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  • C to C++ Conversion [closed]

    - by Annalyne
    Can someone convert this code to C++, pretty please? :( #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #define WEAPON_ROPE 10 #define WEAPON_REVOLVER 20 #define WEAPON_LEADPIPE 30 #define WEAPON_CANDLESTICK 40 #define WEAPON_KNIFE 50 #define WEAPON_WRENCH 60 #define PEOPLE_MRGREEN 100 #define PEOPLE_MSSCARLET 200 #define PEOPLE_CONLMUSTARD 300 #define PEOPLE_PROFPLUM 400 #define PEOPLE_MISPEACOCK 500 #define PEOPLE_MISWHITE 600 #define PLACE_KITCHEN 1 #define PLACE_HALL 2 #define PLACE_POOLROOM 3 #define PLACE_STUDY 4 #define PLACE_LOUNG 5 #define PLACE_LIBRARY 6 #define PLACE_CONSERVATORY 7 #define PLACE_DINING 8 #define PLACE_BILLIARDS 9 int main() { int die = 0; int players[6][9] = {{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}}; int allCards[] = {WEAPON_ROPE, WEAPON_REVOLVER, WEAPON_LEADPIPE, WEAPON_CANDLESTICK, WEAPON_CANDLESTICK, WEAPON_KNIFE, WEAPON_WRENCH, PEOPLE_MRGREEN, PEOPLE_MSSCARLET, PEOPLE_CONLMUSTARD, PEOPLE_CONLMUSTARD, PEOPLE_PROFPLUM, PEOPLE_MISPEACOCK, PEOPLE_MISWHITE, PLACE_KITCHEN, PLACE_HALL, PLACE_POOLROOM, PLACE_STUDY, PLACE_LOUNG, PLACE_LIBRARY, PLACE_CONSERVATORY, PLACE_DINING, PLACE_BILLIARDS}; int deckSize = 23; // number of cards in allCards array int count; for (count = 0; count < deckSize; ++count) { printf(", %d", allCards[count]); } // End for // These three array's are so you can put a card back, if need be... int weaponCards[] = {WEAPON_ROPE, WEAPON_REVOLVER, WEAPON_LEADPIPE, WEAPON_CANDLESTICK, WEAPON_CANDLESTICK, WEAPON_KNIFE, WEAPON_WRENCH}; int weaponDeckSize = 7; int peopleCards[] = {PEOPLE_MRGREEN, PEOPLE_MSSCARLET, PEOPLE_CONLMUSTARD, PEOPLE_CONLMUSTARD, PEOPLE_PROFPLUM, PEOPLE_MISPEACOCK, PEOPLE_MISWHITE}; int peopleDeckSize = 7; int placeCards[] = {PLACE_KITCHEN, PLACE_HALL, PLACE_POOLROOM, PLACE_STUDY, PLACE_LOUNG, PLACE_LIBRARY, PLACE_CONSERVATORY, PLACE_DINING, PLACE_BILLIARDS}; int placeDeckSize = 9; srand(clock()); // seed rand() using clock() which gives // the current tick your processor is at... int killer[3]; // no need to initialize yet. killer[0-2] will initialize int deckShuffle = rand() % weaponDeckSize; // picks one number out of the deck killer[0] = weaponCards[deckShuffle]; allCards[deckShuffle] = 0; // Card drawn. No longer exists in deck deckShuffle = rand() % peopleDeckSize; // picks another random card out of the deck killer[1] = peopleCards[deckShuffle]; allCards[deckShuffle + weaponDeckSize] = 0; // Card drawn. No longer exists in deck deckShuffle = rand() % placeDeckSize; // randomly picks the last card needed killer[2] = placeCards[deckShuffle]; allCards[deckShuffle + weaponDeckSize + peopleDeckSize] = 0; // Card drawn. No longer exists in deck int numberOfCards = 0; printf("CLUE\n"); printf("written by John Schintone\n"); printf("Origonal game delvoped by Hasbro\n"); int numberOfPlayers = 0; while ((numberOfPlayers < 3) || (numberOfPlayers > 6)) { printf("How many players are Going to play :\n"); printf("[number] > "); scanf("%d",&numberOfPlayers); // A very fast if statement which only uses integers/char's switch(numberOfPlayers) { case 6: { numberOfCards = 3; } break; case 5: { numberOfCards = 4; } break; case 4: { numberOfCards = 5; } break; case 3: { numberOfCards = 6; } break; default: { printf("You must enter a number between 3 and 6...\n"); } // End default } // End switch } // End while int index1, index2; // Note: ++index1; is faster than index1++; and will almost always // produce better code (index1++ happens after this statement line. // ++index1 increments index1 before this statement line) for (index1 = 0; index1 < numberOfPlayers; ++index1) { printf("Player %d", index1); for (index2 = 0; index2 < numberOfCards; ++index2) { // Remember that allCards[deckShuffle] == 0 because we removed that // card ages ago... works out well, just don't forget you did that : ) while (allCards[deckShuffle] == 0) { deckShuffle = rand() % deckSize; } // End while players[index1][index2] = allCards[deckShuffle]; allCards[deckShuffle] = 0; // Card removed for after loop... printf(", %d", players[index1][index2]); switch(players[index1][index2]) { case WEAPON_ROPE: { } break; // Add more... case PEOPLE_MRGREEN: { } break; // Add more... case PLACE_KITCHEN: { } break; // Add more... default: { printf("Program has caught player %d cheating...", index1); } // End default } // End switch } // End for printf("\n"); } // End for printf("The killer is %d, with the %d, and in the %d \n\n", killer[0], killer[1], killer[2]); printf("Type h for this help... \n"); printf("Type e to escape... \n"); printf("Type r to roll the die... \n"); char command = '\0'; // \0 represents zero, or the null character while (command != 'e') { printf("[one character] > "); scanf("%c", &command); if (command == 'r') { die = rand() % 6 + 1; printf("Your number is: %d \n", die); } // end while if (command == 'h') { printf("Type h for this help... \n"); printf("Type e to escape... \n"); printf("Type r to roll the die... \n"); } // End if printf("\n"); } // End while return(0); // Success. Program worked ok } // End main() Function

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  • How to do pixel per pixel modeling in unity3d?

    - by Kabumbus
    So generally I want to have api like pixels.addPixel3D(new Pixel3D(0xFF0000, 100, 100,100)); (color, position) where pixels is some abstraction on 3d sceen objet.So to say point cloud. It would have grate use in deep space/stars modeling... I want to set each pixel by hand (having no image base or any automatic thing)... So point is modeling something like Or look at alive flash analog here How to do such thing in unity?

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  • C++ and SDL Trouble Creating a STL Vector of a Game Object

    - by Jackson Blades
    I am trying to create a Space Invaders clone using C++ and SDL. The problem I am having is in trying to create Waves of Enemies. I am trying to model this by making my Waves a vector of 8 Enemy objects. My Enemy constructor takes two arguments, an x and y offset. My Wave constructor also takes two arguments, an x and y offset. What I am trying to do is have my Wave constructor initialize a vector of Enemies, and have each enemy given a different x offset so that they are spaced out appropriately. Enemy::Enemy(int x, int y) { box.x = x; box.y = y; box.w = ENEMY_WIDTH; box.h = ENEMY_HEIGHT; xVel = ENEMY_WIDTH / 2; } Wave::Wave(int x, int y) { box.x = x; box.y = y; box.w = WAVE_WIDTH; box.y = WAVE_HEIGHT; xVel = (-1)*ENEMY_WIDTH; yVel = 0; std::vector<Enemy> enemyWave; for (int i = 0; i < enemyWave.size(); i++) { Enemy temp(box.x + ((ENEMY_WIDTH + 16) * i), box.y); enemyWave.push_back(temp); } } I guess what I am asking is if there is a cleaner, more elegant way to do this sort of initialization with vectors, or if this is right at all. Any help is greatly appreciated.

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  • Rain drops on screen

    - by user1075940
    I am trying to make simple rain drop effect on screen.Something like this http://fc00.deviantart.net/fs20/f/2007/302/5/6/Rain_drops_by_rockraikar.png My idea is to: Create small drop shaped normal textures,randomly put few on screen,apply texture perturbation and mix with current frame pixels. Here are my questions: -Does this idea even have sense?How professionals do this effect?Everything from text to code will be appreciated -How to pass pixels to shader of already rendered frame?

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  • How to make my sprite jump properly?

    - by Matthew Morgan
    I'm currently working on a 2D platformer in XNA. I have, however been having some trouble with creating a fully functional jumping algorithm. This is what I have so far: if (keystate.IsKeyDown(Keys.W)) if (onGround = true) //"onground" is true when the collision between the main sprite and the ground is detected { spritePosition.Y = velocity.Y = -5; } So, the problem I am now having is that as soon as the jump starts the variable "onGround" = false and the sprite is brought back the ground by the simple gravity I have implemented. The other problem I have is creating a limit to the height after which the sprite should automatically return to the ground. Any advice or suggestions would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Wired : "Japanese despise western games" - how much is it true?

    - by user712092
    Wired has article that western games are seen as "bad games". Why is that? If that is true, than what do they see as bad? This article, i think, is biased towards western games: “The other day,” says Q Entertainment’s Mielke, “I was having lunch with a friend and I said, ‘Have you ever played StarCraft?’ And he said, ‘What’s StarCraft?’ Sometimes it’s just really shocking that their gaming vocabulary isn’t as extensive as it could be. I think Japanese game developers need to start playing other people’s games to open their minds, just like a writer might want to read classic literature to be inspired.” Rather than trusting such articles, I rather ask here.

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  • GLSL, all in one or many shader programs?

    - by stjepano
    I am doing some 3D demos using OpenGL and I noticed that GLSL is somewhat "limited" (or is it just me?). Anyway I have many different types of materials. Some materials have ambient and diffuse color, some materials have ambient occlusion map, some have specular map and bump map etc. Is it better to support everything in one vertex/fragment shader pair or is it better to create many vertex/fragment shaders and select them based on currently selected material? What is the usual shader strategy in OpenGL or D3D?

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  • What's the recommended way of doing a HUD for an android game?

    - by joxnas
    Basically the question is in the title. I'm creating a RTS game and I will need buttons like attack move / attack ground, etc. I am not using any engine. When people do games in OpenGL for android (my case), do they ever use android components to control the game or do they create their components in the game? What are the general recommended approach, if there's any? How about more complex components like scrolling lists of items , etc? I would also appreciate you to pair your answer with a brief comment about how was your experience using the approach(es) you describe. Thanks :)

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  • Button click event in the Ogre3d for ios

    - by user1184398
    Is it possible to access the button click event by using the cursor? These are the steps I followed for the button click event using the SDK trays m_pTrayMgr = new OgreBites::SdkTrayManager("TrayMgr", m_pRenderWnd, m_pMouse, this); I create the buttons m_LeftBtn = tray->createButton(OgreBites:: TL_LEFT, "sdk_button_down", "Left"); m_RightBtn = tray->createButton(OgreBites::TL_RIGHT, "sdk_button_up", "Right"); And I am calling this function void OgreFramework::buttonHit(OgreBites::Button* button) { if(button->getName().compare("sdk_button_down") == 0 ) { printf("XXX"); } } But the button hit function is not getting called... Could somebody provide some sample code? I'm not using any cursor for the click.

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  • How can i create sprite sheet from 3d model (3D studio max)

    - by OopsUser
    I built simple 3D model of a car, with simple animation in which it's wheels are turning. Now i want to create a sprite sheet, the only way i know how to do it, is to render manually 20 frames from the from, then combine them to a strip manually, then rotate it by 10 degrees, render 20 frames of animation again and combine them to a strip... Is there a way to do it automatically ? With out rotating the scene manually and render it and combining .. it's a lot of work, takes more time then the modelling itself... Thanks

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  • Ouya / Android : button mapping biwise

    - by scorvi
    I am programming a game with the Gameplay3d Engine. But the Android site has no gamepad support and that is what I need to port my game to Ouya. So I implemented a simple gamepad support and it supports 2 gamepads. So my problem is that I put the button stats in a float array for every gamepad. But the Gameplay3d engine saves their stats in a unsigned int _buttons variable. It is set with bitwise operations and I have no clue how to translate my array to this.

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  • Optimizing hierarchical transform

    - by Geotarget
    I'm transforming objects in 3D space by transforming each vector with the object's 4x4 transform matrix. In order to achieve hierarchical transform, I transform the child by its own matrix, and then the child by the parent matrix. This becomes costly because objects deeper in the display tree have to be transformed by all the parent objects. This is what's happening, in summary: Root -- transform its verts by Root matrix Parent -- transform its verts by Parent, Root matrix Child -- transform its verts by Child, Parent, Root matrix Is there a faster way to transform vertices to achieve hierarchical transform? What If I first concatenated each transform matrix with the parent matrices, and then transform verts by that final resulting matrix, would that work and wouldn't that be faster? Root -- transform its verts by Root matrix Parent -- concat Parent, Root matrices, transform its verts by Concated matrix Child -- concat Child, Parent, Root matrices, transform its verts by Concated matrix

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  • HTML5 game programming style

    - by fnx
    I am currently trying learn javascript in form of HTML5 games. Stuff that I've done so far isn't too fancy since I'm still a beginner. My biggest concern so far has been that I don't really know what is the best way to code since I don't know the pros and cons of different methods, nor I've found any good explanations about them. So far I've been using the worst (and propably easiest) method of all (I think) since I'm just starting out, for example like this: var canvas = document.getElementById("canvas"); var ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); var width = 640; var height = 480; var player = new Player("pic.png", 100, 100, ...); also some other global vars... function Player(imgSrc, x, y, ...) { this.sprite = new Image(); this.sprite.src = imgSrc; this.x = x; this.y = y; ... } Player.prototype.update = function() { // blah blah... } Player.prototype.draw = function() { // yada yada... } function GameLoop() { player.update(); player.draw(); setTimeout(GameLoop, 1000/60); } However, I've seen a few examples on the internet that look interesting, but I don't know how to properly code in these styles, nor do I know if there are names for them. These might not be the best examples but hopefully you'll get the point: 1: Game = { variables: { width: 640, height: 480, stuff: value }, init: function(args) { // some stuff here }, update: function(args) { // some stuff here }, draw: function(args) { // some stuff here }, }; // from http://codeincomplete.com/posts/2011/5/14/javascript_pong/ 2: function Game() { this.Initialize = function () { } this.LoadContent = function () { this.GameLoop = setInterval(this.RunGameLoop, this.DrawInterval); } this.RunGameLoop = function (game) { this.Update(); this.Draw(); } this.Update = function () { // update } this.Draw = function () { // draw game frame } } // from http://www.felinesoft.com/blog/index.php/2010/09/accelerated-game-programming-with-html5-and-canvas/ 3: var engine = {}; engine.canvas = document.getElementById('canvas'); engine.ctx = engine.canvas.getContext('2d'); engine.map = {}; engine.map.draw = function() { // draw map } engine.player = {}; engine.player.draw = function() { // draw player } // from http://that-guy.net/articles/ So I guess my questions are: Which is most CPU efficient, is there any difference between these styles at runtime? Which one allows for easy expandability? Which one is the most safe, or at least harder to hack? Are there any good websites where stuff like this is explained? or... Does it all come to just personal preferance? :)

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  • Ray Picking Problems

    - by A Name I Haven't Decided On
    I've read so many answers on here about how to do Ray Picking, that I thought I had the idea of it down. But when I try to implement it in my game, I get garbage. I'm working with LWJGL. Here's the code: public static Ray getPick(int mouseX, int mouseY){ glPushMatrix(); //Setting up the Mouse Clip Vector4f mouseClip = new Vector4f((float)mouseX * 2 / 960f - 1, 1 - (float)mouseY * 2 / 640f ,0 ,1); //Loading Matrices FloatBuffer modMatrix = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16); FloatBuffer projMatrix = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16); glGetFloat(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, modMatrix); glGetFloat(GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX, projMatrix); //Assigning Matrices Matrix4f proj = new Matrix4f(); Matrix4f model = new Matrix4f(); model.load(modMatrix); proj.load(projMatrix); //Multiplying the Projection Matrix by the Model View Matrix Matrix4f tempView = new Matrix4f(); Matrix4f.mul(proj, model, tempView); tempView.invert(); //Getting the Camera Position in World Space. The 4th Column of the Model View Matrix. model.invert(); Point cameraPos = new Point(model.m30, model.m31, model.m32); //Theoretically getting the vector the Picking Ray goes Vector4f rayVector = new Vector4f(); Matrix4f.transform(tempView, mouseClip, rayVector); rayVector.translate((float)-cameraPos.getX(),(float) -cameraPos.getY(),(float) -cameraPos.getZ(), 0f); rayVector.normalise(); glPopMatrix(); //This Basically Spits out a value that changes as the Camera moves. //When the Mouse moves, the values change around 0.001 points from screen edge to edge. System.out.format("Vector: %f %f %f%n", rayVector.x, rayVector.y, rayVector.z); //return new Ray(cameraPos, rayVector); return null; } I don't really know why this isn't working. I was hoping some more experienced eyes might be able to help me out. I can get the camera position like a champ, it's the vector the rays going in that I can't seem to get right. Thanks.

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  • Previewing a Demo Level in Mobile for UDK?

    - by Reno Yeo
    I've already clicked on "Emulate Mobile Features" and everything has been compiled. I've also set the mobile previewer settings to iPhone 4's dimensions and features. However, when i click on the mobile previewer, a new window pops up but it goes into a "Not Responding" mode after a while. Is there anything I'm doing wrong? To be honest, I'm afraid of the difficulty curve required in learning UDK, but I am interested in developing a game for it.

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  • Game Editor - When screen is clicked, how do you identify which object that is clicked?

    - by Deukalion
    I'm trying to create a Game Editor, currently just placing different types of Shapes and such. I'm doing this in Windows Forms while drawing the 3D with XNA. So, if I have a couple of Shapes on the screen and I click the screen I want to be able to identify "which" of these objects you clicked. What is the best method for this? Since having two objects one behind the other, it should be able to recognize the one in front and not the one behind it and also if I rotate the camera and click on the one behind it - it should identify it and not the first one. Are there any smart ways to go about this?

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  • Stop animation playing automatically

    - by Starkers
    I've created an animation to animate a swinging mace. To do this I select the mace object in the scene pane, open the animation pane, and key it at a certain position at 0:00. I'm prompted to save this animation in my assets folder, which I do, as maceswing I then rotate the mace, move the slider through time and key it in a different position. I move the slider through time again, move the object to the original position and key it. There are now three things in my assets folder: maceswing appears to be my animation, but I have no idea what Mace Mace 1 and Mace 2 are. (I've been mucking around trying to get this working so it's possible Mace 1 and Mace 2 are just duplicates of Mace. I still want to know what they are though) When I play my game, the mace is constantly swinging, even though I didn't apply maceswing to it. I can't stop it. People say there's some kind of tick box to stop it constantly animating but I can't find it. My mace object only has an Animator component: Unticking this component doesn't stop the animation playing so I have no idea where the animation is coming from. Or what the Animator component actually does. I don't want this animation constantly playing. I only want it to play once when someone clicks a certain button: var Mace : Transform; if(Input.GetButtonDown('Fire1')){ Mace.animation.Play('maceswing'); }; Upon clicking the 'Fire1' button, I get this error: MissingComponentException: There is no 'Animation' attached to the "Mace" game object, but a script is trying to access it. You probably need to add a Animation to the game object "Mace". Or your script needs to check if the component is attached before using it. There is no 'Animation' attached to the "Mace" game object, and yet I can see it swinging away constantly. Infact I can't stop it! So what's causing the animation if the game object doesn't have an 'Animation' attached to it?

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  • Connecting 2 Vertices in 3DS Max?

    - by Reanimation
    How do you connect two vertices in 3DS Max 2013? I have two vertices which I wish to connect with a line to create an edge. (actually several) I have tried all I can think and done several Google searches but it only comes up with older versions method which say use the "connect" button... But I can't find the connect button on my version (see below) This is what my menu looks like: These are the vertices I'm trying to connect: Basically, I've edited an STL file and deleted some edges and vertices. Now I want to fill the gaps and triangulate what's left. Thanks.

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  • Rotation matrix for a 3D vector

    - by Shashwat
    I have a direction vector on which I have to apply some rotation to align it to positive z-axis. To use Matrix.CreateRotationX(angle) of XNA, I need the angle for which I'd have to compute cos or tan inverse. I think this is a complex task to do. Also, eventually those are also converted to sin(angle) and cos(angle) in the matrix. Is there any inbuilt way to create rotation matrix from a 3D vector? However, I can write the function but still asking if there is one already there.

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  • Can I use copyrighted images and music in my game? [duplicate]

    - by Aman Grover
    This question already has an answer here: Using modified copyrighted music in non-commercial games 3 answers I am working on my first ever project , and I have used some copyrighted images(images taken from some other well recognized games). Is it even possible that I edit the images a little bit and then use them as royalty free images? If not, then can anyone tell me some web links from where I can get royalty free images?

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  • what is the easiest way to make a hitbox that rotates with it's texture

    - by Matthew Optional Meehan
    In xna when you have a sprite that doesnt rotate it's very easy to get the four corner of a sprite to make a hitbox, but when you do a rotation the points get moved and I assume there is some kind of math that I can use to aquire them. I am using the four points to draw a rectangle that visually represents the hitboxes. I have seen some per-pixel collission examples but I can forsee they would be hard to draw a box/'convex hull' around. I have also seen physics like farseer but I'm not sure if there is a quick tutorial to do what I want. What do you guys think is the best approach becuase I am looking to complete this work by the end of the week.

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  • 2D XNA Game Engine with a Good Wiki [closed]

    - by gcx
    I'm a newbie game developer. I'm planning to develop a XBOX (with a Kinect to double the fun) game. I've researched some 2D game engines that i can use in my project. After some research I've found IceCream engine and it looks delicious with its Milkshake editor. But I can't seem to find "working" game source examples for that engine and its own website's tutorial is not very sufficent. (If you are familiar with this engine) do you know any community that has helpful resources for this particular engine? If not, which engines do you recommend (that has a great wiki) for a XNA based XBOX - Kinect game?

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  • C# XNA Make rendered screen a texture2d

    - by redcodefinal
    I am working on a cool little city generator which makes cities in the isometric perspective. However, a problem arose where if the grid size was over a certain limit it would have awful lag. I found the main problem to be in the draw method. So I took the precautionary step of rendering only items that were onscreen. This fixed the lag but, not by much. The idea I have is to render the frame once and take a snapshot. Then, display that as a texture2d on screen. This way I don't have to render 1,000,000 objects every frame since they don't change anyways. TL;DR - I want to Take a snapshot of an already rendered frame Turn it into a Texture2D Render that to the screen instead of all the objects. Any help appreciated.

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  • Library For Opengl 1.4?

    - by Robinson Joaquin
    My netbook only supports openGL version 1.4, my GPU is intel gma 3150, so for you what is the best library/tools to use or somewhat great move to make/advice, there are no wrong answers, (I am trying to create a game) PS: I already check the net for resources but, opengl (redbook) 4th edition is scarce (and redbook for v1.1 is already deprecated and is very OLD than what I'm looking for), besides I don't have money to buy a new laptop or a opengl book from online shop because international delivery is very expensive, I'm from outside US.

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  • Why do we use the Pythagorean theorem in game physics?

    - by Starkers
    I've recently learned that we use Pythagorean theorem a lot in our physics calculations and I'm afraid I don't really get the point. Here's an example from a book to make sure an object doesn't travel faster than a MAXIMUM_VELOCITY constant in the horizontal plane: MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = <any number>; SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = MAXIMUM_VELOCITY * MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; function animate(){ var squared_horizontal_velocity = (x_velocity * x_velocity) + (z_velocity * z_velocity); if( squared_horizontal_velocity <= SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY ){ scalar = squared_horizontal_velocity / SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; x_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; z_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; } } Let's try this with some numbers: An object is attempting to move 5 units in x and 5 units in z. It should only be able to move 5 units horizontally in total! MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 5; SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 5 * 5; SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 25; function animate(){ var x_velocity = 5; var z_velocity = 5; var squared_horizontal_velocity = (x_velocity * x_velocity) + (z_velocity * z_velocity); var squared_horizontal_velocity = 5 * 5 + 5 * 5; var squared_horizontal_velocity = 25 + 25; var squared_horizontal_velocity = 50; // if( squared_horizontal_velocity <= SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY ){ if( 50 <= 25 ){ scalar = squared_horizontal_velocity / SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; scalar = 50 / 25; scalar = 2.0; x_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; x_velocity = 5 / 2.0; x_velocity = 2.5; z_velocity = z_velocity / scalar; z_velocity = 5 / 2.0; z_velocity = 2.5; // new_horizontal_velocity = x_velocity + z_velocity // new_horizontal_velocity = 2.5 + 2.5 // new_horizontal_velocity = 5 } } Now this works well, but we can do the same thing without Pythagoras: MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 5; function animate(){ var x_velocity = 5; var z_velocity = 5; var horizontal_velocity = x_velocity + z_velocity; var horizontal_velocity = 5 + 5; var horizontal_velocity = 10; // if( horizontal_velocity >= MAXIMUM_VELOCITY ){ if( 10 >= 5 ){ scalar = horizontal_velocity / MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; scalar = 10 / 5; scalar = 2.0; x_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; x_velocity = 5 / 2.0; x_velocity = 2.5; z_velocity = z_velocity / scalar; z_velocity = 5 / 2.0; z_velocity = 2.5; // new_horizontal_velocity = x_velocity + z_velocity // new_horizontal_velocity = 2.5 + 2.5 // new_horizontal_velocity = 5 } } Benefits of doing it without Pythagoras: Less lines Within those lines, it's easier to read what's going on ...and it takes less time to compute, as there are less multiplications Seems to me like computers and humans get a better deal without Pythagorean theorem! However, I'm sure I'm wrong as I've seen Pythagoras' theorem in a number of reputable places, so I'd like someone to explain me the benefit of using Pythagorean theorem to a maths newbie. Does this have anything to do with unit vectors? To me a unit vector is when we normalize a vector and turn it into a fraction. We do this by dividing the vector by a larger constant. I'm not sure what constant it is. The total size of the graph? Anyway, because it's a fraction, I take it, a unit vector is basically a graph that can fit inside a 3D grid with the x-axis running from -1 to 1, z-axis running from -1 to 1, and the y-axis running from -1 to 1. That's literally everything I know about unit vectors... not much :P And I fail to see their usefulness. Also, we're not really creating a unit vector in the above examples. Should I be determining the scalar like this: // a mathematical work-around of my own invention. There may be a cleverer way to do this! I've also made up my own terms such as 'divisive_scalar' so don't bother googling var divisive_scalar = (squared_horizontal_velocity / SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY); var divisive_scalar = ( 50 / 25 ); var divisive_scalar = 2; var multiplicative_scalar = (divisive_scalar / (2*divisive_scalar)); var multiplicative_scalar = (2 / (2*2)); var multiplicative_scalar = (2 / 4); var multiplicative_scalar = 0.5; x_velocity = x_velocity * multiplicative_scalar x_velocity = 5 * 0.5 x_velocity = 2.5 Again, I can't see why this is better, but it's more "unit-vector-y" because the multiplicative_scalar is a unit_vector? As you can see, I use words such as "unit-vector-y" so I'm really not a maths whiz! Also aware that unit vectors might have nothing to do with Pythagorean theorem so ignore all of this if I'm barking up the wrong tree. I'm a very visual person (3D modeller and concept artist by trade!) and I find diagrams and graphs really, really helpful so as many as humanely possible please!

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