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• High CPU usage on Pong clone

  - by max

  I just made my first game, a clone of Pong, using OpenGL and C++. But its using ~50% of the CPU, which I guess is very high for a game like this. How can I improve that? Can you please look up my code and tell me what all things I am doing wrong? Any feedback is welcome. http://pastebin.com/L5zE3axh Also it would be extremely helpful if you give some general points on how to develop games in OpenGL efficiently.. Thanks in advance!

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• Multiple Vertex Buffers per Mesh

  - by Daniel

  I've run into the situation where the size of my mesh with all its vertices and indices, is larger than the (optimal) vertex buffer object upper limit (~8MB). I was wondering if I can sub-divide the mesh across multiple vertex buffers, and somehow retain validity of the indices. Ie a triangle with a indice at the first vertex, and an indice at the last (ie in seperate VBOs). All the while maintaining this within Vertex Array Objects. My thoughts are, save myself the hassle, and for meshes (messes :P) such as this, just use the necessary size ( 8MB); which is what I do at the moment. But ideally my buffer manager (wip) at the moment is using optimal sizes; I may just have to make a special case then... Any ideas? If necessary, a simple C++ code example is appreciated. Note: I have also cross-posted this on stackoverflow, as I was not sure as to which it would be more suitable (its partly a design question).

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• Numerically stable(ish) method of getting Y-intercept of mouse position?

  - by Fraser

  I'm trying to unproject the mouse position to get the position on the X-Z plane of a ray cast from the mouse. The camera is fully controllable by the user. Right now, the algorithm I'm using is... Unproject the mouse into the camera to get the ray: Vector3 p1 = Vector3.Unproject(new Vector3(x, y, 0), 0, 0, width, height, nearPlane, farPlane, viewProj; Vector3 p2 = Vector3.Unproject(new Vector3(x, y, 1), 0, 0, width, height, nearPlane, farPlane, viewProj); Vector3 dir = p2 - p1; dir.Normalize(); Ray ray = Ray(p1, dir); Then get the Y-intercept by using algebra: float t = -ray.Position.Y / ray.Direction.Y; Vector3 p = ray.Position + t * ray.Direction; The problem is that the projected position is "jumpy". As I make small adjustments to the mouse position, the projected point moves in strange ways. For example, if I move the mouse one pixel up, it will sometimes move the projected position down, but when I move it a second pixel, the project position will jump back to the mouse's location. The projected location is always close to where it should be, but it does not smoothly follow a moving mouse. The problem intensifies as I zoom the camera out. I believe the problem is caused by numeric instability. I can make minor improvements to this by doing some computations at double precision, and possibly abusing the fact that floating point calculations are done at 80-bit precision on x86, however before I start micro-optimizing this and getting deep into how the CLR handles floating point, I was wondering if there's an algorithmic change I can do to improve this? EDIT: A little snooping around in .NET Reflector on SlimDX.dll: public static Vector3 Unproject(Vector3 vector, float x, float y, float width, float height, float minZ, float maxZ, Matrix worldViewProjection) { Vector3 coordinate = new Vector3(); Matrix result = new Matrix(); Matrix.Invert(ref worldViewProjection, out result); coordinate.X = (float) ((((vector.X - x) / ((double) width)) * 2.0) - 1.0); coordinate.Y = (float) -((((vector.Y - y) / ((double) height)) * 2.0) - 1.0); coordinate.Z = (vector.Z - minZ) / (maxZ - minZ); TransformCoordinate(ref coordinate, ref result, out coordinate); return coordinate; } // ... public static void TransformCoordinate(ref Vector3 coordinate, ref Matrix transformation, out Vector3 result) { Vector3 vector; Vector4 vector2 = new Vector4 { X = (((coordinate.Y * transformation.M21) + (coordinate.X * transformation.M11)) + (coordinate.Z * transformation.M31)) + transformation.M41, Y = (((coordinate.Y * transformation.M22) + (coordinate.X * transformation.M12)) + (coordinate.Z * transformation.M32)) + transformation.M42, Z = (((coordinate.Y * transformation.M23) + (coordinate.X * transformation.M13)) + (coordinate.Z * transformation.M33)) + transformation.M43 }; float num = (float) (1.0 / ((((transformation.M24 * coordinate.Y) + (transformation.M14 * coordinate.X)) + (coordinate.Z * transformation.M34)) + transformation.M44)); vector2.W = num; vector.X = vector2.X * num; vector.Y = vector2.Y * num; vector.Z = vector2.Z * num; result = vector; } ...which seems to be a pretty standard method of unprojecting a point from a projection matrix, however this serves to introduce another point of possible instability. Still, I'd like to stick with the SlimDX Unproject routine rather than writing my own unless it's really necessary.

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• Animation Trouble with Java Swing Timer - Also, JFrame Will Not Exit_On_Close

  - by forgotton_semicolon

  So, I am using a Java Swing Timer because putting the animation code in a run() method of a Thread subclass caused an insane amount of flickering that is really a terrible experience for any video game player. Can anyone give me any tips on: Why there is no animation... Why the JFrame will not close when it is coded to Exit_On_Close 2 times My code is here: import java.awt.; import java.awt.event.; import javax.swing.*; import java.net.URL; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// TFQ public class TFQ extends JFrame { DrawingsInSpace dis; //========================================================== constructor public TFQ() { dis = new DrawingsInSpace(); JPanel content = new JPanel(); content.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); this.setContentPane(dis); this.setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); this.setTitle("Plasma_Orbs_Off_Orion"); this.setSize(500,500); this.pack(); //... Create timer which calls action listener every second.. // Use full package qualification for javax.swing.Timer // to avoid potential conflicts with java.util.Timer. javax.swing.Timer t = new javax.swing.Timer(500, new TimePhaseListener()); t.start(); } /////////////////////////////////////////////// inner class Listener thing class TimePhaseListener implements ActionListener, KeyListener { // counter int total; // loop control boolean Its_a_go = true; //position of our matrix int tf = -400; //sprite directions int Sprite_Direction; final int RIGHT = 1; final int LEFT = 2; //for obstacle Rectangle mega_obstacle = new Rectangle(200, 0, 20, HEIGHT); public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { //... Whenever this is called, repaint the screen dis.repaint(); addKeyListener(this); while (Its_a_go) { try { dis.repaint(); if(Sprite_Direction == RIGHT) { dis.matrix.x += 2; } // end if i think if(Sprite_Direction == LEFT) { dis.matrix.x -= 2; } } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println(ex); } } // end while i think } // end actionPerformed @Override public void keyPressed(KeyEvent arg0) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } @Override public void keyReleased(KeyEvent arg0) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } @Override public void keyTyped(KeyEvent event) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub if (event.getKeyChar()=='f'){ Sprite_Direction = RIGHT; System.out.println("matrix should be animating now "); System.out.println("current matrix position = " + dis.matrix.x); } if (event.getKeyChar()=='d') { Sprite_Direction = LEFT; System.out.println("matrix should be going in reverse"); System.out.println("current matrix position = " + dis.matrix.x); } } } //================================================================= main public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame SafetyPins = new TFQ(); SafetyPins.setVisible(true); SafetyPins.setSize(500,500); SafetyPins.setResizable(true); SafetyPins.setLocationRelativeTo(null); SafetyPins.setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); } } class DrawingsInSpace extends JPanel { URL url1_plasma_orbs; URL url2_matrix; Image img1_plasma_orbs; Image img2_matrix; // for the plasma_orbs Rectangle bbb = new Rectangle(0,0, 0, 0); // for the matrix Rectangle matrix = new Rectangle(-400, 60, 430, 200); public DrawingsInSpace() { //load URLs try { url1_plasma_orbs = this.getClass().getResource("plasma_orbs.png"); url2_matrix = this.getClass().getResource("matrix.png"); } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(e); } // attach the URLs to the images img1_plasma_orbs = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(url1_plasma_orbs); img2_matrix = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(url2_matrix); } public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); // draw the plasma_orbs g.drawImage(img1_plasma_orbs, bbb.x, bbb.y,this); //draw the matrix g.drawImage(img2_matrix, matrix.x, matrix.y, this); } } // end class enter code here

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• Camera movement and threshold not working

  - by irish guy mcconagheh

  I have a platformer that is in progress, part of this has a camera which I only want to move when the character moves out of a certain threshold, to try to accomplish this I have the following if statement: if(((Mathf.Abs(target.transform.position.x))-(Mathf.Abs(transform.position.x)))>thres){ x = moveTo(transform.position.x, target.position.x, trackSpeed); } in unity/c#. In pseudocode it means if((absolute value of player x) - (absolute value of camera x) is greater than the threshold){ move { however this does not seem to work correctly. it appears to work for the first couple of times the threshold is reached, however the distance between the camera and the player has to increase every time for the camera to move. I do not believe the movement of the camera is the problem, however the code for it is as follows: private float moveTo(float n, float target, float accel) { if (n == target) { return n; } else { float dir = Mathf.Sign(target - n); n += accel * Time.deltaTime * dir; return (dir == Mathf.Sign(target-n))? n: target; } } }

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• How do I dynamically reload content files?

  - by Kikaimaru

  Is there a relatively simple way to dynamically reload content files, such as effect files? I know I can do the following: Detect change of file Run content pipeline to rebuild that specific file Unload ALL content that was loaded Load all content And use double references to reference content files. The problem is with step 3 (and step 2 isn't that nice either). I need to unload everything because if I have model Hero.x which references Model.fx effect, and I change the Model.fx file, I need to reload the Hero.x file which will then call LoadExternalReference on Model.fx. Has someone managed to make this work without rewriting the whole ContentManager (and every ContentReader) and tracking calls to LoadExternalReference?

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• How to perform efficient 2D picking in HTML5?

  - by jSepia

  I'm currently using an R-Tree for both picking and collision testing. Each entity on screen has a bounding box for collisions and a separate one for picking. Since entities may change position very frequently, both trees must be updated/reordered once per frame. While this is very efficient for collisions, because the tree is used in hundreds of collision queries every frame, I'm finding it too costly for picking, because it only gets queried when the user clicks, thus leading to a lot of wasted tree updates. What would be a more efficient way to implement picking without as much overhead?

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• How to snap a 2D Quad to the mouse cursor using OpenGL 3.0/WIN32?

  - by NoobScratcher

  I've been having issues trying to snap a 2D Quad to the mouse cursor position I'm able : 1.) To get values into posX, posY, posZ 2.) Translate with the values from those 3 variables But the quad positioning I'm not able to do correctly in such a way that the 2D Quad is near the mouse cursor using those values from those 3 variables eg."posX, posY, posZ" I need the mouse cursor in the center of the 2D Quad. I'm hoping someone can help me achieve this. I've tried searching around with no avail. Heres the function that is ment to do the snapping but instead creates weird flicker or shows nothing at all only the 3d models show up : void display() { glClearColor(0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); for(std::vector<GLuint>::iterator I = cube.begin(); I != cube.end(); ++I) { glCallList(*I); } if(DrawArea == true) { glReadPixels(winX, winY, 1, 1, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, &winZ); cerr << winZ << endl; glGetDoublev(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, modelview); glGetDoublev(GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX, projection); glGetIntegerv(GL_VIEWPORT, viewport); gluUnProject(winX, winY, winZ , modelview, projection, viewport, &posX, &posY, & posZ); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, DrawAreaTexture); glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glTexEnvf(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_DECAL); glTexImage2D (GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, DrawAreaSurface->w, DrawAreaSurface->h, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, DrawAreaSurface->pixels); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, DrawAreaTexture); glTranslatef(posX , posY, posZ); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glTexCoord2f (0.0, 0.0); glVertex3f(0.5, 0.5, 0); glTexCoord2f (1.0, 0.0); glVertex3f(0, 0.5, 0); glTexCoord2f (1.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(0, 0, 0); glTexCoord2f (0.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(0.5, 0, 0); glEnd(); } SwapBuffers(hDC); } I'm using : OpenGL 3.0 WIN32 API C++ GLSL if you really want the full source here it is - http://pastebin.com/1Ncm9HNf , Its pretty messy.

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• how to transform child elements position into a world position

  - by MrGreg

  So Im making a 2d space game and I have a bunch of spaceships that have turrets. Objects have a position and orientation, the ships being in world coordinates while the turrets are children and coordinates are relative to their parents. How do I efficiently calculate the position of a turret in world coordinates (i.e. when it fires and I need to know where to place a bullet in the world)? Calculating the turrets orientation is trivial - I just add the turrets relative angle to its parents. For position though, I guess I could do a bunch of trigonometry but this MUST be a common problem with a good/fast general solution? Should I be relearning how to do matrix math again? :) btw - Im creating the game in javascript+canvas but its the math/algorithm im interested in here Cheers, Greg

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• Resources on expected behaviour when manipulating 3D objects with the mouse

  - by sebf

  Hello, In my animation editor, I have a 3D gizmo that sits on the origin of a bone; the user drags the mesh around to rotate the bone. I've found that translating the 2D movements of the mouse into sensible 3D transforms is not near as simple as i'd hoped. For example what is intuitively 'up' or 'down'? How should the magnitude of rotations change with respect to dX/dY? How to implement this? What happens when the gizmo changes position or orientation with respect to the camera? ect. So far with trial and error i've written something (very) simple that works 70% of the time. I could probably continue to hack at it until I made something that works 99% of the time, but there must be someone who needed the same thing, and spent the time coming up with a much more elegant solution. Does anyone know of one?

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• How do you pack resources in a game when you have too many of them?

  - by ThePlan

  I've recently made a basic space invaders clone in C++ using the Allegro 5 framework. It took me a long time, but after I finished, I realized I had about 10 sprites, and 13MB worth of DLLs (Some of the people didn't even have the mingW dlls) which were making people who played the game very confused. How can I "pack" all my resources in a way that I can easily add-remove data to my game, and to reduce the size taken by the resource, basically placing them in 1 spot? I'm using codeblocks.

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• Are there any preexisting maps for a Minecraft-like level I could use in my engine?

  - by Rishav Sharan

  I am working on a tiny cube-based engine like Minecraft. I was wondering if there is a way for me to get large blocky terrain in a text format that I can use for rendering on my engine? I don't want to start on procedural generation now, I just want a resource where I can get the coord list for a pretty looking terrain. Alternatively, is it possible for me to parse the Minecraft world files and use that data to generate terrain/buildings in my code?

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• Ogre3D : seeking advices about game files management

  - by Tibor

  I'm working on a new game, and its related level editor, based on Ogre3D. I was thinking about how i could manage the game files, knowing that Ogre use .mesh files for models, .material for materials/texture information etc... . At first i thought about a common .zip folder decompressed at runtime (the same way Torchlight and Ogre samples do). But this way the game assets become a monolithic archive, loading takes time, and could be difficult to eventually patch them. So, let's say i have a game object named "Cube" i want to load in my program. Going for modularity, what if i create a compressed file (using zlib compression routines) named Cube.extname, containing its sub-files Cube.mesh, Cube.material and so on ? Are there any alternatives or should i stick with compressed objects? PS: Just to clear things, the answer is unrelated to my program code, at the moment i'm using "resources.cfg" pointing to the OgreSDK media directory.

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• Order independent transparency in particle system

  - by Stepan Zastupov

  I'm writing a particle system and would like to find a trick to achieve proper alpha blending without sorting particles because: Each particle is a point sprite in a single mesh and I can't use scene graph ability to sort transparent nodes. The system node should be properly sorted, though. Particle position is computed on shader from initial velocity, acceleration and time. In order to sort the system I would have to perform all this computations on CPU, which is something I want to avoid. Sorting hundreds of particles against camera position and uploading it on GPU each frame seams to be quiet heavy operation. Alpha testing seems to be fast enough on GLES 2.0 and works fine for non-transparent but "masked" textures. Still, it's not enough for semi-transparent particles. How would you handle this?

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• setPosition of Sprite onUpdate in AndEngine

  - by SSH This

  I am trying to get a "highlighter" circle to follow around a sprite, but I am having trouble, I thought I could use the onUpdate method that's available to me in SequenceEntityModifier but it's not working for me. Here is my code: // make sequence mod with move modifier SequenceEntityModifier modifier = new SequenceEntityModifier(myMovemod) { @Override protected void onModifierFinished(IEntity pItem) { // animation finished super.onModifierFinished(pItem); } public float onUpdate(float pSecondsElapsed, IEntity pItem) { highlighter.setPosition(player2.getX() - highlighterOffset, player2.getY() - highlighterOffset); return pSecondsElapsed; } }; When onUpdate is completely commented out, the sprite moves like I want it to, everything is ok. When I put the onUpdate in, the sprite doesn't move at all. I have a feeling that I am overriding the original onUpdate's actions? Am I going about this the wrong way? I am new to Java, so please feel free to advise if this isn't going to work. UPDATE: The player2 is the sprite that I'm trying to get the highlighter to follow.

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• Move a 2D square on y axis on android GLES2

  - by Dan

  I am trying to create a simple game for android, to start i am trying to make the square move down the y axis but the way i am doing it dosent move the square at all and i cant find any tutorials for GLES20 The on draw frame function in the render class updates the users position based on accleration dew to gravity, gets the transform matrix from the user class which is used to move the square down, then the program draws it. All that happens is that the square is drawn, no motion happens public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) { user.update(0.0, phy.AccelerationDewToGravity); GLES20.glClear(GLES20.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GLES20.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // Re draws black background GLES20.glVertexAttribPointer(maPositionHandle, 3, GLES20.GL_FLOAT, false, 12, user.SquareVB);//triangleVB); GLES20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(maPositionHandle); GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(maPositionHandle, 1, false, user.getTransformMatrix(), 0); GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4); } The update function in the player class is public void update(double vh, double vv) { Vh += vh; // Increase horrzontal Velosity Vv += vv; // Increase vertical velosity //Matrix.translateM(mMMatrix, 0, (int)Vh, (int)Vv, 0); Matrix.translateM(mMMatrix, 0, mMMatrix, 0, (float)Vh, (float)Vv, 0); }

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• EaseFunction in LoopEntityModifier

  - by Siddharth

  For my game, I need EaseFunction in LoopEntityModifier. In my game, I am rotating ball over certain object. For giving effect I want to use EaseFunction. I want to rotate ball around an object take around 4 to 5 round that was already rotating but I want add some effect so that it looks good. For this I have to use EaseFunction which suits my needs. But if I put EaseFunction in rotation modifier then each round rotation modifier apply an effect of EaseFunction that I want only one time occur either starting or ending time. So if I can able to provide EaseFunction in LoopEntityModifier then it will good for me or something similar also work for me. At present my code is something similar like this. new LoopEntityModifier(new RotationModifier(...)); I hope someone has some idea on this.

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• How stoper one annimation model on XNA?

  - by Mehdi Bugnard

  I met a Difficulty for one stoper annimation. Everything works great starter for the animation. But I do not see how stoper and can continue the annimation paused. The "animationPlayer.StartClip (clip)" is used to choke the annimation but impossible to find a way to stoper Thans's a lot Here is my code to use. protected override void LoadContent() { //Model - Player model_player = Content.Load<Model>("Models\\Player\\models"); // Look up our custom skinning information. SkinningData skinningData = model_player.Tag as SkinningData; if (skinningData == null) throw new InvalidOperationException ("This model does not contain a SkinningData tag."); // Create an animation player, and start decoding an animation clip. animationPlayer = new AnimationPlayer(skinningData); AnimationClip clip = skinningData.AnimationClips["ArmLowAction_006"]; animationPlayer.StartClip(clip); } protected overide update(GameTime gameTime) { KeyboardState key = Keyboard.GetState(); // If player don't move -> stop anim if (!key.IsKeyDown(Keys.W) && !keyStateOld.IsKeyUp(Keys.S) && !keyStateOld.IsKeyUp(Keys.A) && !keyStateOld.IsKeyUp(Keys.D)) { //animation stop ? not exist ? animationPlayer.Stop(); isPlayerStop = true; } else { if(isPlayerStop == true) { isPlayerStop = false; animationPlayer.StartClip(Clip); } }

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• Any significant performance cost to using BlendState.Premultiplied?

  - by Donutz

  Normally I guess you'd use BlendState.AlphaBlend because normally when you load your textures through the pipeline they're already premultiplied. However, if you're loading textures at runtime from PNGs or some such, you have to loop through the pixels and premultiply them, which can take a long time if you've got a lot of textures to load. So it looks (haven't tried it) like using BlendState.Premultiplied instead of BlendState.AlphaBlend should handle non-premultiplied textures and produce the same visual result, without all the startup costs. I have to wonder if there's a non-obvious cost to doing this, like a huge drop in performance or something. Anyone know?

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• New to CG shader programming, what program should I use to write and test them?

  - by Notbad

  I have started witting some shaders. First ones were fairly easy to write in notepad but now I need something with a bit more meat. I have checked rendermonnkey that seems to support CG but it is really old and don't know if it is a good option. On the other hand there exist this FX Composer 2.0 but it seems somthing that could really distract me from learning shaders because it seems a pretty deep program. Are there any other possibilities? There's a really nice alternative to write shaders named ShaderToy but just supports GLSL. Any information will be really welcomed. Thanks in advance.

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• OpenGL ES 1 Pixel Error?

  - by Beginner001

  I am developing a game on android using OpenGL ES 1.0 for Android OS. It is a 2d game using a simple Orthographic projection and textures for the sprites. One of these textures has a small line (it looks like 1 pixel) all the way across the top that has the same colors as the bottom 1-pixel line of the texture. It is almost as if the bottom line of the image raster was copied and pasted as the top line as well. Is anyone familiar with this type of error? What could the problem be?

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• 2D wave-like sprite movement XNA

  - by TheBroodian

  I'm trying to create a particle that will 'circle' my character. When the particle is created, it's given a random position in relation to my character, and a box to provide boundaries for how far left or right this particle should circle. When I use the phrase 'circle', I'm referring to a simulated circling, i.e., when moving to the right, the particle will appear in front of my character, when passing back to the left, the particle will appear behind my character. That may have been too much context, so let me cut to the chase: In essence, the path I would like my particle to follow would be akin to a sine wave, with the left and right sides of the provided rectangle being the apexes of the wave. The trouble I'm having is that the position of the particle will be random, so it will never be produced at the same place within the wave twice, but I have no idea how to create this sort of behavior procedurally.

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• Would someone please explain Octree Collisions to me?

  - by A-Type

  I've been reading everything I can find on the subject and I feel like the pieces are just about to fall into place, but I just can't quite get it. I'm making a space game, where collisions will occur between planets, ships, asteroids, and the sun. Each of these objects can be subdivided into 'chunks', which I have implemented to speed up rendering (the vertices can and will change often at runtime, so I've separated the buffers). These subdivisions also have bounding primitives to test for collision. All of these objects are made of blocks (yeah, it's that kind of game). Blocks can also be tested for rough collisions, though they do not have individual bounding primitives for memory reasons. I think the rough testing seems to be sufficient, though. So, collision needs to be fairly precise; at block resolution. Some functions rely on two blocks colliding. And, of course, attacking specific blocks is important. Now what I am struggling with is filtering my collision pairs. As I said, I've read a lot about Octrees, but I'm having trouble applying it to my situation as many tutorials are vague with very little code. My main issues are: Are Octrees recalculated each frame, or are they stored in memory and objects are shuffled into different divisions as they move? Despite all my reading I still am not clear on this... the vagueness of it all has been frustrating. How far do Octrees subdivide? Planets in my game are quite large, while asteroids are smaller. Do I subdivide to the size of the planet, or asteroid (where planet is in multiple divisions)? Or is the limit something else entirely, like number of elements in the division? Should I load objects into the octrees as 'chunks' or in the whole, then break into chunks later? This could be specific to my implementation, I suppose. I was going to ask about how big my root needed to be, but I did manage to find this question, and the second answer seems sufficient for me. I'm afraid I don't really get what he means by adding new nodes and doing subdivisions upon adding new objects, probably because I'm confused about whether the tree is maintained in memory or recalculated per-frame.

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• Actor and Sprite, who should own these properties?

  - by Gerardo Marset

  I'm writing sort of a 2D game engine for making the process of creating games easier. It has two classes, Actor and Sprite. Actor is used for interactive elements (the player, enemies, bullets, a menu, an invisible instance that controls score, etc) and Sprite is used for animated (or not) images with transparency (or not). The actor may have an assigned sprite that represents it on the screen, which may change during the game. E.g. in a top-down action game you may have an actor with a sprite of a little guy that changes when attacking, walking, and facing different directions, etc. Currently the actor has x and y properties (its coordinates in the screen), while the sprite has an index property (the number of the frame currently being shown by the sprite). Since the sprite doesn't know which actor it belongs to (or if it belongs to an actor at all), the actor must pass its x and y coordinates when drawing the sprite. Also, since a actors may reset its sprite each frame (and usually do), the sprite's index property must be passed from the old to the new sprite like so (pseudocode): function change_sprite(new_sprite) old_index = my.sprite.index my.sprite = new_sprite() my.sprite.index = old_index % my.sprite.frames end I always thought this was kind of cumbersome, but it never was a big problem. Now I decided to add support for more properties. Namely a property to draw the sprite rotated, a property to draw it flipped, it a property draw it stretched, etc. These should probably belong to the sprite and not the actor, but if they do, the actor would have to pass them from the old to the new sprite each time it changes... On the other hand, if they belonged to the actor, the actor would have to pass each property to the sprite when drawing it (since the sprite doesn't know which actor it belongs to, and it shouldn't, since sprites aren't just meant to be used by actors, really). Another option I thought of would be having an extra class that owns all these properties (plus index, x and y) and links an actor with a sprite, but that doesn't come without drawbacks. So, what should I do with all these properties? Thanks!

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• Rotating wheel with touch adding velocity

  - by Lewis

  I have a wheel control in a game which is setup like so: - (void)ccTouchesMoved:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event { UITouch *touch = [touches anyObject]; CGPoint location = [touch locationInView:[touch view]]; location = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] convertToGL:location]; if (CGRectContainsPoint(wheel.boundingBox, location)) { CGPoint firstLocation = [touch previousLocationInView:[touch view]]; CGPoint location = [touch locationInView:[touch view]]; CGPoint touchingPoint = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] convertToGL:location]; CGPoint firstTouchingPoint = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] convertToGL:firstLocation]; CGPoint firstVector = ccpSub(firstTouchingPoint, wheel.position); CGFloat firstRotateAngle = -ccpToAngle(firstVector); CGFloat previousTouch = CC_RADIANS_TO_DEGREES(firstRotateAngle); CGPoint vector = ccpSub(touchingPoint, wheel.position); CGFloat rotateAngle = -ccpToAngle(vector); CGFloat currentTouch = CC_RADIANS_TO_DEGREES(rotateAngle); wheelRotation += (currentTouch - previousTouch) * 0.6; //limit speed 0.6 } } I update the rotation of a the wheel in the update method by doing: wheel.rotation = wheelRotation; Now once the user lets go of the wheel I want it to rotate back to where it was before but not without taking into account the velocity of the swipe the user has done. This is the bit I really can't get my head around. So if the swipe generates a lot of velocity then the wheel will carry on moving slightly in that direction until the overall force which pulls the wheel back to the starting position kicks in. Any ideas/code snippets?

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