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• Making an interactive 2D map

  - by Chad

  So recently I have been working on a Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past clone, and I am wondering how I could handle certain map interactions (like cutting grass, lifting rocks, etc). The way I am currently doing the tilemap is with 2 PNGs. The first is the "tilemap" where each pixel represents a 16x16 tile and the (red, green) values are the (x, y) coords for the tile in the second PNG (the "tileset"). I am then using the blue channel to store collision data. Each tile is split into 4 8x8 tiles and represented by a 2 bit value (0 = empty, 1 = Jumpdown point, 2 = unused right now, 3 = blocking). 4 of these 2 bit values make up the full blue channel (1 byte). So collisions work great, and I am moving on to putting interactive units on the level; but I am not sure what a good way is to do it. I have experimented with spawning an entity for each grass and rock, but there are just WAY to many; FPS just dies even if I confine it to the current "zone" the user is in (for those who remember LTTP it had zones you moved between). It does make a difference that this is a browser-based JavaScript game. tl;dr: What is a good way to have an interactive map without using full blown entities for each interactive item?

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• Automated texture mapping

  - by brandon

  I have a set of seamless tiling textures. I want to be able to take an arbitrary model and create a UV map with these properties: No stretching (all textures tile appropriately so there is no stretching and sheering of the texture) The textures display on the correct axis relative to the model it's mapping to (if you look at the example, you can see some of the letters on the front are tilted, the y axis of the texture should be matching up with the y axis of the object. Some other faces have upside down letters too) the texture is as continuous as possible on the surface of the model (if two faces are adjacent, the texture continues on the adjacent face where it left off) the model is closed (all faces are completely enclosed by other faces) A few notes. This mapping will occur before triangulation. I realize there are ways to do this by hand and it's probably a hard problem to automatically map textures in general, but since these textures are seamless and I just need uniform coverage it seems like an easier problem. I'm looking for an algorithmic approach to this that I can apply in general, not a tool that does it. What approach would work for this, is there an existing one? (I assume so)

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• Center directional light shadow to the cameras eye

  - by Caesar

  I'm currently drawing my directional light shadow using this view and projection: XMFLOAT3 dir((float)pitch, (float)yaw, (float)roll); XMFLOAT3 center(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); XMVECTOR lightDir = XMLoadFloat3(&dir); XMVECTOR lightPos = radius * lightDir; XMVECTOR targetPos = XMLoadFloat3(&center); XMVECTOR up = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); XMMATRIX V = XMMatrixLookAtLH(lightPos, targetPos, up); // This is the view // Transform bounding sphere to light space. XMFLOAT3 sphereCenterLS; XMStoreFloat3(&sphereCenterLS, XMVector3TransformCoord(targetPos, V)); // Ortho frustum in light space encloses scene. float l = sphereCenterLS.x - radius; float b = sphereCenterLS.y - radius; float n = sphereCenterLS.z - radius; float r = sphereCenterLS.x + radius; float t = sphereCenterLS.y + radius; float f = sphereCenterLS.z + radius; XMMATRIX P = XMMatrixOrthographicOffCenterLH(l, r, b, t, n, f); // This is the projection Which works prefect if the center of my scene is at 0.0, 0.0, 0.0. What I would like to do is move the center of the scene relative to the cameras position. How can I do that?

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• jerky walljump in unity rigidbody2d

  - by Lilz Votca Love

  hey there i know people have encountered issues with it before i looked upon the different solutions provided but i couldnt get any fix at all.im making a 2d game and am stuck with the walljump.i detect the wall wonderfully i also detect the jump and it works the player jumps off the wall when facing right with the use of rigidbody.addforce(new vector2(-1,2)*jumpforce) now when jumping on the oposite wall using the same vector with the sign in x axis changed to 1,the player jumps too but it goes more in the y axis than it should.Here is an image to show you the curves it(the player) follows. check the following url to see the behaviour https://scontent-b-mad.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xpf1/t1.0-9/1470386_10152415957141154_156025539179003805_n.jpg voila the green one is happennig when player faces right and the other one happens when he is not here is the section of code if (wall) { if (wallJump) { if (facingRight) { rigidbody2D.velocity = Vector2.zero; flip (); rigidbody2D.AddForce (new Vector2 (-1f, 2f) * Jumpforce / 1.5f); Debug.Log ("saut mural gauche" + new Vector2 (-1f, 2f) * Jumpforce / 1.5f); } else { rigidbody2D.velocity = Vector2.zero; flip (); rigidbody2D.AddForce (new Vector2 (1f, 2f) * Jumpforce / 1.5f); Debug.Log ("saut mural droit--" + new Vector2 (Mathf.Sign (1f), 2f) * Jumpforce / 1.5f + "jump" + jump); } } } else { wallJump = false; } here the code is not optimized yet but i assure you it works so guys any help would be so awesome!! thanks

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• Quaternion dfference + time --> angular velocity (gyroscope in physics library)

  - by AndrewK

  I am using Bullet Physic library to program some function, where I have difference between orientation from gyroscope given in quaternion and orientation of my object, and time between each frame in milisecond. All I want is set the orientation from my gyroscope to orientation of my object in 3D space. But all I can do is set angular velocity to my object. I have orientation difference and time, and from that I calculate vector of angular velocity [Wx,Wy,Wz] from that formula: W(t) = 2 * dq(t)/dt * conj(q(t)) My code is: btQuaternion diffQuater = gyroQuater - boxQuater; btQuaternion conjBoxQuater = gyroQuater.inverse(); btQuaternion velQuater = ((diffQuater * 2.0f) / d_time) * conjBoxQuater; And everything works well, till I get: 1 rotating around Y axis, angle about 60 degrees, then I have these values in 2 critical frames: x: -0.013220 y: -0.038050 z: -0.021979 w: -0.074250 - diffQuater x: 0.120094 y: 0.818967 z: 0.156797 w: -0.538782 - gyroQuater x: 0.133313 y: 0.857016 z: 0.178776 w: -0.464531 - boxQuater x: 0.207781 y: 0.290452 z: 0.245594 - diffQuater -> euler angles x: 3.153619 y: -66.947929 z: 175.936615 - gyroQuater -> euler angles x: 4.290697 y: -57.553043 z: 173.320053 - boxQuater -> euler angles x: 0.138128 y: 2.823307 z: 1.025552 w: 0.131360 - velQuater d_time: 0.058000 x: 0.211020 y: 1.595124 z: 0.303650 w: -1.143846 - diffQuater x: 0.089518 y: 0.771939 z: 0.144527 w: -0.612543 - gyroQuater x: -0.121502 y: -0.823185 z: -0.159123 w: 0.531303 - boxQuater x: nan y: nan z: nan - diffQuater -> euler angles x: 2.985240 y: -76.304405 z: -170.555054 - gyroQuater -> euler angles x: 3.269681 y: -65.977966 z: 175.639420 - boxQuater -> euler angles x: -0.730262 y: -2.882153 z: -1.294721 w: 63.325996 - velQuater d_time: 0.063000 2 rotating around X axis, angle about 120 degrees, then I have these values in 2 critical frames: x: -0.013045 y: -0.004186 z: -0.005667 w: -0.022482 - diffQuater x: -0.848030 y: -0.187985 z: 0.114400 w: 0.482099 - gyroQuater x: -0.834985 y: -0.183799 z: 0.120067 w: 0.504580 - boxQuater x: 0.036336 y: 0.002312 z: 0.020859 - diffQuater -> euler angles x: -113.129463 y: 0.731925 z: 25.415056 - gyroQuater -> euler angles x: -110.232368 y: 0.860897 z: 25.350458 - boxQuater -> euler angles x: -0.865820 y: -0.456086 z: 0.034084 w: 0.013184 - velQuater d_time: 0.055000 x: -1.721662 y: -0.387898 z: 0.229844 w: 0.910235 - diffQuater x: -0.874310 y: -0.200132 z: 0.115142 w: 0.426933 - gyroQuater x: 0.847352 y: 0.187766 z: -0.114703 w: -0.483302 - boxQuater x: -144.402298 y: 4.891629 z: 71.309158 - diffQuater -> euler angles x: -119.515343 y: 1.745076 z: 26.646086 - gyroQuater -> euler angles x: -112.974533 y: 0.738675 z: 25.411509 - boxQuater -> euler angles x: 2.086195 y: 0.676526 z: -0.424351 w: 70.104248 - velQuater d_time: 0.057000 2 rotating around Z axis, angle about 120 degrees, then I have these values in 2 critical frames: x: -0.000736 y: 0.002812 z: -0.004692 w: -0.008181 - diffQuater x: -0.003829 y: 0.012045 z: -0.868035 w: 0.496343 - gyroQuater x: -0.003093 y: 0.009232 z: -0.863343 w: 0.504524 - boxQuater x: -0.000822 y: -0.003032 z: 0.004162 - diffQuater -> euler angles x: -1.415189 y: 0.304210 z: -120.481873 - gyroQuater -> euler angles x: -1.091881 y: 0.227784 z: -119.399445 - boxQuater -> euler angles x: 0.159042 y: 0.169228 z: -0.754599 w: 0.003900 - velQuater d_time: 0.025000 x: -0.007598 y: 0.024074 z: -1.749412 w: 0.968588 - diffQuater x: -0.003769 y: 0.012030 z: -0.881377 w: 0.472245 - gyroQuater x: 0.003829 y: -0.012045 z: 0.868035 w: -0.496343 - boxQuater x: -5.645197 y: 1.148993 z: -146.507187 - diffQuater -> euler angles x: -1.418294 y: 0.270319 z: -123.638245 - gyroQuater -> euler angles x: -1.415183 y: 0.304208 z: -120.481873 - boxQuater -> euler angles x: 0.017498 y: -0.013332 z: 2.040073 w: 148.120056 - velQuater d_time: 0.027000 The problem is the most visible in diffQuater - euler angles vector. Can someone tell me why it is like that? and how to solve that problem? All suggestions are welcome.

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• Cocos2d Box2d how to shoot an object inside the screen

  - by Ahoura Ghotbi

  I have the code below : - (id) initWithGame:(mainGame*)game { if ((self = [super init])) { isTouchEnabled_ = YES; self.game = game; CGSize size = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] winSize]; screenH = size.height; screenW = size.width; character = [CCSprite spriteWithFile:@"o.png"]; character.position = ccp( size.width /2 , size.height/2 ); character.contentSize = CGSizeMake(72, 79); [self addChild:character z:10 tag:1]; _body = NULL; _radius = 14.0f; // Create ball body and shape b2BodyDef ballBodyDef; ballBodyDef.type = b2_dynamicBody; ballBodyDef.position.Set(100/PTM_RATIO, 100/PTM_RATIO); ballBodyDef.userData = character; _body = _game.world->CreateBody(&ballBodyDef); b2CircleShape circle; circle.m_radius = 26.0/PTM_RATIO; b2FixtureDef ballShapeDef; ballShapeDef.shape = &circle; ballShapeDef.density = 1.0f; ballShapeDef.friction = 0.2f; ballShapeDef.restitution = 0.8f; _body->CreateFixture(&ballShapeDef); [self schedule:@selector(gameChecker:)]; [self schedule:@selector(tick:)]; } return self; } - (void)gameChecker:(ccTime) dt{ if(character.position.y > 200){ [self unschedule:@selector(tick:)]; [self schedule:@selector(dropObject:)]; } } - (void)tick:(ccTime) dt { b2Vec2 force; force.Set(_body->GetLinearVelocity().x, _body->GetLinearVelocity().y+1.0f); for (b2Body* b = _game.world->GetBodyList(); b; b = b->GetNext()) { if (b->GetUserData() == character) { b->SetLinearVelocity(force); } } _game.world->Step(dt, 10, 10); for(b2Body *b = _game.world->GetBodyList(); b; b=b->GetNext()) { if (b->GetUserData() != NULL) { CCSprite *ballData = (CCSprite *)b->GetUserData(); ballData.position = ccp(b->GetPosition().x * PTM_RATIO, b->GetPosition().y * PTM_RATIO); ballData.rotation = -1 * CC_RADIANS_TO_DEGREES(b->GetAngle()); } } } -(void)dropObject:(ccTime) dt{ b2Vec2 force; force.Set(_body->GetLinearVelocity().x, _body->GetLinearVelocity().y-1.0f); for (b2Body* b = _game.world->GetBodyList(); b; b = b->GetNext()) { if (b->GetUserData() == character) { b->SetLinearVelocity(force); } } _game.world->Step(dt, 10, 10); for(b2Body *b = _game.world->GetBodyList(); b; b=b->GetNext()) { if (b->GetUserData() != NULL) { CCSprite *ballData = (CCSprite *)b->GetUserData(); ballData.position = ccp(b->GetPosition().x * PTM_RATIO, b->GetPosition().y * PTM_RATIO); ballData.rotation = -1 * CC_RADIANS_TO_DEGREES(b->GetAngle()); } } } I have been trying to get the effect that fruit ninja has when shooting the fruits. but it seems like its hard to get such animation so I was wondering if anyone can point me to the right direction and/or give me a sample code for a single object that gets thrown into the screen with a direction.

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• Examples of interesting implementations of character stats?

  - by Tchalvak

  I've got this BBG going ( http://ninjawars.net ), and the character stats currently are simplistic. I'm looking to add a few stats to the current 1/2 (strength and maximum hitpoints, essentially). I've come up with: (strength (unchanged), speed, stamina, and some others that are somewhat interesting wildcard stats). However, I'm not satisfied with how boring the effects of some of these stats are, because they're very linear. Better stat, better effects of the stat, but the stats don't interact with each-other, there's no Rock-Paper-Scissors interaction, having more is always better all the time. So what I'd really like is to see examples of interesting character stats or effects of stats? Examples that I can think of off hand: Call of Cthulu's Insanity stat (things get really weird/chaotic if you start losing sanity) White Wolf stats, to a certain extent (the stats themselves have some basic effects, and all skills effectiveness base themselves off of stats as well) What are some other ways people have used stats to check out?

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• problem in array of shooter sprites which contain different colour bubbles

  - by prakash s

  everyone i am developing bubble shooter game in cocos2d I have placed shooter array which contain different color bubbles like this 00000000 it is 8 bubbles array if i tap the screen, first bubbles should move for shooting the target .png .And if i again tap the screen again 2nd position bubble should move for shooting the target.png bubbles,how it will possible for me because i have already created the array of target which contain different color bubbles, here i write the code : - (void)ccTouchesEnded:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event { // Choose one of the touches to work with UITouch *touch = [touches anyObject]; CGPoint location = [touch locationInView:[touch view]]; location = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] convertToGL:location]; // Set up initial location of projectile CGSize winSize = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] winSize]; NSMutableArray * movableSprites = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; NSArray *images = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"1.png", @"2.png", @"3.png", @"4.png",@"5.png",@"6.png",@"7.png", @"8.png", nil]; for(int i = 0; i < images.count; ++i) { int index = (arc4random() % 8)+1; NSString *image = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d.png", index]; CCSprite*projectile = [CCSprite spriteWithFile:image]; //CCSprite *projectile = [CCSprite spriteWithFile:@"3.png" rect:CGRectMake(0, 0,256,256)]; [self addChild:projectile]; [movableSprites addObject:projectile]; float offsetFraction = ((float)(i+1))/(images.count+1); //projectile.position = ccp(20, winSize.height/2); //projectile.position = ccp(18,0 ); //projectile.position = ccp(350*offsetFraction, 20.0f); projectile.position = ccp(10/offsetFraction, 20.0f); // projectile.position = ccp(projectile.position.x,projectile.position.y); // Determine offset of location to projectile int offX = location.x - projectile.position.x; int offY = location.y - projectile.position.y; // Bail out if we are shooting down or backwards if (offX <= 0) return; // Ok to add now - we've double checked position //[self addChild:projectile]; // Determine where we wish to shoot the projectile to int realX = winSize.width + (projectile.contentSize.width/2); float ratio = (float) offY / (float) offX; int realY = (realX * ratio) + projectile.position.y; CGPoint realDest = ccp(realX, realY); // Determine the length of how far we're shooting int offRealX = realX - projectile.position.x; int offRealY = realY - projectile.position.y; float length = sqrtf((offRealX*offRealX)+(offRealY*offRealY)); float velocity = 480/1; // 480pixels/1sec float realMoveDuration = length/velocity; // Move projectile to actual endpoint [projectile runAction:[CCSequence actions: [CCMoveTo actionWithDuration:realMoveDuration position:realDest], [CCCallFuncN actionWithTarget:self selector:@selector(spriteMoveFinished:)], nil]]; // Add to projectiles array projectile.tag = 1; [_projectiles addObject:projectile]; } }

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• How are buttons made to be clicked?

  - by Johnny

  I just want to ask a general question. According to that answer, Ill continue thinking. You know in games there are lots of clickable items. Play button, exit, comboboxes maybe etc. My question is are those buttons drawn in same canvas with background and all other things, or for every different thing there is another canvas object? My question is about for general. Im not asking about a specific game, im asking how they are made generally. Im planning to start a game on Android, and Im confused actually how to design buttons, and other object. Probably Im going to use View/SurfaceView for now. I don't have much experience with OpenGL yet. Thanks in advance.

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• Should I be using Lua for game logic on mobile devices?

  - by Rob Ashton

  As above really, I'm writing an android based game in my spare time (android because it's free and I've no real aspirations to do anything commercial). The game logic comes from a very typical component based model whereby entities exist and have components attached to them and messages are sent to and fro in order to make things happen. Obviously the layer for actually performing that is thin, and if I were to write an iPhone version of this app, I'd have to re-write the renderer and core driver (of this component based system) in Objective C. The entities are just flat files determining the names of the components to be added, and the components themselves are simple, single-purpose objects containing the logic for the entity. Now, if I write all the logic for those components in Java, then I'd have to re-write them on Objective C if I decided to do an iPhone port. As the bulk of the application logic is contained within these components, they would, in an ideal world, be written in some platform-agnostic language/script/DSL which could then just be loaded into the app on whatever platform. I've been led to believe however that this is not an ideal world though, and that Lua performance etc on mobile devices still isn't up to scratch, that the overhead is too much and that I'd run into troubles later if I went down that route? Is this actually the case? Obviously this is just a hypothetical question, I'm happy writing them all in Java as it's simple and easy get things off the ground, but say I actually enjoy making this game (unlikely, given how much I'm currently disliking having to deal with all those different mobile devices) and I wanted to make a commercially viable game - would I use Lua or would I just take the hit when it came to porting and just re-write all the code?

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• car crash android game

  - by Axarydax

  I'd like to make a simple 2d car crashing game, where the player would drive his car into moving traffic and try to cause as much damage as possible in each level (some Burnout games had a mode like this). The physics part of the game is the most important, I can worry about graphics later. Would engine like emini or box2d work for this kind of game? Would Android devices have enough power to handle this? For example if there were about 20 cars colliding, along with some buildings, it would be nice if I could get 20 fps.

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• LWJGL glRotatef() without rotating axes?

  - by Brandon oubiub

  Okay so, I noticed when you rotate around an axis, say you do this: glRotatef(90.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); That will rotate things 90 degrees around the x-axis. However, it also sort of rotates the y and z axes as well. So now the y-axis is pointing in and out of the screen, instead of up and down. So when I try to do stuff like this: glRotatef(90.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glRotatef(whatever, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); glRotatef(whatever2, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); The rotations around the y and z-axes end up not how I want them. I was wondering if there is any way I can sort of rotate just the axes back to their initial position after using glRotatef(), without rotating the object back. Or something like that, just so that when I rotate around the y-axis, it rotates around a vertical axis.

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• How can I solve for the game's world coordinates?

  - by HyperGroups

  I've used 3DReaperDX to get a obj file, the header information are shown as follows: #AR=2.00606, FOV=45.09583(height), Xscale:0.83290, Yscale:0.41519, Zscale:1.0 #************************************************** #ALPHABLENDENABLE: No #ZENABLE: Yes #ZWRITEENABLE: Yes #TWOSIDED: No #INVALID: No #THIN: No #RENDERTARGET_IS_BACKBUFFER: Yes #WIDTH_DO_MATCH: Yes #RGBWRITEDISABLED: No # object DrawCall_0 to come ... g v 2143.35547 6654.99023 25835.37109 v 2243.17773 6296.61523 25957.53906 v 2343.00000 5856.84473 26093.97656 How can I get the game's world coordinates. For example: I can map the scaleTransform to the VertexData scaleTransform={X1scale,Y1scale,Z1scale} {0.8329,0.41519,1.} Is the obj file enough to get the game's world coordinates? I want to put a object in this ground, and the coordinates is the same to that in the Game Engine, And I can place something(with some fixed coordinates) in the Game and then to use 3DReaper to get the obj file. If the file is not enough itself to get the game world coordinates.

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• 2D Pixel/sprite game in unity? [on hold]

  - by acidzombie24

  Hi I'm an absolute newbie in unity. In the past I was told unity is terrible for 2d games so I look away after looking at it for a few days. I don't remember if this was right before unity4 came out or after. I hear unity is fairly good at 2d now. I tried googling for tutorials but I'm doing it wrong. I could not find a good tetris or tic tac toe tutorial. What assets/tutorials do I want for a 2D game? Side question is what tutorials are good if I want to make a fire emblem/advance wars type game (HUD heavy grid base game)

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• Handling packet impersonating in client-server model online game

  - by TheDespite

  I am designing a server-client model game library/engine. How do I, and should I even bother to handle frequent update packet possible impersonating? In my current design anyone could copy a packet from someone else and modify it to execute any non-critical action for another client. I am currently compressing all datagrams so that adds just a tad of security. Edit: One way I thought about was to send a unique "key" to the verified client every x_time and then the client has to add that to all of it's update packets until a new key is sent. Edit2: I should have mentioned that I am not concerned about whether the actions described in the packet are available to the client at the time, this is all checked by the server which I thought was obvious. I am only concerned about someone sending packets for another client.

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• Game Formula/Mechanic

  - by Georgiadis Abraam

  i am trying to design a game for a project i have, The main idea is a 3 Type of Heroes 3 Stat per Hero There are no levels involved so the differences must be located on Stats. Flogic)The logic of fight is that type1hero has good chances winning type2hero, type2hero has good chances type3hero and type3hero has good chances winning type1hero. For over a week i am trying to find a stats based formula that will allow me to fix this but i cant, i was meddling with numbers yesterday and it was decent but i cant extract the formula out of it. Could you plz guide me or give me hints on how should i start creating formulas on a Non lvl game that fulfills the fLogic?

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• What algorithm to use to fill a KenKen square board with cages?

  - by JimmyBoh

  I am working on recreating KenKen, a popular math puzzle involving a blank grid that is divided into "cages". Each cage is just a collection of adjacent squares and has a clue which is generally a number and an operand, shown below: What type of algorithm would be best to fill the square with cages? Assume the maximum number of cells per cage would be 3 and the board is 4x4 in size, like in the example above.

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• Moving my sprite in XNA using classes

  - by Tom

  Hey, im a newbie at this programming lark and its really frustrating me. I'm trying to move a snake in all directions while using classes. Ive created a vector2 for speed and ive attempted creating a method which moves the snake within the snake class. Now I'm confused and not sure what to do next. Appreciate any help. Thanks :D This is what i've done in terms of the method... public Vector2 direction() { Vector2 inputDirection = Vector2.Zero; if (Keyboard.GetState().IsKeyDown(Keys.Left)) inputDirection.X -= -1; if (Keyboard.GetState().IsKeyDown(Keys.Right)) inputDirection.X += 1; if (Keyboard.GetState().IsKeyDown(Keys.Up)) inputDirection.Y -= -1; if (Keyboard.GetState().IsKeyDown(Keys.Down)) inputDirection.Y += 1; return inputDirection * snakeSpeed; } Appreciate any help. Thanks :D EDIT: Well let me make everything clear. Im making a small basic game for an assignment. The game is similar to the old snake game on the old Nokia phones. I've created a snake class (even though I'm not sure whether this is needed because im only going to be having one moving sprite within the game). After I written the code above (in the snake class), the game ran with no errors but I couldn't actually move the image :( EDIT2: Thanks so much for everyones responses!!

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• How do I use setFilmSize in panda3d to achieve the correct view?

  - by lhk

  I'm working with Panda3d and recently switched my game to isometric rendering. I moved the virtual camera accordingly and set an orthographic lens. Then I implemented the classes "Map" and "Canvas". A canvas is a dynamically generated mesh: a flat quad. I'm using it to render the ingame graphics. Since the game itself is still set in a 3d coordinate system I'm planning to rely on these canvases to draw sprites. I could have named this class "Tile" but as I'd like to use it for non-tile sketches (enemies, environment) as well I thought canvas would describe it's function better. Map does exactly what it's name suggests. Its constructor receives the number of rows and columns and then creates a standard isometric map. It uses the canvas class for tiles. I'm planning to write a map importer that reads a file to create maps on the fly. Here's the canvas implementation: class Canvas: def __init__(self, texture, vertical=False, width=1,height=1): # create the mesh format=GeomVertexFormat.getV3t2() format = GeomVertexFormat.registerFormat(format) vdata=GeomVertexData("node-vertices", format, Geom.UHStatic) vertex = GeomVertexWriter(vdata, 'vertex') texcoord = GeomVertexWriter(vdata, 'texcoord') # add the vertices for a flat quad vertex.addData3f(1, 0, 0) texcoord.addData2f(1, 0) vertex.addData3f(1, 1, 0) texcoord.addData2f(1, 1) vertex.addData3f(0, 1, 0) texcoord.addData2f(0, 1) vertex.addData3f(0, 0, 0) texcoord.addData2f(0, 0) prim = GeomTriangles(Geom.UHStatic) prim.addVertices(0, 1, 2) prim.addVertices(2, 3, 0) self.geom = Geom(vdata) self.geom.addPrimitive(prim) self.node = GeomNode('node') self.node.addGeom(self.geom) # this is the handle for the canvas self.nodePath=NodePath(self.node) self.nodePath.setSx(width) self.nodePath.setSy(height) if vertical: self.nodePath.setP(90) # the most important part: "Drawing" the image self.texture=loader.loadTexture(""+texture+".png") self.nodePath.setTexture(self.texture) Now the code for the Map class class Map: def __init__(self,rows,columns,size): self.grid=[] for i in range(rows): self.grid.append([]) for j in range(columns): # create a canvas for the tile. For testing the texture is preset tile=Canvas(texture="../assets/textures/flat_concrete",width=size,height=size) x=(i-1)*size y=(j-1)*size # set the tile up for rendering tile.nodePath.reparentTo(render) tile.nodePath.setX(x) tile.nodePath.setY(y) # and store it for later access self.grid[i].append(tile) And finally the usage def loadMap(self): self.map=Map(10, 10, 1) this function is called within the constructor of the World class. The instantiation of world is the entry point to the execution. The code is pretty straightforward and runs good. Sadly the output is not as expected: Please note: The problem is not the white rectangle, it's my player object. The problem is that although the map should have equal width and height it's stretched weirdly. With orthographic rendering I expected the map to be a perfect square. What did I do wrong ? UPDATE: I've changed the viewport. This is how I set up the orthographic camera: lens = OrthographicLens() lens.setFilmSize(40, 20) base.cam.node().setLens(lens) You can change the "aspect" by modifying the parameters of setFilmSize. I don't know exactly how they are related to window size and screen resolution but after testing a little the values above seem to work for me. Now everything is rendered correctly as long as I don't resize the window. Every change of the window's size as well as switching to fullscreen destroys the correct rendering. I know that implementing a listener for resize events is not in the scope of this question. However I wonder why I need to make the Film's height two times bigger than its width. My window is quadratic ! Can you tell me how to find out correct setting for the FilmSize ? UPDATE 2: I can imagine that it's hard to envision the behaviour of the game. At first glance the obvious solution is to pass the window's width and height in pixels to setFilmSize. There are two problems with that approach. The parameters for setFilmSize are ingame units. You'll get a way to big view if you pass the pixel size For some strange reason the image is distorted if you pass equal values for width and height. Here's the output for setFilmSize(800,800) You'll have to stress your eyes but you'll see what I mean

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• Raycasting mouse coordinates to rotated object?

  - by SPL

  I am trying to cast a ray from my mouse to a plane at a specified position with a known width and length and height. I know that you can use the NDC (Normalized Device Coordinates) to cast ray but I don't know how can I detect if the ray actually hit the plane and when it did. The plane is translated -100 on the Y and rotated 60 on the X then translated again -100. Can anyone please give me a good tutorial on this? For a complete noob! I am almost new to matrix and vector transformations.

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• Illumination and Shading for computer graphics class

  - by Sam I Am

  I am preparing for my test tomorrow and this is one of the practice questions. I solved it partially but I am confused with the rest. Here is the problem: Consider a gray world with no ambient and specular lighting ( only diffuse lighting). The screen coordinates of a triangle P1,P2,P3, are P1=(100,100), P2= (300,150), P3 = (200, 200). The gray values at P!,P2,P3 are 1/2, 3/4, and 1/4 respectively. The light is at infinity and its direction and gray color are (1,1,1) and 1.0 respectively. The coefficients of diffused reflection is 1/2. The normals of P1,P2,P3 are N1= (0,0,1), N2 = (1,0,0), and N3 = (0,1,0) respectively. Consider the coordinates of three points P1,P2,P3 to be 0. Do not normalize the normals. I have computed that the illumination at the 3 vertices P1,P2,P3 is (1/4,3/8,1/8). Also I computed that interpolation coefficients of a point P inside the triangle whose coordinates are (220, 160) are given by (1/5,2/5,2/5). Now I have 4 more questions regarding this problem. 1) The illumination at P using Gouraud Shading is: i) 1/2 The answer is 1/2, but I have no idea how to compute it.. 2) The interpolated normal at P is given by i) (2/5, 2/5,1/5) ii) (1/2, 1/4, 1/4) iii) (3/5, 1/5, 1/5) 3) The interpolated color at P is given by: i) 1/2 Again, I know the correct answer but no idea how to solve it 4) The illumination at P using Phong Shading is i) 1/4 ii) 9/40 iii) 1/2

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• PCF shadow shader math causing artifacts

  - by user2971069

  For a while now I used PCSS for my shadow technique of choice until I discovered a type of percentage closer filtering. This method creates really smooth shadows and with hopes of improving performance, with only a fraction of texture samples, I tried to implement PCF into my shader. This is the relevant code: float c0, c1, c2, c3; float f = blurFactor; float2 coord = ProjectedTexCoords; if (receiverDistance - tex2D(lightSampler, coord + float2(0, 0)).x > 0.0007) c0 = 1; if (receiverDistance - tex2D(lightSampler, coord + float2(f, 0)).x > 0.0007) c1 = 1; if (receiverDistance - tex2D(lightSampler, coord + float2(0, f)).x > 0.0007) c2 = 1; if (receiverDistance - tex2D(lightSampler, coord + float2(f, f)).x > 0.0007) c3 = 1; coord = (coord % f) / f; return 1 - (c0 * (1 - coord.x) * (1 - coord.y) + c1 * coord.x * (1 - coord.y) + c2 * (1 - coord.x) * coord.y + c3 * coord.x * coord.y); This is a very basic implementation. blurFactor is initialized with 1 / LightTextureSize. So the if statements fetch the occlusion values for the four adjacent texels. I now want to weight each value based on the actual position of the texture coordinate. If it's near the bottom-right pixel, that occlusion value should be preferred. The weighting itself is done with a simple bilinear interpolation function, however this function takes a 2d vector in the range [0..1] so I have to convert my texture coordinate to get the distance from my first pixel to the second one in range [0..1]. For that I used the mod operator to get it into [0..f] range and then divided by f. This code makes sense to me, and for specific blurFactors it works, producing really smooth one pixel wide shadows, but not for all blurFactors. Initially blurFactor is (1 / LightTextureSize) to sample the 4 adjacent texels. I now want to increase the blurFactor by factor x to get a smooth interpolation across maybe 4 or so pixels. But that is when weird artifacts show up. Here is an image: Using a 1x on blurFactor produces a good result, 0.5 is as expected not so smooth. 2x however doesn't work at all. I found that only a factor of 1/2^n produces an good result, every other factor produces artifacts. I'm pretty sure the error lies here: coord = (coord % f) / f; Maybe the modulo is not calculated correctly? I have no idea how to fix that. Is it even possible for pixel that are further than 1 pixel away?

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• "Unable to create OpenGL 3.3 context (flags 0, profile 1)"

  - by Tsvetan

  Trying to run any of the well-known McKesson's tutorials on a friend's laptop results in the aforementioned exception. I read that in order to run applications which use OpenGL 3.3 you must at least have an ATI HD or Nvidia 8xxx GPU series. He has an ATI HD class graphics processor which eliminates (maybe) this issue. Also, I read that this error may result in having old drivers. He updated his drivers but that didn't solve the problem. The tutorials are built as said in the book introduction and glsdk is installed. If more information is needed, say so and I will provide it. What are the other reasons for this kind of exception? And how can I fix them?

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• Cropping a line (laser beam) in XNA

  - by electroflame

  I have a laser sprite that I wish to crop. I want to crop it so when it collides with an item, I can calculate the distance between the starting point, and the ending point, and only draw that. This eliminates the "overdraw" of a laser drawing past an item. Essentially, I'm trying to crop a line, but also keep that line "attached" to the nose of my ship. The line should not be drawn past the nose of my ship, that should be the starting point. There is no rotation to worry about. Currently, I thought that doing this through SpriteBatch would be best. This is my current Spritebatch code: spriteBatch.Draw(Laser.sprite, new Rectangle((int)Laser.position.X, (int)Laser.position.Y, Laser.sprite.Width, LaserHeight), new Rectangle(0, 0, (int)(Laser.sprite.Width), LaserHeight), new Color(255, 255, 255, (byte)MathHelper.Clamp(Laser.Alpha, 0, 255)), Laser.rotation, new Vector2(Laser.sprite.Width/2, LaserHeight/2), SpriteEffects.None, 0); But this doesn't quite work. It does only draw part of the sprite, but when LaserHeight is incremented, it lengthens the line in both ways! I believe this is due to some stupid error on my part with the Origin of the draw. Quick recap: I need to have my laser sprite drawn with the bottom of it at the nose of my ship, and then use LaserHeight to crop the image so only part of it is drawn. I have a feeling my explanation is a bit...lacking. So if you require more information, please say so and I will try to provide more information. Thanks in advance!

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• Changing the material on an object on click in unity

  - by user1509674

  Iam working on unity2d.I have six game object Object1,Object1,Object1,(these are images) ObjectImage1,ObjectImage2,ObjectImage3(these are images). I have arranged the object in the scene as a list one below another Object1 Object2 Object3 When I click the Object1 --- should change to ObjectImage1 Object2 ----should change to ObjectImage2, but the above image of object1(objectImage1) at present should change to Object1 Object3 ----? should change to ObjectImage3,but the above image on object2(objectImage2) should change to Object2 These is similar to selection.I have coded Like when I click of Object2 its changing to ObjectIamge2 but the first object is not changing to object1 from objectImage1.Can anybody help me coding it out. Edit: public GameObject newSprite; private Vector3 currentSpritePosition; void Start() { newSprite.renderer.enabled = false; currentSpritePosition = transform.position; //then make it invisible renderer.enabled = false; //give the new sprite the position of the latter newSprite.transform.position = currentSpritePosition; //then make it visible newSprite.renderer.enabled = true; } void OnMouseExit(){ //just the reverse process renderer.enabled = true; newSprite.renderer.enabled = false; } This is the code used to change the material: public GameObject newSprite; private Vector3 currentSpritePosition; void Start(){ newSprite.renderer.enabled = false; } void OnMouseEnter(){ //getting the current position of the current sprite if ever it can move; currentSpritePosition = transform.position; //then make it invisible renderer.enabled = false; //give the new sprite the position of the latter newSprite.transform.position = currentSpritePosition; //then make it visible newSprite.renderer.enabled = true; } void OnMouseExit(){ //just the reverse process renderer.enabled = true; newSprite.renderer.enabled = false; }

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