently than a simple List<int>or HashSet<int>. I've looked at BitArray, but that can be wasteful depending on how sparse the ids are. I've also considered a bitwise trie, but I'm unsure how to calculate the space efficiency of that solution for the expected data. A Bloom Filter would be great, if only I could tolerate the false negatives. I would appreciate any suggestions of data structures suitable for this purpose. I'm interested in both out-of-the-box and custom solutions. EDIT: To answer your questions: No, the items don't need to be sorted By "pass around" I mean both pass between methods and serialize and send over the wire. I clearly should have mentioned this. There could be a decent number of these sets in memory at once (~100).

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  • How to scale JPEG image down so that text is clear as possible?

    - by Juha Syrjälä
    I have some JPEG images that I need scale down to about 80% of original size. Original image dimension are about 700px × 1000px. Images contain some computer generated text and possibly some graphics (similar to what you would find in corporate word documents). How to scale image so that the text is as legible as possible? Currently we are scaling the imaeg down using bicubic interpolation, but that makes the text blurry and foggy.

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  • A graph problem

    - by copperhead
    I am struggling to solve the following problem http://uva.onlinejudge.org/external/1/193.html However Im not able to get a fast solution. And as seen by the times of others, there should be a solution of maximum n^2 complexity http://uva.onlinejudge.org/index.php?option=com_onlinejudge&Itemid=8&category=3&page=show_problem&problemid=129&page=problem_stats Can I get some help?

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  • Simple/Basic steganography algorithms and methods

    - by tomp
    What are the basic and simpliest steganography algorithms and methods? I mean the steganography applied to images. How does simple program that hides data to images work? How does the program recognize the encrypted message in image without the source image? What are the main techniques used?

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  • algorithm q: Fuzzy matching of structured data

    - by user86432
    I have a fairly small corpus of structured records sitting in a database. Given a tiny fraction of the information contained in a single record, submitted via a web form (so structured in the same way as the table schema), (let us call it the test record) I need to quickly draw up a list of the records that are the most likely matches for the test record, as well as provide a confidence estimate of how closely the search terms match a record. The primary purpose of this search is to discover whether someone is attempting to input a record that is duplicate to one in the corpus. There is a reasonable chance that the test record will be a dupe, and a reasonable chance the test record will not be a dupe. The records are about 12000 bytes wide and the total count of records is about 150,000. There are 110 columns in the table schema and 95% of searches will be on the top 5% most commonly searched columns. The data is stuff like names, addresses, telephone numbers, and other industry specific numbers. In both the corpus and the test record it is entered by hand and is semistructured within an individual field. You might at first blush say "weight the columns by hand and match word tokens within them", but it's not so easy. I thought so too: if I get a telephone number I thought that would indicate a perfect match. The problem is that there isn't a single field in the form whose token frequency does not vary by orders of magnitude. A telephone number might appear 100 times in the corpus or 1 time in the corpus. The same goes for any other field. This makes weighting at the field level impractical. I need a more fine-grained approach to get decent matching. My initial plan was to create a hash of hashes, top level being the fieldname. Then I would select all of the information from the corpus for a given field, attempt to clean up the data contained in it, and tokenize the sanitized data, hashing the tokens at the second level, with the tokens as keys and frequency as value. I would use the frequency count as a weight: the higher the frequency of a token in the reference corpus, the less weight I attach to that token if it is found in the test record. My first question is for the statisticians in the room: how would I use the frequency as a weight? Is there a precise mathematical relationship between n, the number of records, f(t), the frequency with which a token t appeared in the corpus, the probability o that a record is an original and not a duplicate, and the probability p that the test record is really a record x given the test and x contain the same t in the same field? How about the relationship for multiple token matches across multiple fields? Since I sincerely doubt that there is, is there anything that gets me close but is better than a completely arbitrary hack full of magic factors? Barring that, has anyone got a way to do this? I'm especially keen on other suggestions that do not involve maintaining another table in the database, such as a token frequency lookup table :). This is my first post on StackOverflow, thanks in advance for any replies you may see fit to give.

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  • List of Big-O for PHP functions?

    - by Kendall Hopkins
    After using PHP for a while now, I've noticed that not all PHP built in functions as fast as expected. Consider the below two possible implementations of a function that finds if a number is prime using a cached array of primes. //very slow for large $prime_array $prime_array = array( 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, .... 104729, ... ); $result_array = array(); foreach( $array_of_number => $number ) { $result_array[$number] = in_array( $number, $large_prime_array ); } //still decent performance for large $prime_array $prime_array => array( 2 => NULL, 3 => NULL, 5 => NULL, 7 => NULL, 11 => NULL, 13 => NULL, .... 104729 => NULL, ... ); foreach( $array_of_number => $number ) { $result_array[$number] = array_key_exists( $number, $large_prime_array ); } This is because in_array is implemented with a linear search O(n) which will linearly slow down as $prime_array grows. Where the array_key_exists function is implemented with a hash lookup O(1) which will not slow down unless the hash table gets extremely populated (in which case it's only O(logn)). So far I've had to discover the big-O's via trial and error, and occasionally looking at the source code. Now for the question... I was wondering if there was a list of the theoretical (or practical) big O times for all* the PHP built in functions. *or at least the interesting ones For example find it very hard to predict what the big O of functions listed because the possible implementation depends on unknown core data structures of PHP: array_merge, array_merge_recursive, array_reverse, array_intersect, array_combine, str_replace (with array inputs), etc.

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  • Solving simultaneous equations

    - by Milo
    Here is my problem: Given x, y, z and ratio where z is known and ratio is known and is a float representing a relative value, I need to find x and y. I know that: x / y == ratio y - x == z What I'm trying to do is make my own scroll pane and I'm figuring out the scrollbar parameters. So for example, If the scrollbar must be able to scroll 100 values (z) and the thumb must consume 80% of the bar (ratio = 0.8) then x would be 400 and y would be 500. Thanks

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  • What is it about Fibonacci numbers?

    - by Ian Bishop
    Fibonacci numbers have become a popular introduction to recursion for Computer Science students and there's a strong argument that they persist within nature. For these reasons, many of us are familiar with them. They also exist within Computer Science elsewhere too; in surprisingly efficient data structures and algorithms based upon the sequence. There are two main examples that come to mind: Fibonacci heaps which have better amortized running time than binomial heaps. Fibonacci search which shares O(log N) running time with binary search on an ordered array. Is there some special property of these numbers that gives them an advantage over other numerical sequences? Is it a density quality? What other possible applications could they have? It seems strange to me as there are many natural number sequences that occur in other recursive problems, but I've never seen a Catalan heap.

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  • BFS algorithm problem

    - by Gorkamorka
    The problem is as follows: A wanderer begins on the grid coordinates (x,y) and wants to reach the coordinates (0,0). From every gridpoint, the wanderer can go 8 steps north OR 3 steps south OR 5 steps east OR 6 steps west (8N/3S/5E/6W). How can I find the shortest route from (X,Y) to (0,0) using breadth-first search? Clarifications: Unlimited grid Negative coordinates are allowed A queue (linked list or array) must be used No obstacles present

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  • Programming Contest Question: Counting Polyominos

    - by Martijn Courteaux
    Hi, An example question for a programming contest was to write a program that finds out how much polyominos are possible with a given number of stones. So for two stones (n = 2) there is only one polyominos: XX You might think this is a second solution: X X But it isn't. The polyominos are not unique if you can rotate them. So, for 4 stones (n = 4), there are 7 solutions: X X XX X X X X X X XX X XX XX XX X X X XX X X XX The application has to be able to find the solution for 1 <= n <=10 PS: Using the list of polyominos on Wikipedia isn't allowed ;) EDIT: Of course the question is: How to do this in Java, C/C++, C#

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  • Sync Algorithms

    - by Kristopher Johnson
    Are there any good references out there for sync algorithms? I'm interested in algorithms that synchronize the following kinds of data between multiple users: calendars documents lists and outlines I'm not just looking for synchronization of contents of directories a la rsync; I am interested in merging the data within individual files.

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  • Time Complexities of recursive algorithms

    - by Peter
    Whenever I see a recursive solution, or I write recursive code for a problem, it is really difficult for me to figure out the time complexity, in most of the cases I just say its exponential? How is it exponential actually? How people say it is 2^n, when it is n!, when it is n^n or n^k. I have some questions in mind, let say find all permutations of a string (O(n!)) find all sequences which sum up to k in an array (exponential, how exactly do I calculate). Find all subsets of size k whose sum is 0 (will k come somewhere in complexity , it should come right?). Can any1 help me how to calculate the exact complexity of such questions, I am able to wrote code for them , but its hard understanding the exact time complexity.

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  • Clamping a vector to a minimum and maximum?

    - by user146780
    I came accross this: t = Clamp(t/d, 0, 1) but I'm not sure how to perform this operation on a vector. What are the steps to clamp a vector if one was writing their own vector implementation? Thanks clamp clamping a vector to a minimum and a maximum ex: pc = # the point you are coloring now p0 = # start point p1 = # end point v = p1 - p0 d = Length(v) v = Normalize(v) # or Scale(v, 1/d) v0 = pc - p0 t = Dot(v0, v) t = Clamp(t/d, 0, 1) color = (start_color * t) + (end_color * (1 - t))

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  • question bitonic sequence

    - by davit-datuashvili
    A sequence is bitonic if it monotonically increases and then monotonically de- creases, or if it can be circularly shifted to monotonically increase and then monotonically decrease. For example the sequences 1, 4, 6, 8, 3, -2 , 9, 2, -4, -10, -5 , and 1, 2, 3, 4 are bitonic, but 1, 3, 12, 4, 2, 10 is not bitonic. please help me to determine if given sequence is bitonic?

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  • How to sort a list so that managers are always ahead of their subordinates (How do I do a topologica

    - by James Black
    I am working on a project using Groovy, and I would like to take an array of employees, so that no manager follows their subordinates in the array. The reason being that I need to add people to a database and I would prefer not to do it in two passes. So, I basically have: <employees> <employee> <employeeid>12</employeeid> <manager>3</manager> </employee> <employee> <employeeid>1</employeeid> <manager></manager> </employee> <employee> <employeeid>3</employeeid> <manager>1</manager> </employee> </employees> So, it should be sorted as such: employeeid = 1 employeeid = 3 employeeid = 12 The first person should have a null for managers. I am thinking about a binary tree representation, but I expect it will be very unbalanced, and I am not certain the best way to do this using Groovy properly. Is there a way to do this that isn't going to involve using nested loops?

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  • How can I group an array of rectangles into "Islands" of connected regions?

    - by Eric
    The problem I have an array of java.awt.Rectangles. For those who are not familiar with this class, the important piece of information is that they provide an .intersects(Rectangle b) function. I would like to write a function that takes this array of Rectangles, and breaks it up into groups of connected rectangles. Lets say for example, that these are my rectangles (constructor takes the arguments x, y, width,height): Rectangle[] rects = new Rectangle[] { new Rectangle(0, 0, 4, 2), //A new Rectangle(1, 1, 2, 4), //B new Rectangle(0, 4, 8, 2), //C new Rectangle(6, 0, 2, 2) //D } A quick drawing shows that A intersects B and B intersects C. D intersects nothing. A tediously drawn piece of ascii art does the job too: +-------+ +---+ ¦A+---+ ¦ ¦ D ¦ +-+---+-+ +---+ ¦ B ¦ +-+---+---------+ ¦ +---+ C ¦ +---------------+ Therefore, the output of my function should be: new Rectangle[][]{ new Rectangle[] {A,B,C}, new Rectangle[] {D} } The failed code This was my attempt at solving the problem: public List<Rectangle> getIntersections(ArrayList<Rectangle> list, Rectangle r) { List<Rectangle> intersections = new ArrayList<Rectangle>(); for(Rectangle rect : list) { if(r.intersects(rect)) { list.remove(rect); intersections.add(rect); intersections.addAll(getIntersections(list, rect)); } } return intersections; } public List<List<Rectangle>> mergeIntersectingRects(Rectangle... rectArray) { List<Rectangle> allRects = new ArrayList<Rectangle>(rectArray); List<List<Rectangle>> groups = new ArrayList<ArrayList<Rectangle>>(); for(Rectangle rect : allRects) { allRects.remove(rect); ArrayList<Rectangle> group = getIntersections(allRects, rect); group.add(rect); groups.add(group); } return groups; } Unfortunately, there seems to be an infinite recursion loop going on here. My uneducated guess would be that java does not like me doing this: for(Rectangle rect : allRects) { allRects.remove(rect); //... } Can anyone shed some light on the issue?

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  • How to select number of lines from large text files?

    - by MiNdFrEaK
    I was wondering how to select number of lines from a certain text file. As an example: I have a text file containing the following lines: branch 27 : rect id 23400 rect: -115.475609 -115.474907 31.393650 31.411301 branch 28 : rect id 23398 rect: -115.474907 -115.472282 31.411301 31.417351 branch 29 : rect id 23396 rect: -115.472282 -115.468033 31.417351 31.427151 branch 30 : rect id 23394 rect: -115.468033 -115.458733 31.427151 31.438181 Non-Leaf Node: level=1 count=31 address=53 branch 0 : rect id 42 rect: -115.768539 -106.251556 31.425039 31.717550 branch 1 : rect id 50 rect: -109.559479 -106.009361 31.296721 31.775299 branch 2 : rect id 51 rect: -110.937401 -106.226143 31.285870 31.771971 branch 3 : rect id 54 rect: -109.584412 -106.069092 31.285240 31.775230 branch 4 : rect id 56 rect: -109.570961 -106.000954 31.296721 31.780769 branch 5 : rect id 58 rect: -115.806213 -106.366188 31.400450 31.687519 branch 6 : rect id 59 rect: -113.173859 -106.244057 31.297440 31.627750 branch 7 : rect id 60 rect: -115.811478 -106.278252 31.400450 31.679470 branch 8 : rect id 61 rect: -109.953888 -106.020111 31.325319 31.775270 branch 9 : rect id 64 rect: -113.070969 -106.015968 31.331841 31.704750 branch 10 : rect id 68 rect: -113.065689 -107.034576 31.326300 31.770809 branch 11 : rect id 71 rect: -112.333344 -106.059860 31.284081 31.662920 branch 12 : rect id 73 rect: -115.071083 -106.309677 31.267879 31.466850 branch 13 : rect id 74 rect: -116.094414 -106.286308 31.236290 31.424770 branch 14 : rect id 75 rect: -115.423264 -106.286308 31.229691 31.415510 branch 15 : rect id 76 rect: -116.111656 -106.313110 31.259390 31.478300 branch 16 : rect id 77 rect: -116.247467 -106.309677 31.240231 31.451799 branch 17 : rect id 78 rect: -116.170792 -106.094543 31.156429 31.391781 branch 18 : rect id 79 rect: -116.225723 -106.292709 31.239960 31.442850 branch 19 : rect id 80 rect: -116.268013 -105.769913 31.157240 31.378111 branch 20 : rect id 82 rect: -116.215424 -105.827202 31.198441 31.383421 branch 21 : rect id 83 rect: -116.095734 -105.826439 31.197460 31.373819 branch 22 : rect id 84 rect: -115.423264 -105.815018 31.182640 31.368891 branch 23 : rect id 85 rect: -116.221527 -105.776512 31.160931 31.389830 branch 24 : rect id 86 rect: -116.203369 -106.473831 31.168350 31.367611 branch 25 : rect id 87 rect: -115.727631 -106.501587 31.189100 31.395941 branch 26 : rect id 88 rect: -116.237289 -105.790756 31.164780 31.358959 branch 27 : rect id 89 rect: -115.791344 -105.990044 31.072620 31.349529 branch 28 : rect id 90 rect: -115.736847 -106.495079 31.187969 31.376900 branch 29 : rect id 91 rect: -115.721710 -106.000130 31.160351 31.354601 branch 30 : rect id 92 rect: -115.792236 -106.000793 31.166620 31.378811 Leaf Node: level=0 count=21 address=42 branch 0 : rect id 18312 rect: -106.412270 -106.401367 31.704750 31.717550 branch 1 : rect id 18288 rect: -106.278252 -106.253387 31.520321 31.548361 I just want those lines which are in between Non-Leaf Node level=1 to Leaf Node Level=0 and also there are a lot of segments like this and I need them all.

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  • incremental way of counting quantiles for large set of data

    - by Gacek
    I need to count the quantiles for a large set of data. Let's assume we can get the data only through some portions (i.e. one row of a large matrix). To count the Q3 quantile one need to get all the portions of the data and store it somewhere, then sort it and count the quantile: List<double> allData = new List<double>(); foreach(var row in matrix) // this is only example. In fact the portions of data are not rows of some matrix { allData.AddRange(row); } allData.Sort(); double p = 0.75*allData.Count; int idQ3 = (int)Math.Ceiling(p) - 1; double Q3 = allData[idQ3]; Now, I would like to find a way of counting this without storing the data in some separate variable. The best solution would be to count some parameters od mid-results for first row and then adjust it step by step for next rows. Note: These datasets are really big (ca 5000 elements in each row) The Q3 can be estimated, it doesn't have to be an exact value. I call the portions of data "rows", but they can have different leghts! Usually it varies not so much (+/- few hundred samples) but it varies! This question is similar to this one: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1058813/on-line-iterator-algorithms-for-estimating-statistical-median-mode-skewness But I need to count quantiles. ALso there are few articles in this topic, i.e.: http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~hofri/medsel.pdf http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=347195&dl But before I would try to implement these, I wanted to ask you if there are maybe any other, qucker ways of counting the 0.25/0.75 quantiles?

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  • Data Structure for a particular problem??

    - by AGeek
    Hi, Which data structure can perform insertion, deletion and searching operation in O(1) time in the worst case. We may assume the set of elements are integers drawn from a finite set 1,2,...,n, and initialization can take O(n) time. I can only think of implementing a hash table. Implementing it with Trees will not give O(1) time complexity for any of the operation. Or is it possible?? Kindly share your views on this, or any other data structure apart from these.. Thanks..

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  • Non-Linear color interpolation?

    - by user146780
    If I have a straight line that mesures from 0 to 1, then I have colorA(255,0,0) at 0 on the line, then at 0.3 I have colorB(20,160,0) then at 1 on the line I have colorC(0,0,0). How could I find the color at 0.7? Thanks

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  • Base X string encoding

    - by Paul Stone
    I'm looking for a routine that will encode a string (stream of bytes) into an arbitrary base/alphabet (like base64 encoding but I get to choose the alphabet). I've seen a few routines that do base X encoding for a number, but not for a string.

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