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  • How can I find a position between 4 vertices in a fragment shader?

    - by c4sh
    I'm creating a shader with SharpDX (DirectX11 in C#) that takes a segment (2 points) from the output of a Vertex Shader and then passes them to a Geometry Shader, which converts this line into a rectangle (4 points) and assigns the four corners a texture coordinate. After that I want a Fragment Shader (which recieves the interpolated position and the interpolated texture coordinates) that checks the depth at the "spine of the rectangle" (that is, in the line that passes through the middle of the rectangle. The problem is I don't know how to extract the position of the corresponding fragment at the spine of the rectangle. This happens because I have the texture coordinates interpolated, but I don't know how to use them to get the fragment I want, because the coordinate system of a) the texture and b) the position of my fragment in screen space are not the same. Thanks a lot for any help.

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  • With 2 superposed cameras at different depths and switching their culling masks between layers to implement object-selective antialising:

    - by user36845
    We superposed two cameras, one of which uses AA as post-processing effect (AA filtering is cancelled). The camera with the AA effect has depth 0 and the camera with no effect has depth 1 as can be seen in the 5th and 6th Picture. The objects seen on the left are in layer 1 and the ones on the right are in layer 2. We then wrote a script that switches the culling masks of the cameras between the two layers at the push of buttons 1 and 2 respectively, and accomplishes object-selective antialiasing as seen in the first the three pictures. (The way two cameras separately switch culling masks between layers is illustrated in pictures 7,8 & 9.) HOWEVER, after making the environment 3D (see pictures 1-4), by parenting the 2 cameras under First-Person Controller, we started moving around in the environment and stumbled upon a big issue: When we look at the objects from such an angle as in the 4th Picture and we want to apply antialiasing to the first object (object on the left) which stands closer to our cameras now, the culling mask of 1st camera which is at depth 0, has to be switched to that object’s layer while the second object has to be in the culling mask of the 2nd camera at depth 1. And since the two image outputs of two superposed cameras are laid on top of one another; we obtain the erroneous/unrealistic result of the object farther in the back appearing closer to the camera than the front object (see 4th Picture). We already tried switching depths of cameras so that the 1st camera –with AA- now has depth 1 and the second has depth 0; BUT the camera with the AA effect Works in such a way that it applies the AA effect to its full view. So; the camera with the AA effect always has to remain at the lowest depth and the layer of the object to be antialiased has to be then assigned to the culling mask of the AA camera; otherwise all objects in the AA camera’s view (the two cubes in our case) become antialised, which we don’t want. So; how can we resolve this? The pictures are below and in the comments since each post can have 2 pics: Pic 1. No button is pushed: Both objects seem aliased. Pic 2. Button 1 is pushed: Left (1st) object is antialiased. 2nd object remains aliased. Pic 3. Button 2 is pushed: Right (2nd) object is antialiased. 1st object remains aliased. Pic 4. The problematic result in 3D, when using two superposed cameras with different depths Pic 5. Camera 1’s properties can be seen: using AA post-processing and its depth is 0 Pic 6. Camera 2’s properties can be seen: NOT using AA post-processing and its depth is 1 Pic 7. When no button is pushed, both objects are in the culling mask of Camera 2 and are aliased Pic 8. When pushed 1, camera 1 (bottom) shows the 1st object and camera 2 (top) shows the 2nd Pic 9. When pushed 2, camera 1 (bottom) shows the 2nd object and camera 2 (top) shows the 1st

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  • how to double buffer in multiple classes with java

    - by kdavis8
    I am creating a Java 2D video game. I can load graphics just fine, but when it gets into double buffering I have issues. My source code package myPackage; import java.awt.Color; import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Graphics2D; import java.awt.Image; import java.awt.Toolkit; import java.awt.image.BufferStrategy; import java.awt.image.BufferedImage; import javax.swing.JFrame; public class GameView extends JFrame { private BufferedImage backbuffer; private Graphics2D g2d; public GameView() { setBounds(0, 0, 500, 500); setVisible(true); setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); backbuffer = new BufferedImage(getHeight(), getWidth(), BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_BGR); g2d = backbuffer.createGraphics(); Toolkit tk = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit(); Image img = tk.getImage(this.getClass().getResource("cage.png")); g2d.setColor(Color.red); //g2d.drawString("Hello",100,100); g2d.drawImage(img, 100, 100, this); repaint(); } public static void main(String args[]) { new GameView(); } public void paint(Graphics g) { g2d = (Graphics2D)g; g2d.drawImage(backbuffer, 0, 0, this); } }

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  • How to create a "retro" pixel shader for transformed 2D sprites that maintains pixel fidelity?

    - by David Gouveia
    The image below shows two sprites rendered with point sampling on top of a background: The left skull has no rotation/scaling applied to it, so every pixel matches perfectly with the background. The right skull is rotated/scaled, and this results in larger pixels that are no longer axis aligned. How could I develop a pixel shader that would render the transformed sprite on the right with axis aligned pixels of the same size as the rest of the scene? This might be related to how sprite scaling was implemented in old games such as Monkey Island, because that's the effect I'm trying to achieve, but with rotation added. Edit As per kaoD's suggestions, I tried to address the problem as a post-process. The easiest approach was to render to a separate render target first (downsampled to match the desired pixel size) and then upscale it when rendering a second time. It did address my requirements above. First I tried doing it Linear -> Point and the result was this: There's no distortion but the result looks blurred and it loses most of the highlights colors. In my opinion it breaks the retro look I needed. The second time I tried Point -> Point and the result was this: Despite the distortion, I think that might be good enough for my needs, although it does look better as a still image than in motion. To demonstrate, here's a video of the effect, although YouTube filtered the pixels out of it: http://youtu.be/hqokk58KFmI However, I'll leave the question open for a few more days in case someone comes up with a better sampling solution that maintains the crisp look while decreasing the amount of distortion when moving.

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  • OpenGL - Calculating camera view matrix

    - by Karle
    Problem I am calculating the model, view and projection matrices independently to be used in my shader as follows: gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(in_Position, 1.0); When I try to calculate my camera's view matrix the Z axis is flipped and my camera seems like it is looking backwards. My program is written in C# using the OpenTK library. Translation (Working) I've created a test scene as follows: From my understanding of the OpenGL coordinate system they are positioned correctly. The model matrix is created using: Matrix4 translation = Matrix4.CreateTranslation(modelPosition); Matrix4 model = translation; The view matrix is created using: Matrix4 translation = Matrix4.CreateTranslation(-cameraPosition); Matrix4 view = translation; Rotation (Not-Working) I now want to create the camera's rotation matrix. To do this I use the camera's right, up and forward vectors: // Hard coded example orientation: // Normally calculated from up and forward // Similar to look-at camera. Vector3 r = Vector.UnitX; Vector3 u = Vector3.UnitY; Vector3 f = -Vector3.UnitZ; Matrix4 rot = new Matrix4( r.X, r.Y, r.Z, 0, u.X, u.Y, u.Z, 0, f.X, f.Y, f.Z, 0, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); This results in the following matrix being created: I know that multiplying by the identity matrix would produce no rotation. This is clearly not the identity matrix and therefore will apply some rotation. I thought that because this is aligned with the OpenGL coordinate system is should produce no rotation. Is this the wrong way to calculate the rotation matrix? I then create my view matrix as: // OpenTK is row-major so the order of operations is reversed: Matrix4 view = translation * rot; Rotation almost works now but the -Z/+Z axis has been flipped, with the green cube now appearing closer to the camera. It seems like the camera is looking backwards, especially if I move it around. My goal is to store the position and orientation of all objects (including the camera) as: Vector3 position; Vector3 up; Vector3 forward; Apologies for writing such a long question and thank you in advance. I've tried following tutorials/guides from many sites but I keep ending up with something wrong. Edit: Projection Matrix Set-up Matrix4 projection = Matrix4.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView( (float)(0.5 * Math.PI), (float)display.Width / display.Height, 0.1f, 1000.0f);

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  • Performance tracking/monitoring in games

    - by vitaliy kotik
    Let's say I have an online game with a downloadable client / browser plugin. I want to track performance of my software and automatically send summary to the server. Let it be fps, latency, load time, physics step calc. time, whatever... I also want tools to perform data analysis: per session stats, per hardware stats, avgs, totals, diagrams, etc. So that I could see what are the real world hotspots / bottlenecks. Is there any common out-of-the-box / SaS solution?

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  • How do you author HDR content?

    - by Nathan Reed
    How do you make it easy for your artists to author content for an HDR renderer? What kinds of tools should you provide, and what workflows need to change, in going from LDR to HDR? Note that I'm not asking about the technical aspects of implementing an HDR renderer, but about best practices for creating materials and lighting in HDR. I've googled around a bit, but there doesn't seem to be much about this topic on the web. Can anyone point me to some good resources on this, or share their own experiences? Some specific points: Lighting - how can lighting artists pick HDR light colors? Do they have a standard LDR color picker and then a multiplier? Is the multiplier in gamma or linear space? Maybe instead of a multiplier it's a log-luminance? Or a physical brightness level, like the number of lumens? How will they know what multiplier/luminance/brightness is "correct" for a given light? Materials - how can texture artists make emissive color maps, such as neon signs, TV screens, skyboxes, etc? Can you paint one as a regular LDR (8-bit-per-channel) image and apply a multiplier (or log-luminance, etc.)? Are there cases where it's necessary to actually paint HDR images? If so, how do you go about this in Photoshop (or other software)?

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  • My raycaster is putting out strange results, how do I fix it?

    - by JamesK89
    I'm working on a raycaster in ActionScript 3.0 for the fun of it, and as a learning experience. I've got it up and running and its displaying me output as expected however I'm getting this strange bug where rays go through corners of blocks and the edges of blocks appear through walls. Maybe somebody with more experience can point out what I'm doing wrong or maybe a fresh pair of eyes can spot a tiny bug I haven't noticed. Thank you so much for your help! Screenshots: http://i55.tinypic.com/25koebm.jpg http://i51.tinypic.com/zx5jq9.jpg Relevant code: function drawScene() { rays.graphics.clear(); rays.graphics.lineStyle(1, rgba(0x00,0x66,0x00)); var halfFov = (player.fov/2); var numRays:int = ( stage.stageWidth / COLUMN_SIZE ); var prjDist = ( stage.stageWidth / 2 ) / Math.tan(toRad( halfFov )); var angStep = ( player.fov / numRays ); for( var i:int = 0; i < numRays; i++ ) { var rAng = ( ( player.angle - halfFov ) + ( angStep * i ) ) % 360; if( rAng < 0 ) rAng += 360; var ray:Object = castRay(player.position, rAng); drawRaySlice(i*COLUMN_SIZE, prjDist, player.angle, ray); } } function drawRaySlice(sx:int, prjDist, angle, ray:Object) { if( ray.distance >= MAX_DIST ) return; var height:int = int(( TILE_SIZE / (ray.distance * Math.cos(toRad(angle-ray.angle))) ) * prjDist); if( !height ) return; var yTop = int(( stage.stageHeight / 2 ) - ( height / 2 )); if( yTop < 0 ) yTop = 0; var yBot = int(( stage.stageHeight / 2 ) + ( height / 2 )); if( yBot > stage.stageHeight ) yBot = stage.stageHeight; rays.graphics.moveTo( (ray.origin.x / TILE_SIZE) * MINI_SIZE, (ray.origin.y / TILE_SIZE) * MINI_SIZE ); rays.graphics.lineTo( (ray.hit.x / TILE_SIZE) * MINI_SIZE, (ray.hit.y / TILE_SIZE) * MINI_SIZE ); for( var x:int = 0; x < COLUMN_SIZE; x++ ) { for( var y:int = yTop; y < yBot; y++ ) { buffer.setPixel(sx+x, y, clrTable[ray.tile-1] >> ( ray.horz ? 1 : 0 )); } } } function castRay(origin:Point, angle):Object { // Return values var rTexel = 0; var rHorz = false; var rTile = 0; var rDist = MAX_DIST + 1; var rMap:Point = new Point(); var rHit:Point = new Point(); // Ray angle and slope var ra = toRad(angle) % ANGLE_360; if( ra < ANGLE_0 ) ra += ANGLE_360; var rs = Math.tan(ra); var rUp = ( ra > ANGLE_0 && ra < ANGLE_180 ); var rRight = ( ra < ANGLE_90 || ra > ANGLE_270 ); // Ray position var rx = 0; var ry = 0; // Ray step values var xa = 0; var ya = 0; // Ray position, in map coordinates var mx:int = 0; var my:int = 0; var mt:int = 0; // Distance var dx = 0; var dy = 0; var ds = MAX_DIST + 1; // Horizontal intersection if( ra != ANGLE_180 && ra != ANGLE_0 && ra != ANGLE_360 ) { ya = ( rUp ? TILE_SIZE : -TILE_SIZE ); xa = ya / rs; ry = int( origin.y / TILE_SIZE ) * ( TILE_SIZE ) + ( rUp ? TILE_SIZE : -1 ); rx = origin.x + ( ry - origin.y ) / rs; mx = 0; my = 0; while( mx >= 0 && my >= 0 && mx < world.size.x && my < world.size.y ) { mx = int( rx / TILE_SIZE ); my = int( ry / TILE_SIZE ); mt = getMapTile(mx,my); if( mt > 0 && mt < 9 ) { dx = rx - origin.x; dy = ry - origin.y; ds = ( dx * dx ) + ( dy * dy ); if( rDist >= MAX_DIST || ds < rDist ) { rDist = ds; rTile = mt; rMap.x = mx; rMap.y = my; rHit.x = rx; rHit.y = ry; rHorz = true; rTexel = int(rx % TILE_SIZE) } break; } rx += xa; ry += ya; } } // Vertical intersection if( ra != ANGLE_90 && ra != ANGLE_270 ) { xa = ( rRight ? TILE_SIZE : -TILE_SIZE ); ya = xa * rs; rx = int( origin.x / TILE_SIZE ) * ( TILE_SIZE ) + ( rRight ? TILE_SIZE : -1 ); ry = origin.y + ( rx - origin.x ) * rs; mx = 0; my = 0; while( mx >= 0 && my >= 0 && mx < world.size.x && my < world.size.y ) { mx = int( rx / TILE_SIZE ); my = int( ry / TILE_SIZE ); mt = getMapTile(mx,my); if( mt > 0 && mt < 9 ) { dx = rx - origin.x; dy = ry - origin.y; ds = ( dx * dx ) + ( dy * dy ); if( rDist >= MAX_DIST || ds < rDist ) { rDist = ds; rTile = mt; rMap.x = mx; rMap.y = my; rHit.x = rx; rHit.y = ry; rHorz = false; rTexel = int(ry % TILE_SIZE); } break; } rx += xa; ry += ya; } } return { angle: angle, distance: Math.sqrt(rDist), hit: rHit, map: rMap, tile: rTile, horz: rHorz, origin: origin, texel: rTexel }; }

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  • SFML programs fails to debug with glslDevil

    - by Zhen
    I'm testing the glslDevil debugger with a simple (and working) SFML application in Linux + NVidia. But it always fails in the window creation step: W! Program Start | glXGetConfig(0x86a50b0, 0x86acef8, 4, 0xbf8228c4) | glXGetConfig(0x86a50b0, 0x86acef8, 5, 0xbf8228c8) | glXGetConfig(0x86a50b0, 0x86acef8, 8, 0xbf8228cc) | glXGetConfig(0x86a50b0, 0x86acef8, 9, 0xbf8228d0) | glXGetConfig(0x86a50b0, 0x86acef8, 10, 0xbf8228d4) | glXGetConfig(0x86a50b0, 0x86acef8, 11, 0xbf8228d8) | glXGetConfig(0x86a50b0, 0x86acef8, 12, 0xbf8228dc) | glXGetConfig(0x86a50b0, 0x86acef8, 13, 0xbf8228e0) | glXGetConfig(0x86a50b0, 0x86acef8, 100000, 0xbf8228e4) | glXGetConfig(0x86a50b0, 0x86acef8, 100001, 0xbf8228e8) | glXCreateContext(0x86a50b0, 0x86acef8, (nil), 1) E! Child process exited W! Program termination forced! And the code that fails: #include <SFML/Graphics.hpp> #define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES 1 #define GL3_PROTOTYPES 1 #include <GL/gl.h> #include <GL/glu.h> #include <GL/glext.h> int main(){ sf::RenderWindow window{ sf::VideoMode(800, 600), "Test SFML+GL" }; bool running = true; while( running ){ sf::Event event; while( window.pollEvent(event) ){ if( event.type == sf::Event::Closed ){ running = false; }else if(event.type == sf::Event::Resized){ glViewport(0, 0, event.size.width, event.size.height); } } window.display(); } return 0; } Is It posible to solve this problem? or get around the problem to continue the gslsDevil use?.

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  • Trade offs of linking versus skinning geometry

    - by Jeff
    What are the trade offs between inherent in linking geometry to a node versus using skinned geometry? Specifically: What capabilities do you gain / lose from using each method? What are the performance impacts of doing one over the other? What are the specific situations where you would want to do one over the other? In addition, do the answers to these questions tend to be engine specific? If so, how much?

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  • Gamemaker: Making a bullet Spawn at the enemy it was called from

    - by Strokes
    I'm making a gamemaker game with gml. In this game I have multiple enemies (same object) on screen at the same time. I want them to all spawn a bullet at their location. But instead each enemy spawns a bullet at one single enemy. They all shoot but the bullets appear in the wrong location. I want the bullet to spawn at the location of the instance is was called for. How do I do this? Thank you for reading my question. Code: obj_carrier is the enemy I want to spawn from. obj_carrier_bullet is the bullet I want to spawn at location of the carrier There are multiple carriers around the stage. In the step event of the carrier following an if statement: instance_create(obj_carrier.x, obj_carrier.y, obj_carrier_bullet)

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  • Entity component system -> handling components that depend on one another

    - by jtedit
    I really like the idea of an entity component system and feel it has great flexibility, but have a question. How should dependent components be handled? I'm not talking about how components should communicate with other components they depend on, I have that sorted, but rather how to ensure components are present. For example, an entity cannot have a "velocity" component if it doesn't have a "position" component, in the same way it cant have an "acceleration" component if it doesn't have a "velocity" component. My first idea was every component class overrides an "onAddedToEntity(Entity ent)" function. Then in that function it checks that prerequisite components are also added to the entity, eg: struct EntCompVelocity() : public EntityComponent{ //member variables here void onAddedToEntity(Entity ent){ if(!ent.hasComponent(EntCompPosition::Id)){ ent.addComponent(new EntCompPosition()); } } } This has the nice property that if the acceleration component adds the velocity component, the velocity component will itself add the position component to the entity so dependency "trees" will sort themselves out. However my concern is if I do this components will silently be added with default values and, in the example of adding position, many entities will appear at the origin. Another idea was to simple have the "Entity.addComponent();" function return false if the component's prerequisite components aren't already on the entity, this would force you to manually add the position component and set its value before adding the velocity component. Finally I could simply not ensure a components prerequisite components are added, the "UpdatePosition" system only deals with entities with both a position and velocity component, so therefore adding a velocity component without having a position component wont be a problem (it wont cause crashes due to null pointer/etc), but it does mean entities will carry useless unused data if you add components but not their prerequisite components. Does anyone have experience with this problem and/or any of these methods to solve it? How did you solve the problem?

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  • How to attach a sprite to a TMXTiledMap at a particular coordinate, in AndEngine?

    - by shailenTJ
    I am trying to add a sprite at a "grid" location on the tiled map. The TMX tiled Map is like a grid, and you can access the size of the grid by calling mTMXtiledMap.getTileRows() and mTMXtiledMap.getTileColumns(). I want to add an object at grid location, say (2, 5). My tileMap is of size (10,10). How can I do that? There is no function like mTMXTiledMap.addChild(int x, int y, Entity mEntity). I would appreciate any suggestions!

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  • Why doesn't Unity's OnCollisionEnter give me surface normals, and what's the most reliable way to get them?

    - by michael.bartnett
    Unity's on collision event gives you a Collision object that gives you some information about the collision that happened (including a list of ContactPoints with hit normals). But what you don't get is surface normals for the collider that you hit. Here's a screenshot to illustrate. The red line is from ContactPoint.normal and the blue line is from RaycastHit.normal. Is this an instance of Unity hiding information to provide a simplified API? Or do standard 3D realtime collision detection techniques just not collect this information? And for the second part of the question, what's a surefire and relatively efficient way to get a surface normal for a collision? I know that raycasting gives you surface normals, but it seems I need to do several raycasts to accomplish this for all scenarios (maybe a contact point/normal combination misses the collider on the first cast, or maybe you need to do some average of all the contact points' normals to get the best result). My current method: Back up the Collision.contacts[0].point along its hit normal Raycast down the negated hit normal for float.MaxValue, on Collision.collider If that fails, repeat steps 1 and 2 with the non-negated normal If that fails, try steps 1 to 3 with Collision.contacts[1] Repeat 4 until successful or until all contact points exhausted. Give up, return Vector3.zero. This seems to catch everything, but all those raycasts make me queasy, and I'm not sure how to test that this works for enough cases. Is there a better way?

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  • Cocos2D 2.0 - masking a sprite

    - by Desperate Developer
    I have read this tutorial about how to mask sprites using Cocos2D 2.0. http://www.raywenderlich.com/4428/how-to-mask-a-sprite-with-cocos2d-2-0 But the author talks about OpenGL ES textures and vertices as they were common knowledge. My knowledge about OpenGl is zero raised to infinity. All I want is to use a rectangle to mask a sprite to it. How I would do in Photoshop using a rectangle as mask (yes, I want to clip a sprite to the rectangle bounds and no, I do not want to use the ClippingNode solution, that do not works for animation/scaling etc.). So, can you guys translate the klingon language used in this tutorial and tell how a solid rectangle can be used to mask a sprite in Cocos2D? I am desperate, as my username states. I am searching this for a week and have tried several solutions without satisfactory results. Please help me. Thanks!

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  • Drawing multiple Textures as tilemap

    - by DocJones
    I am trying to draw a 2d game map and the objects on the map in a single pass. Here is my OpenGL initialization code // Turn off unnecessary operations glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); glDisable(GL_LIGHTING); glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE); glDisable(GL_STENCIL_TEST); glDisable(GL_DITHER); glEnable(GL_BLEND); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); // activate pointer to vertex & texture array glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); My drawing code is being called by a NSTimer every 1/60 s. Here is the drawing code of my world object: - (void) draw:(NSRect)rect withTimedDelta:(double)d { GLint *t; glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, [_textureManager textureByName:@"blocks"]); glTexEnvi(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_REPLACE); for (int x=0; x<[_map getWidth] ; x++) { for (int y=0; y<[_map getHeight] ; y++) { GLint v[] = { 16*x ,16*y, 16*x+16,16*y, 16*x+16,16*y+16, 16*x ,16*y+16 }; t=[_textureManager getBlockWithNumber:[_map getBlockAtX:x andY:y]]; glVertexPointer(2, GL_INT, 0, v); glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_INT, 0, t); glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS, 0, 4); } } } (_textureManager is a Singelton only loading a texture once!) The object drawing codes is identical (except the nested loops) in terms of OpenGL calls: - (void) drawWithTimedDelta:(double)d { GLint *t; GLint v[] = { 16*xpos ,16*ypos, 16*xpos+16,16*ypos, 16*xpos+16,16*ypos+16, 16*xpos ,16*ypos+16 }; glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, [_textureManager textureByName:_textureName]); t=[_textureManager getBlockWithNumber:12]; glVertexPointer(2, GL_INT, 0, v); glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_INT, 0, t); glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS, 0, 4); } As soon as my central drawing routine calls the two drawing methods the second call overlays the first one. i would expect the call to world.draw to draw the map and "stamp" the objects upon it. Debugging shows me, that the first call is performed correctly (world is being drawn), but the following call to all objects ONLY draws the objects, the rest of the scene is getting black. I think i need to blend the drawn textures, but i cant seem to figure out how. Any help is appreciated. Thanks PS: Here is the github link to the project. It may not be in sync of my post here, but for some more in-depth analysis it may help.

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  • How can I draw an arrow at the edge of the screen pointing to an object that is off screen?

    - by Adam Henderson
    I am wishing to do what is described in this topic: http://www.allegro.cc/forums/print-thread/283220 I have attempted a variety of the methods mentioned here. First I tried to use the method described by Carrus85: Just take the ratio of the two triangle hypontenuses (doesn't matter which triagle you use for the other, I suggest point 1 and point 2 as the distance you calculate). This will give you the aspect ratio percentage of the triangle in the corner from the larger triangle. Then you simply multiply deltax by that value to get the x-coordinate offset, and deltay by that value to get the y-coordinate offset. But I could not find a way to calculate how far the object is away from the edge of the screen. I then tried using ray casting (which I have never done before) suggested by 23yrold3yrold: Fire a ray from the center of the screen to the offscreen object. Calculate where on the rectangle the ray intersects. There's your coordinates. I first calculated the hypotenuse of the triangle formed by the difference in x and y positions of the two points. I used this to create a unit vector along that line. I looped through that vector until either the x coordinate or the y coordinate was off the screen. The two current x and y values then form the x and y of the arrow. Here is the code for my ray casting method (written in C++ and Allegro 5) void renderArrows(Object* i) { float x1 = i->getX() + (i->getWidth() / 2); float y1 = i->getY() + (i->getHeight() / 2); float x2 = screenCentreX; float y2 = ScreenCentreY; float dx = x2 - x1; float dy = y2 - y1; float hypotSquared = (dx * dx) + (dy * dy); float hypot = sqrt(hypotSquared); float unitX = dx / hypot; float unitY = dy / hypot; float rayX = x2 - view->getViewportX(); float rayY = y2 - view->getViewportY(); float arrowX = 0; float arrowY = 0; bool posFound = false; while(posFound == false) { rayX += unitX; rayY += unitY; if(rayX <= 0 || rayX >= screenWidth || rayY <= 0 || rayY >= screenHeight) { arrowX = rayX; arrowY = rayY; posFound = true; } } al_draw_bitmap(sprite, arrowX - spriteWidth, arrowY - spriteHeight, 0); } This was relatively successful. Arrows are displayed in the bottom right section of the screen when objects are located above and left of the screen as if the locations of the where the arrows are drawn have been rotated 180 degrees around the center of the screen. I assumed this was due to the fact that when I was calculating the hypotenuse of the triangle, it would always be positive regardless of whether or not the difference in x or difference in y is negative. Thinking about it, ray casting does not seem like a good way of solving the problem (due to the fact that it involves using sqrt() and a large for loop). Any help finding a suitable solution would be greatly appreciated, Thanks Adam

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  • AI Game Programming : Bayesian Networks, how to make efficient?

    - by Mahbubur R Aaman
    We know that AI is one of the most important part of Game Programming. Bayesian networks is one of the core part of AI at Game Programming. Bayesian networks are graphs that compactly represent the relationship between random variables for a given problem. These graphs aid in performing reasoning or decision making in the face of uncertainty. Here me, utilizing the monte carlo method and genetic algorithms. But tooks much time and sometimes crashes due to memory. Is there any way to implement efficiently?

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  • How can I move a polygon edge 1 unit away from the center?

    - by Stephen
    Let's say I have a polygon class that is represented by a list of vector classes as vertices, like so: var Vector = function(x, y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; }, Polygon = function(vectors) { this.vertices = vectors; }; Now I make a polygon (in this case, a square) like so: var poly = new Polygon([ new Vector(2, 2), new Vector(5, 2), new Vector(5, 5), new Vector(2, 5) ]); So, the top edge would be [poly.vertices[0], poly.vertices[1]]. I need to stretch this polygon by moving each edge away from the center of the polygon by one unit, along that edge's normal. The following example shows the first edge, the top, moved one unit up: The final polygon should look like this new one: var finalPoly = new Polygon([ new Vector(1, 1), new Vector(6, 1), new Vector(6, 6), new Vector(1, 6) ]); It is important that I iterate, moving one edge at a time, because I will be doing some collision tests after moving each edge. Here is what I tried so far (simplified for clarity), which fails triumphantly: for(var i = 0; i < vertices.length; i++) { var a = vertices[i], b = vertices[i + 1] || vertices[0]; // in case of final vertex var ax = a.x, ay = a.y, bx = b.x, by = b.y; // get some new perpendicular vectors var a2 = new Vector(-ay, ax), b2 = new Vector(-by, bx); // make into unit vectors a2.convertToUnitVector(); b2.convertToUnitVector(); // add the new vectors to the original ones a.add(a2); b.add(b2); // the rest of the code, collision tests, etc. } This makes my polygon start slowly rotating and sliding to the left, instead of what I need. Finally, the example shows a square, but the polygons in question could be anything. They will always be convex, and always with vertices in clockwise order.

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  • Off center projection

    - by N0xus
    I'm trying to implement the code that was freely given by a very kind developer at the following link: http://forum.unity3d.com/threads/142383-Code-sample-Off-Center-Projection-Code-for-VR-CAVE-or-just-for-fun Right now, all I'm trying to do is bring it in on one camera, but I have a few issues. My class, looks as follows: using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; public class PerspectiveOffCenter : MonoBehaviour { // Use this for initialization void Start () { } // Update is called once per frame void Update () { } public static Matrix4x4 GeneralizedPerspectiveProjection(Vector3 pa, Vector3 pb, Vector3 pc, Vector3 pe, float near, float far) { Vector3 va, vb, vc; Vector3 vr, vu, vn; float left, right, bottom, top, eyedistance; Matrix4x4 transformMatrix; Matrix4x4 projectionM; Matrix4x4 eyeTranslateM; Matrix4x4 finalProjection; ///Calculate the orthonormal for the screen (the screen coordinate system vr = pb - pa; vr.Normalize(); vu = pc - pa; vu.Normalize(); vn = Vector3.Cross(vr, vu); vn.Normalize(); //Calculate the vector from eye (pe) to screen corners (pa, pb, pc) va = pa-pe; vb = pb-pe; vc = pc-pe; //Get the distance;; from the eye to the screen plane eyedistance = -(Vector3.Dot(va, vn)); //Get the varaibles for the off center projection left = (Vector3.Dot(vr, va)*near)/eyedistance; right = (Vector3.Dot(vr, vb)*near)/eyedistance; bottom = (Vector3.Dot(vu, va)*near)/eyedistance; top = (Vector3.Dot(vu, vc)*near)/eyedistance; //Get this projection projectionM = PerspectiveOffCenter(left, right, bottom, top, near, far); //Fill in the transform matrix transformMatrix = new Matrix4x4(); transformMatrix[0, 0] = vr.x; transformMatrix[0, 1] = vr.y; transformMatrix[0, 2] = vr.z; transformMatrix[0, 3] = 0; transformMatrix[1, 0] = vu.x; transformMatrix[1, 1] = vu.y; transformMatrix[1, 2] = vu.z; transformMatrix[1, 3] = 0; transformMatrix[2, 0] = vn.x; transformMatrix[2, 1] = vn.y; transformMatrix[2, 2] = vn.z; transformMatrix[2, 3] = 0; transformMatrix[3, 0] = 0; transformMatrix[3, 1] = 0; transformMatrix[3, 2] = 0; transformMatrix[3, 3] = 1; //Now for the eye transform eyeTranslateM = new Matrix4x4(); eyeTranslateM[0, 0] = 1; eyeTranslateM[0, 1] = 0; eyeTranslateM[0, 2] = 0; eyeTranslateM[0, 3] = -pe.x; eyeTranslateM[1, 0] = 0; eyeTranslateM[1, 1] = 1; eyeTranslateM[1, 2] = 0; eyeTranslateM[1, 3] = -pe.y; eyeTranslateM[2, 0] = 0; eyeTranslateM[2, 1] = 0; eyeTranslateM[2, 2] = 1; eyeTranslateM[2, 3] = -pe.z; eyeTranslateM[3, 0] = 0; eyeTranslateM[3, 1] = 0; eyeTranslateM[3, 2] = 0; eyeTranslateM[3, 3] = 1f; //Multiply all together finalProjection = new Matrix4x4(); finalProjection = Matrix4x4.identity * projectionM*transformMatrix*eyeTranslateM; //finally return return finalProjection; } // Update is called once per frame public void FixedUpdate () { Camera cam = camera; //calculate projection Matrix4x4 genProjection = GeneralizedPerspectiveProjection( new Vector3(0,1,0), new Vector3(1,1,0), new Vector3(0,0,0), new Vector3(0,0,0), cam.nearClipPlane, cam.farClipPlane); //(BottomLeftCorner, BottomRightCorner, TopLeftCorner, trackerPosition, cam.nearClipPlane, cam.farClipPlane); cam.projectionMatrix = genProjection; } } My error lies in projectionM = PerspectiveOffCenter(left, right, bottom, top, near, far); The debugger states: Expression denotes a `type', where a 'variable', 'value' or 'method group' was expected. Thus, I changed the line to read: projectionM = new PerspectiveOffCenter(left, right, bottom, top, near, far); But then the error is changed to: The type 'PerspectiveOffCenter' does not contain a constructor that takes '6' arguments. For reasons that are obvious. So, finally, I changed the line to read: projectionM = new GeneralizedPerspectiveProjection(left, right, bottom, top, near, far); And the error I get is: is a 'method' but a 'type' was expected. With this last error, I'm not sure what it is I should do / missing. Can anyone see what it is that I'm missing to fix this error?

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  • Setting effects variables in XNA

    - by Badescu Alexandru
    Hello ! I am currently reading a book named "3D Graphics with XNA Game Studio 4.0" by Sean James and have some questions to ask : If i create a effect parameter named lets say SpecularPower and have in my effect a variable named SpecularPower , if i do something like effect.Parameters["SpecularPower"].SetValue(3) That wil change the SpecularPower variable in my effect ? And a second question, not regarding the book : If i have a spaceship and i've created a "boost" functionality that speeds up my spaceship, what effects should i implement to create the impresion oh high speed ? I was thinking of making everything except my spaceship blurry but i think there would be something missing . Any ideas ? Regards, Alex Badescu

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  • How to improve batching performance

    - by user4241
    Hello, I am developing a sprite based 2D game for mobile platform(s) and I'm using OpenGL (well, actually Irrlicht) to render graphics. First I implemented sprite rendering in a simple way: every game object is rendered as a quad with its own GPU draw call, meaning that if I had 200 game objects, I made 200 draw calls per frame. Of course this was a bad choice and my game was completely CPU bound because there is a little CPU overhead assosiacted in every GPU draw call. GPU stayed idle most of the time. Now, I thought I could improve performance by collecting objects into large batches and rendering these batches with only a few draw calls. I implemented batching (so that every game object sharing the same texture is rendered in same batch) and thought that my problems are gone... only to find out that my frame rate was even lower than before. Why? Well, I have 200 (or more) game objects, and they are updated 60 times per second. Every frame I have to recalculate new position (translation and rotation) for vertices in CPU (GPU on mobile platforms does not support instancing so I can't do it there), and doing this calculation 48000 per second (200*60*4 since every sprite has 4 vertices) simply seems to be too slow. What I could do to improve performance? All game objects are moving/rotating (almost) every frame so I really have to recalculate vertex positions. Only optimization that I could think of is a look-up table for rotations so that I wouldn't have to calculate them. Would point sprites help? Any nasty hacks? Anything else? Thanks.

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  • Rotation of bitmap using a frame by frame animation

    - by pengume
    Hey every one I know this has probably been asked a ton of times but I just wanted to clarify if I am approaching this correctly, since I ran into some problems rotating a bitmap. So basically I have one large bitmap that has four frames drawn on it and I only draw one at a time by looping through the bitmap by increments to animate walking. I can get the bitmap to rotate correctly when it is not moving but once the animation starts it starts to cut off alot of the image and sometimes becomes very fuzzy. I have tried public void draw(Canvas canvas,int pointerX, int pointerY) { Matrix m; if (setRotation){ // canvas.save(); m = new Matrix(); m.reset(); // spriteWidth and spriteHeight are for just the current frame showed m.setTranslate(spriteWidth / 2, spriteHeight / 2); //get and set rotation for ninja based off of joystick m.preRotate((float) GameControls.getRotation()); //create the rotated bitmap flipedSprite = Bitmap.createBitmap(bitmap , 0, 0,bitmap.getWidth(),bitmap.getHeight() , m, true); //set new bitmap to rotated ninja setBitmap(flipedSprite); // canvas.restore(); Log.d("Ninja View", "angle of rotation= " +(float) GameControls.getRotation()); setRotation = false; } And then the Draw Method here // create the destination rectangle for the ninjas current animation frame // pointerX and pointerY are from the joystick moving the ninja around destRect = new Rect(pointerX, pointerY, pointerX + spriteWidth, pointerY + spriteHeight); canvas.drawBitmap(bitmap, getSourceRect(), destRect, null); The animation is four frames long and gets incremented by 66 (the size of one of the frames on the bitmap) for every frame and then back to 0 at the end of the loop.

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  • Logic behind a bejeweled-like game

    - by Joe
    In a prototype I am doing, there is a minigame similar to bejeweled. Using a grid that is a 2d array (int[,]) how can I go about know when the user formed a match? I only care about horizontally and vertically. Off the top of my head I was thinking I would just look each direction. Something like: int item = grid[x,y]; if(grid[x-1,y]==item) { int step=x; int matches =2; while(grid[step-1,y]==item) { step++; matches++ } if(matches>2) //remove all matching items } else if(grid[x+1,y]==item //.... else if(grid[x,y-1==item) //... else if(grid[x,y+1]==item) //... It seems like there should be a better way. Is there?

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  • Transform between two 3d cartesian coordinate systems

    - by Pris
    I'd like to know how to get the rotation matrix for the transformation from one cartesian coordinate system (X,Y,Z) to another one (X',Y',Z'). Both systems are defined with three orthogonal vectors as one would expect. No scaling or translation occurs. I'm using OpenSceneGraph and it offers a Matrix convenience class, if it makes finding the matrix easier: http://www.openscenegraph.org/documentation/OpenSceneGraphReferenceDocs/a00403.html.

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