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• How should I plan the inheritance structure for my game?

  - by Eric Thoma

  I am trying to write a platform shooter in C++ with a really good class structure for robustness. The game itself is secondary; it is the learning process of writing it that is primary. I am implementing an inheritance tree for all of the objects in my game, but I find myself unsure on some decisions. One specific issue that it bugging me is this: I have an Actor that is simply defined as anything in the game world. Under Actor is Character. Both of these classes are abstract. Under Character is the Philosopher, who is the main character that the user commands. Also under Character is NPC, which uses an AI module with stock routines for friendly, enemy and (maybe) neutral alignments. So under NPC I want to have three subclasses: FriendlyNPC, EnemyNPC and NeutralNPC. These classes are not abstract, and will often be subclassed in order to make different types of NPC's, like Engineer, Scientist and the most evil Programmer. Still, if I want to implement a generic NPC named Kevin, it would nice to be able to put him in without making a new class for him. I could just instantiate a FriendlyNPC and pass some values for the AI machine and for the dialogue; that would be ideal. But what if Kevin is the one benevolent Programmer in the whole world? Now we must make a class for him (but what should it be called?). Now we have a character that should inherit from Programmer (as Kevin has all the same abilities but just uses the friendly AI functions) but also should inherit from FriendlyNPC. Programmer and FriendlyNPC branched away from each other on the inheritance tree, so inheriting from both of them would have conflicts, because some of the same functions have been implemented in different ways on the two of them. 1) Is there a better way to order these classes to avoid these conflicts? Having three subclasses; Friendly, Enemy and Neutral; from each type of NPC; Engineer, Scientist, and Programmer; would amount to a huge number of classes. I would share specific implementation details, but I am writing the game slowly, piece by piece, and so I haven't implemented past Character yet. 2) Is there a place where I can learn these programming paradigms? I am already trying to take advantage of some good design patterns, like MVC architecture and Mediator objects. The whole point of this project is to write something in good style. It is difficult to tell what should become a subclass and what should become a state (i.e. Friendly boolean v. Friendly class). Having many states slows down code with if statements and makes classes long and unwieldy. On the other hand, having a class for everything isn't practical. 3) Are there good rules of thumb or resources to learn more about this? 4) Finally, where does templating come in to this? How should I coordinate templates into my class structure? I have never actually taken advantage of templating honestly, but I hear that it increases modularity, which means good code.

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• Is good practice to optimize FPS even when it's above the lower limit to give illusion of movement?

  - by rraallvv

  I started over 50 FPS on the iPhone, but now I'm bellow 30 PFS, I've seen most iPhone games clamped to either 60 or 30 FPS, even when 24 or less would give the illusion of movement. I've concidered my limit to be a little bit over 15 FPS, in fact my physics simulation is updated at that rate (15.84 steps/s) as that is the lowest that still give fluid movement, a bit lower gives jerky motion. Is there a practical reason why to clamp FPS way above the lower limit? Update: The following image could help to clarify I can independently set the physic simulation step, frame rate, and simulation interval update. My concern is why should I clamp any of those to values greater than the minimum? For instance to conserve battery life I could just to choose the lower limits, but it seems that 60 or 30 FPS are the most used values.

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• How to detect which edges of a rectange touch when they collide in iOS

  - by Mike King

  I'm creating a basic "game" in iOS 4.1. The premise is simple, there is a green rectangle ("disk") that moves/bounces around the screen, and red rectangle ("bump") that is stationary. The user can move the red "bump" by touching another coordinate on the screen, but that's irrelevant to this question. Each rectangle is a UIImageView (I will replace them with some kind of image/icon once I get the mechanics down). I've gotten as far as detecting when the rectangles collide, and I'm able to reverse the direction of the green "disk" on the Y axis if they do. This works well when the green "disk" approaches the red "bump" from top or bottom, it bounces off in the other direction. But when it approaches from the side, the bounce is incorrect; I need to reverse the X direction instead. Here's the timer I setup: - (void)viewDidLoad { xSpeed = 3; ySpeed = -3; gameTimer = [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:0.05 target:self selector:@selector(mainGameLoop:) userInfo:nil repeats:YES]; [super viewDidLoad]; } Here's the main game loop: - (void) mainGameLoop:(NSTimer *)theTimer { disk.center = CGPointMake(disk.center.x + xSpeed, disk.center.y + ySpeed); // make sure the disk does not travel off the edges of the screen // magic number values based on size of disk's frame // startAnimating causes the image to "pulse" if (disk.center.x < 55 || disk.center.x > 265) { xSpeed = xSpeed * -1; [disk startAnimating]; } if (disk.center.y < 55 || disk.center.y > 360) { ySpeed = ySpeed * -1; [disk startAnimating]; } // check to see if the disk collides with the bump if (CGRectIntersectsRect(disk.frame, bump.frame)) { NSLog(@"Collision detected..."); if (! [disk isAnimating]) { ySpeed = ySpeed * -1; [disk startAnimating]; } } } So my question is: how can I detect whether I need to flip the X speed or the Y speed? ie: how can I calculate which edge of the bump was collided with?

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• Logic in Entity Components Systems

  - by aaron

  I'm making a game that uses an Entity/Component architecture basically a port of Artemis's framework to c++,the problem arises when I try to make a PlayerControllerComponent, my original idea was this. class PlayerControllerComponent: Component { public: virtual void update() = 0; }; class FpsPlayerControllerComponent: PlayerControllerComponent { public: void update() { //handle input } }; and have a system that updates PlayerControllerComponents, but I found out that the artemis framework does not look at sub-classes the way I thought it would. So all in all my question here is should I make the framework aware of subclasses or should I add a new Component like object that is used for logic.

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• How do I have to take into account the direction in which the camera is facing when creating a first person strafe (left/right) movement

  - by Chris

  This is the code I am currently using, and it works great, except for the strafe always causes the camera to move along the X axis which is not relative to the direction in which the camera is actually facing. As you can see currently only the x location is updated: [delta * -1, 0, 0] How should I take into account the direction in which the camera is facing (I have the camera's target x,y,z) when creating a first person strafe (left/right) movement? case 'a': var eyeOriginal = g_eye; var targetOriginal = g_target; var viewEye = g_math.subVector(g_eye, g_target); var viewTarget = g_math.subVector(g_target, g_eye); viewEye = g_math.addVector([delta * -1, 0, 0], viewEye); viewTarget = g_math.addVector([delta * -1, 0, 0], viewTarget); g_eye = g_math.addVector(viewEye, targetOriginal); g_target = g_math.addVector(viewTarget, eyeOriginal); break; case 'd': var eyeOriginal = g_eye; var targetOriginal = g_target; var viewEye = g_math.subVector(g_eye, g_target); var viewTarget = g_math.subVector(g_target, g_eye); viewEye = g_math.addVector([delta, 0, 0], viewEye); viewTarget = g_math.addVector([delta, 0, 0], viewTarget); g_eye = g_math.addVector(viewEye, targetOriginal); g_target = g_math.addVector(viewTarget, eyeOriginal); break;

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• Extrapolation breaks collision detection

  - by user22241

  Before applying extrapolation to my sprite's movement, my collision worked perfectly. However, after applying extrapolation to my sprite's movement (to smooth things out), the collision no longer works. This is how things worked before extrapolation: However, after I implement my extrapolation, the collision routine breaks. I am assuming this is because it is acting upon the new coordinate that has been produced by the extrapolation routine (which is situated in my render call ). After I apply my extrapolation How to correct this behaviour? I've tried puting an extra collision check just after extrapolation - this does seem to clear up a lot of the problems but I've ruled this out because putting logic into my rendering is out of the question. I've also tried making a copy of the spritesX position, extrapolating that and drawing using that rather than the original, thus leaving the original intact for the logic to pick up on - this seems a better option, but it still produces some weird effects when colliding with walls. I'm pretty sure this also isn't the correct way to deal with this. I've found a couple of similar questions on here but the answers haven't helped me. This is my extrapolation code: public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) { //Set/Re-set loop back to 0 to start counting again loops=0; while(System.currentTimeMillis() > nextGameTick && loops < maxFrameskip){ SceneManager.getInstance().getCurrentScene().updateLogic(); nextGameTick+=skipTicks; timeCorrection += (1000d/ticksPerSecond) % 1; nextGameTick+=timeCorrection; timeCorrection %=1; loops++; tics++; } extrapolation = (float)(System.currentTimeMillis() + skipTicks - nextGameTick) / (float)skipTicks; render(extrapolation); } Applying extrapolation render(float extrapolation){ //This example shows extrapolation for X axis only. Y position (spriteScreenY is assumed to be valid) extrapolatedPosX = spriteGridX+(SpriteXVelocity*dt)*extrapolation; spriteScreenPosX = extrapolationPosX * screenWidth; drawSprite(spriteScreenX, spriteScreenY); } Edit As I mentioned above, I have tried making a copy of the sprite's coordinates specifically to draw with.... this has it's own problems. Firstly, regardless of the copying, when the sprite is moving, it's super-smooth, when it stops, it's wobbling slightly left/right - as it's still extrapolating it's position based on the time. Is this normal behavior and can we 'turn it off' when the sprite stops? I've tried having flags for left / right and only extrapolating if either of these is enabled. I've also tried copying the last and current positions to see if there is any difference. However, as far as collision goes, these don't help. If the user is pressing say, the right button and the sprite is moving right, when it hits a wall, if the user continues to hold the right button down, the sprite will keep animating to the right, while being stopped by the wall (therefore not actually moving), however because the right flag is still set and also because the collision routine is constantly moving the sprite out of the wall, it still appear to the code (not the player) that the sprite is still moving, and therefore extrapolation continues. So what the player would see, is the sprite 'static' (yes, it's animating, but it's not actually moving across the screen), and every now and then it shakes violently as the extrapolation attempts to do it's thing....... Hope this help

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• MonoGame not all letters being drawn with DrawString

  - by Lex Webb

  I'm currently making a dynamic user interface for my game and are setting up having text on my buttons. I'm having an odd issue where, when i use a specific piece of code to determine the text position, it will not render all of the text passed to DrawString. Even weirder, is if i insert another DrawString after this, drawing more text at a different place, different parts of the text will be drawn. The code for drawing my button with the text attached is: public override void Draw(SpriteBatch sb, GameTime gt) { sb.Draw(currentImage, GetRelativeRectangle(), Color.White); sb.DrawString(font, text, new Vector2(this.GetRelativeDrawOffset().X + this.Width / 2 - font.MeasureString(text).X / 2, this.GetRelativeDrawOffset().Y + this.Height / 2 - font.MeasureString(text).Y / 2), textColor); } The methods in the creation of the Vector2 simply get the draw position of the button. I'm then doing some calculation to center the text. This produces this when the text is set to 'Test': And when i enter this piece of code below the first DrawString: sb.DrawString(font, "test", new Vector2(500, 50), Color.Pink); I should mention that that grey square is being drawn in the same spritebatch, before the button and the text. Any ideas as to what could be causing this? I have a feeling it may be due to draw order, but i have no idea how to control that.

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• From where does the game engines add location of an object?

  - by Player

  I have started making my first game( a pong game )with ruby (Gosu). I'm trying to detect the collision of two images using their location by comparing the location of the object (a ball) to another one(a player). For example: if (@player.x - @ball.x).abs <=184 && (@player.y - @ball.y).abs <= 40 @ball.vx = [email protected] @ball.vy = [email protected] But my problem is that with these numbers, the ball collides near the player sometimes, even though the dimensions of the player are correct. So my question is from where does the x values start to count? Is it from the center of gravity of the image or from the beginning of the image? (i.e When you add the image on a specific x,y,z what are these values compared to the image?

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• How to convert pitch and yaw to x, y, z rotations?

  - by Aaron Anodide

  I'm a beginner using XNA to try and make a 3D Asteroids game. I'm really close to having my space ship drive around as if it had thrusters for pitch and yaw. The problem is I can't quite figure out how to translate the rotations, for instance, when I pitch forward 45 degrees and then start to turn - in this case there should be rotation being applied to all three directions to get the "diagonal yaw" - right? I thought I had it right with the calculations below, but they cause a partly pitched forward ship to wobble instead of turn.... :( So my quesiton is: how do you calculate the X, Y, and Z rotations for an object in terms of pitch and yaw? Here's current (almost working) calculations for the Rotation acceleration: float accel = .75f; // Thrust +Y / Forward if (currentKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.I)) { this.ship.AccelerationY += (float)Math.Cos(this.ship.RotationZ) * accel; this.ship.AccelerationX += (float)Math.Sin(this.ship.RotationZ) * -accel; this.ship.AccelerationZ += (float)Math.Sin(this.ship.RotationX) * accel; } // Rotation +Z / Yaw if (currentKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.J)) { this.ship.RotationAccelerationZ += (float)Math.Cos(this.ship.RotationX) * accel; this.ship.RotationAccelerationY += (float)Math.Sin(this.ship.RotationX) * accel; this.ship.RotationAccelerationX += (float)Math.Sin(this.ship.RotationY) * accel; } // Rotation -Z / Yaw if (currentKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.K)) { this.ship.RotationAccelerationZ += (float)Math.Cos(this.ship.RotationX) * -accel; this.ship.RotationAccelerationY += (float)Math.Sin(this.ship.RotationX) * -accel; this.ship.RotationAccelerationX += (float)Math.Sin(this.ship.RotationY) * -accel; } // Rotation +X / Pitch if (currentKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.F)) { this.ship.RotationAccelerationX += accel; } // Rotation -X / Pitch if (currentKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.D)) { this.ship.RotationAccelerationX -= accel; } I'm combining that with drawing code that does a rotation to the model: public void Draw(Matrix world, Matrix view, Matrix projection, TimeSpan elsapsedTime) { float seconds = (float)elsapsedTime.TotalSeconds; // update velocity based on acceleration this.VelocityX += this.AccelerationX * seconds; this.VelocityY += this.AccelerationY * seconds; this.VelocityZ += this.AccelerationZ * seconds; // update position based on velocity this.PositionX += this.VelocityX * seconds; this.PositionY += this.VelocityY * seconds; this.PositionZ += this.VelocityZ * seconds; // update rotational velocity based on rotational acceleration this.RotationVelocityX += this.RotationAccelerationX * seconds; this.RotationVelocityY += this.RotationAccelerationY * seconds; this.RotationVelocityZ += this.RotationAccelerationZ * seconds; // update rotation based on rotational velocity this.RotationX += this.RotationVelocityX * seconds; this.RotationY += this.RotationVelocityY * seconds; this.RotationZ += this.RotationVelocityZ * seconds; Matrix translation = Matrix.CreateTranslation(PositionX, PositionY, PositionZ); Matrix rotation = Matrix.CreateRotationX(RotationX) * Matrix.CreateRotationY(RotationY) * Matrix.CreateRotationZ(RotationZ); model.Root.Transform = rotation * translation * world; model.CopyAbsoluteBoneTransformsTo(boneTransforms); foreach (ModelMesh mesh in model.Meshes) { foreach (BasicEffect effect in mesh.Effects) { effect.World = boneTransforms[mesh.ParentBone.Index]; effect.View = view; effect.Projection = projection; effect.EnableDefaultLighting(); } mesh.Draw(); } }

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• Formula for three competing heroes, each has one they can beat and one they're beaten by

  - by Georgiadis Abraam

  I am trying to design a game for a project I have, The main idea is: 3 Types of heroes 3 Stats per hero There are no levels involved so the differences must be located on stats. Fight logic - The logic of fight is that type1hero has good chances winning type2hero, type2hero has good chances type3hero and type3hero has good chances winning type1hero. For over a week I am trying to find a stats based formula that will allow me to fix this but I can't, I was meddling with numbers yesterday and it was decent but I can't extract the formula out of it. Could you please guide me or give me hints on how should I start creating formulas on a Non lvl game that fulfills the fight logic?

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• 2D Platform Game Jumping

  - by Bradley Kreuger

  I'm currently writing a game in XNA for fun which uses C#. I have got my sprites loaded and when the character moves right he looks like he is running right and when he moves left he looks like he is running left. I been looking everywhere for a good coding example for how to create a jumping ability. I have read all the physics stuff that I can stand and it doesn't help when I can't figure out how to use say space bar to jump yet can't keep them from using space just jump again until they land.

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• The how of a collision engine

  - by JXPheonix

  This is a very, very broad question - what is the general algorithm of how a collision engine works? No code in specific, but rather, just a general idea of how a collision engine does what it does, constantly refreshing the points of an object and comparing it to other objects? (see, I have the general gist of it here.) A collision engine is basically an engine used in games (generally) so that your player (call him Bob), whenever bob moves into a wall, Bob stops, Bob does not walk through the wall. They also generally handle the gravity in a game and environmental things like that.

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• Drawing of a huge model - How to regain performance?

  - by marc wellman

  I have a huge model I want to draw in my XNA application but because of its size I am experiencing a tremendous loss of performance. The model has about ~50 000 000 edges and has a size on disk of 205 MB in DirectX Format. Please don't ask whether this model has to be that big - yes it has! Is there a way to transfer the model directly to my GPU in order to let the GPU do the drawing like when transferring a VertexBuffer like this: graphicsDevice.Vertices[1].SetSource(_instanceBuffers[i], 0, _sizeofMatrix); because when I try to fill a vertexBuffer with all the vertices I am getting a OutOfMemoryException.

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• Pathfinding for fleeing

  - by Philipp

  As you know there are plenty of solutions when you wand to find the best path in a 2-dimensional environment which leads from point A to point B. But how do I calculate a path when an object is at point A, and wants to get away from point B, as fast and far as possible? A bit of background information: My game uses a 2d environment which isn't tile-based but has floating point accuracy. The movement is vector-based. The pathfinding is done by partitioning the game world into rectangles which are walkable or non-walkable and building a graph out of their corners. I already have pathfinding between points working by using Dijkstras algorithm. The use-case for the fleeing algorithm is that in certain situations, actors in my game should perceive another actor as a danger and flee from it. The trivial solution would be to just move the actor in a vector in the direction which is opposite from the threat until a "safe" distance was reached or the actor reaches a wall where it then covers in fear. The problem with this approach is that actors will be blocked by small obstacles they could easily get around. As long as moving along the wall wouldn't bring them closer to the threat they could do that, but it would look smarter when they would avoid obstacles in the first place: Another problem I see is with dead ends in the map geometry. In some situations a being must choose between a path which gets it faster away now but ends in a dead end where it would be trapped, or another path which would mean that it wouldn't get that far away from the danger at first (or even a bit closer) but on the other hand would have a much greater long-term reward in that it would eventually get them much further away. So the short-term reward of getting away fast must be somehow valued against the long-term reward of getting away far. There is also another rating problem for situations where an actor should accept to move closer to a minor threat to get away from a much larger threat. But completely ignoring all minor threats would be foolish, too (that's why the actor in this graphic goes out of its way to avoid the minor threat in the upper right area): Are there any standard solutions for this problem?

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• How do GameEngines stop Pixel Seams appearing in adjacent mesh boundaries due to FP imprecision?

  - by ufomorace

  Graphics cards are mathematically imprecise. So when some meshes are joined by their borders, the graphics card often makes mistakes and decides that some pixels at the seam represent neither object, and unwanted pixels appear. It's a natural behaviour on all graphics cards. How are such worries avoided in Pro Games? Batching? Shaders? Different tangent vectors? Merging? Overlaping seams? Dark backgrounds? Extra vertices at borders? Z precision? Camera distance tweaks? Screencap of a fix that ended up not working:

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• Xna GS 4 Animation Sample bone transforms not copying correctly

  - by annonymously

  I have a person model that is animated and a suitcase model that is not. The person can pick up the suitcase and it should move to the location of the hand bone of the person model. Unfortunately the suitcase doesn't follow the animation correctly. it moves with the hand's animation but its position is under the ground and way too far to the right. I haven't scaled any of the models myself. Thank you. The source code (forgive the rough prototype code): Matrix[] tran = new Matrix[man.model.Bones.Count];// The absolute transforms from the animation player man.model.CopyAbsoluteBoneTransformsTo(tran); Vector3 suitcasePos, suitcaseScale, tempSuitcasePos = new Vector3();// Place holders for the Matrix Decompose Quaternion suitcaseRot = new Quaternion(); // The transformation of the right hand bone is decomposed tran[man.model.Bones["HPF_RightHand"].Index].Decompose(out suitcaseScale, out suitcaseRot, out tempSuitcasePos); suitcasePos = new Vector3(); suitcasePos.X = tempSuitcasePos.Z;// The axes are inverted for some reason suitcasePos.Y = -tempSuitcasePos.Y; suitcasePos.Z = -tempSuitcasePos.X; suitcase.Position = man.Position + suitcasePos;// The actual Suitcase properties suitcase.Rotation = man.Rotation + new Vector3(suitcaseRot.X, suitcaseRot.Y, suitcaseRot.Z); I am also copying the bone transforms from the animation player in the Person class like so: // The transformations from the AnimationPlayer Matrix[] skinTrans = new Matrix[model.Bones.Count]; skinTrans = player.GetBoneTransforms(); // copy each transformation to its corresponding bone for (int i = 0; i < skinTrans.Length; i++) { model.Bones[i].Transform = skinTrans[i]; }

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• Collision Detection with SAT: False Collision for Diagonal Movement Towards Vertical Tile-Walls?

  - by Macks

  Edit: Problem solved! Big thanks to Jonathan who pointed me in the right direction. Sean describes the method I used in a different thread. Also big thanks to him! :) Here is how I solved my problem: If a collision is registered by my SAT-method, only fire the collision-event on my character if there are no neighbouring solid tiles in the direction of the returned minimum translation vector. I'm developing my first tile-based 2D-game with Javascript. To learn the basics, I decided to write my own "game engine". I have successfully implemented collision detection using the separating axis theorem, but I've run into a problem that I can't quite wrap my head around. If I press the [up] and [left] arrow-keys simultaneously, my character moves diagonally towards the upper left. If he hits a horizontal wall, he'll just keep moving in x-direction. The same goes for [up] and [left] as well as downward-diagonal movements, it works as intended: http://i.stack.imgur.com/aiZjI.png Diagonal movement works fine for horizontal walls, for both left and right-movement However: this does not work for vertical walls. Instead of keeping movement in y-direction, he'll just stop as soon as he "enters" a new tile on the y-axis. So for some reason SAT thinks my character is colliding vertically with tiles from vertical walls: http://i.stack.imgur.com/XBEKR.png My character stops because he thinks that he is colliding vertically with tiles from the wall on the right. This only occurs, when: Moving into top-right direction towards the right wall Moving into top-left direction towards the left wall Bottom-right and bottom-left movement work: the character keeps moving in y-direction as intended. Is this inherited from the way SAT works or is there a problem with my implementation? What can I do to solve my problem? Oh yeah, my character is displayed as a circle but he's actually a rectangular polygon for the collision detection. Thank you very much for your help.

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• Load Texture From Image Content In Runtime

  - by Austin Brunkhorst

  Basically I wrote a world editor for a game I'm working on. Looking ahead, I was brainstorming ways to save the created world including the tile-sets (this game will rely on a tile engine). I was hoping to save the image data of each tile-set in the same file containing the tile positions, etc. and load the image data into a Texture with XNA. Is it possible? Something like this is what I'm going for. Texture2D tileset = Content.LoadFromString<Texture2D>("png tileset data");

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• How to implement a game launch counter in LibGDX

  - by Vishal Kumar

  I'm writing a game using LibGDX in which I want to save the number of launches of a game in a text file. So, In the create() of my starter class, I have the following code ..but it's not working public class MainStarter extends Game { private int count; @Override public void create() { // Set up the application AppSettings.setUp(); if(SettingsManager.isFirstLaunch()){ SettingsManager.createTextFileInLocalStorage("gamedata"); SettingsManager.writeLine("gamedata", "Launched:"+count ,FileType.LOCAL_FILE ); } else{ SettingsManager.writeLine("gamedata", "Not First launch :"+count++ ,FileType.LOCAL_FILE ); } // // Load assets before setting the screen // ##################################### Assets.loadAll(); // Set the tests screen setScreen(new MainMenuScreen(this, "Main Menu")); } } What is the proper way to do this?

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• Best way to detect if vec3 is between vec3(x) and vec3(y) in glsl

  - by elect

  As titled I am sampling from a texture and if the color is somehow gray [vec3(.8), vec3(.9)] and an uniform is 1 I need to substitute that color with another one I am not a glsl veteran but I am pretty sure there is a more elegant and compact (without mentioning faster) way than this: vec3 textureColor = texture(texture0, oUV); if(settings.w == 1 && textureColor.r > .8 && textureColor.r < .9 && textureColor.g > .8 && textureColor.g < .9 && textureColor.b > .8 && textureColor.b < .9)

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• backface culling error (in world space)

  - by acrilige

  I write simple software renderer. In my pipeline i have stage of backface culling. But looks like it has some error (see picture). I perform culling right after world transformation (is it correct?). (i can't insert picture in post coz i don't have enough points, so i just upload it (cube model): http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/705/bcerror.png/) Vector3F view_dir(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); std::vector<Triangle> to_remove; for (Triangle &t : m_triangles) { Vector4F e1 = t.v2 - t.v1; Vector4F e2 = t.v3 - t.v1; Vector3F normal( e1.y * e2.z - e1.z * e2.y, e1.z * e2.x - e1.x * e2.z, e1.x * e2.y - e1.y * e2.x ); normal.Normalize(); float dot = Dot(view_dir, normal); if (dot <= 0) to_remove.push_back(t); } for (Triangle& t : to_remove) m_triangles.erase(std::remove(m_triangles.begin(), m_triangles.end(), t), m_triangles.end()); Camera sits in origin and points in screen (RH). What is the reason? For better explanation i upload picture with cube rotation screenshots: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/842/bcmove.png/ UPDATED: The error occurs only when triangle has non-zero offset from origin UPDATED 2: If i process backface culling in clip space (after transforming all vertices with view and projection matrix), and just check z coordinate of triangle normal - it works perfect... Can i perform culing RIGHT BEFORE view/proj transforms? In this case looks like culling will not depends of projection and it's not right?.. UPDATED 3: I found answer and will post it in two hours - again coz of reputation lack.

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• How can I store all my level data in a single file instead of spread out over many files?

  - by Jon

  I am currently generating my level data, and saving to disk to ensure that any modifications done to the level are saved. I am storing "chunks" of 2048x2048 pixels into a file. Whenever the player moves over a section that doesn't have a file associated with the position, a new file is created. This works great, and is very fast. My issue, is that as you are playing the file count gets larger and larger. I'm wondering what are techniques that can be used to alleviate the file count, without taking a performance hit. I am interested in how you would store/seek/update this data in a single file instead of multiple files efficiently.

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• Question about BoundingSpheres and Ray intersections

  - by NDraskovic

  I'm working on a XNA project (not really a game) and I'm having some trouble with picking algorithm. I have a few types of 3D models that I draw to the screen, and one of them is a switch. So I'm trying to make a picking algorithm that would enable the user to click on the switch and that would trigger some other function. The problem is that the BoundingSphere.Intersect() method always returns null as result. This is the code I'm using: In the declaration section: ` //Basic matrices private Matrix world = Matrix.CreateTranslation(new Vector3(0, 0, 0)); private Matrix view = Matrix.CreateLookAt(new Vector3(10, 10, 10), new Vector3(0, 0, 0), Vector3.UnitY); private Matrix projection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(MathHelper.ToRadians(45), 800f / 600f, 0.01f, 100f); //Collision detection variables Viewport mainViewport; List<BoundingSphere> spheres = new List<BoundingSphere>(); Ray ControlRay; Vector3 nearPoint, farPoint, nearPlane, farPlane, direction; ` And then in the Update method: ` nearPlane = new Vector3((float)Mouse.GetState().X, (float)Mouse.GetState().Y, 0.0f); farPlane = new Vector3((float)Mouse.GetState().X, (float)Mouse.GetState().Y, 10.0f); nearPoint = GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Unproject(nearPlane, projection, view, world); farPoint = GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Unproject(farPlane, projection, view, world); direction = farPoint - nearPoint; direction.Normalize(); ControlRay = new Ray(nearPoint, direction); if (spheres.Count != 0) { for (int i = 0; i < spheres.Count; i++) { if (spheres[i].Intersects(ControlRay) != null) { Window.Title = spheres[i].Center.ToString(); } else { Window.Title = "Empty"; } } ` The "spheres" list gets filled when the 3D object data gets loaded (I read it from a .txt file). For every object marked as switch (I use simple numbers to determine which object is to be drawn), a BoundingSphere is created (center is on the coordinates of the 3D object, and the diameter is always the same), and added to the list. The objects are drawn normally (and spheres.Count is not 0), I can see them on the screen, but the Window title always says "Empty" (of course this is just for testing purposes, I will add the real function when I get positive results) meaning that there is no intersection between the ControlRay and any of the bounding spheres. I think that my basic matrices (world, view and projection) are making some problems, but I cant figure out what. Please help.

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• Collision Error

  - by Manji

  I am having trouble with collision detection part of the game. I am using touch events to fire the gun as you will see in the video. Note, the android icon is a temporary graphic for the bullets When ever the user touches (represented by clicks in the video)the bullet appears and kills random sprites. As you can see it never touches the sprites it kills or kill the sprites it does touch. My Question is How do I fix it, so that the sprite dies when the bullet hits it? Collision Code snippet: //Handles Collision private void CheckCollisions(){ synchronized(mSurfaceHolder){ for (int i = sprites.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--){ Sprite sprite = sprites.get(i); if(sprite.isCollision(bullet)){ sprites.remove(sprite); mScore++; if(sprites.size() == 0){ mLevel = mLevel +1; currentLevel++; initLevel(); } break; } } } } Sprite Class Code Snippet: //bounding box left<right and top>bottom int left ; int right ; int top ; int bottom ; public boolean isCollision(Beam other) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub if(this.left>other.right || other.left<other.right)return false; if(this.bottom>other.top || other.bottom<other.top)return false; return true; } EDIT 1: Sprite Class: public class Sprite { // direction = 0 up, 1 left, 2 down, 3 right, // animation = 3 back, 1 left, 0 front, 2 right int[] DIRECTION_TO_ANIMATION_MAP = { 3, 1, 0, 2 }; private static final int BMP_ROWS = 4; private static final int BMP_COLUMNS = 3; private static final int MAX_SPEED = 5; private HitmanView gameView; private Bitmap bmp; private int x; private int y; private int xSpeed; private int ySpeed; private int currentFrame = 0; private int width; private int height; //bounding box left<right and top>bottom int left ; int right ; int top ; int bottom ; public Sprite(HitmanView gameView, Bitmap bmp) { this.width = bmp.getWidth() / BMP_COLUMNS; this.height = bmp.getHeight() / BMP_ROWS; this.gameView = gameView; this.bmp = bmp; Random rnd = new Random(); x = rnd.nextInt(gameView.getWidth() - width); y = rnd.nextInt(gameView.getHeight() - height); xSpeed = rnd.nextInt(MAX_SPEED * 2) - MAX_SPEED; ySpeed = rnd.nextInt(MAX_SPEED * 2) - MAX_SPEED; } private void update() { if (x >= gameView.getWidth() - width - xSpeed || x + xSpeed <= 0) { xSpeed = -xSpeed; } x = x + xSpeed; if (y >= gameView.getHeight() - height - ySpeed || y + ySpeed <= 0) { ySpeed = -ySpeed; } y = y + ySpeed; currentFrame = ++currentFrame % BMP_COLUMNS; } public void onDraw(Canvas canvas) { update(); int srcX = currentFrame * width; int srcY = getAnimationRow() * height; Rect src = new Rect(srcX, srcY, srcX + width, srcY + height); Rect dst = new Rect(x, y, x + width, y + height); canvas.drawBitmap(bmp, src, dst, null); } private int getAnimationRow() { double dirDouble = (Math.atan2(xSpeed, ySpeed) / (Math.PI / 2) + 2); int direction = (int) Math.round(dirDouble) % BMP_ROWS; return DIRECTION_TO_ANIMATION_MAP[direction]; } public boolean isCollision(float x2, float y2){ return x2 > x && x2 < x + width && y2 > y && y2 < y + height; } public boolean isCollision(Beam other) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub if(this.left>other.right || other.left<other.right)return false; if(this.bottom>other.top || other.bottom<other.top)return false; return true; } } Bullet Class: public class Bullet { int mX; int mY; private Bitmap mBitmap; //bounding box left<right and top>bottom int left ; int right ; int top ; int bottom ; public Bullet (Bitmap mBitmap){ this.mBitmap = mBitmap; } public void draw(Canvas canvas, int mX, int mY) { this.mX = mX; this.mY = mY; canvas.drawBitmap(mBitmap, mX, mY, null); } }

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• Saving an interface instance into a Bundle

  - by user22241

  All I've have an interface that allows me to switch between different scenes in my Android game. When the home key is pressed, I am saving all of my states (score, sprite positions etc) into a Bundle. When re-launching, I am restoring all my states and all is OK - however, I can't figure out how to save my 'Scene', thus when I return, it always starts at the default screen which is the 'Main Menu'. How would I go about saving my 'Scene' (into a Bundle)? Code import android.view.MotionEvent; public interface Scene{ void render(); void updateLogic(); boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event); } I assume the interface is the relevant piece of code which is why I've posted that snippet. I set my scene like so: ('options' is an object of my Options class which extends MainMenu (Another custom class) which, in turn implements the interface 'Scene') SceneManager.getInstance().setCurrentScene(options); //Current scene is optionscreen

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