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• What's the right/standard way of achieving separation of concerns?

  - by Ghanima

  Some background: I want to start developing games, and taking some of the advice given in this site, I've started with something simple and familiar, such as pong, tetris, etc. I want to take as much time as needed to make sure that I have the basics right before moving on to something bigger. I have medium programming experience but I realize making games is a different thing. I find myself wondering many things like should this be in a separate class? Should this module handle this stuff or is it better to let other modules have that kind of functionality? For example, the bouncing of a ball in pong, right now is handled in the ball module, but maybe it's better that some other module did it. Right now I have different modules: one for the graphics, one for the game logic, and others for the objects (depending on the kind of movement required, not all the objects are alike). I know I am asking a lot, any tips you have will be very much appreciated. Short question: What's the right or standard way of separating the modules? What have you found most effective? Is it enough to just keep the drawing (graphics) and the logic separate? Is it necessary to have a lot of classes? (for example for the objects in the game, to handle the movement, etc)

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• HTML5 platformer collision detection problem

  - by fnx

  I'm working on a 2D platformer game, and I'm having a lot of trouble with collision detection. I've looked trough some tutorials, questions asked here and Stackoverflow, but I guess I'm just too dumb to understand what's wrong with my code. I've wanted to make simple bounding box style collisions and ability to determine on which side of the box the collision happens, but no matter what I do, I always get some weird glitches, like the player gets stuck on the wall or the jumping is jittery. You can test the game here: Platform engine test. Arrow keys move and z = run, x = jump, c = shoot. Try to jump into the first pit and slide on the wall. Here's the collision detection code: function checkCollisions(a, b) { if ((a.x > b.x + b.width) || (a.x + a.width < b.x) || (a.y > b.y + b.height) || (a.y + a.height < b.y)) { return false; } else { handleCollisions(a, b); return true; } } function handleCollisions(a, b) { var a_top = a.y, a_bottom = a.y + a.height, a_left = a.x, a_right = a.x + a.width, b_top = b.y, b_bottom = b.y + b.height, b_left = b.x, b_right = b.x + b.width; if (a_bottom + a.vy > b_top && distanceBetween(a_bottom, b_top) + a.vy < distanceBetween(a_bottom, b_bottom)) { a.topCollision = true; a.y = b.y - a.height + 2; a.vy = 0; a.canJump = true; } else if (a_top + a.vy < b_bottom && distanceBetween(a_top, b_bottom) + a.vy < distanceBetween(a_top, b_top)) { a.bottomCollision = true; a.y = b.y + b.height; a.vy = 0; } else if (a_right + a.vx > b_left && distanceBetween(a_right, b_left) < distanceBetween(a_right, b_right)) { a.rightCollision = true; a.x = b.x - a.width - 3; //a.vx = 0; } else if (a_left + a.vx < b_right && distanceBetween(a_left, b_right) < distanceBetween(a_left, b_left)) { a.leftCollision = true; a.x = b.x + b.width + 3; //a.vx = 0; } } function distanceBetween(a, b) { return Math.abs(b-a); }

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• OpenGL VBOs are slower then glDrawArrays.

  - by Arelius

  So, this seems odd to me. I upload a large buffer of vertices, then every frame I call glBindbuffer and then the appropriate gl*Pointer functions with offsets into the buffer, then I use glDrawArrays to draw all of my triangles. I'm only drawing about 100K triangles, however I'm getting about 15FPS. This is where it gets weird, if I change it to not call glBindBuffer, then change the gl*Pointer calls to be actual pointers into the array I have in system memory, and then call glDrawArrays the same, my framerate jumps up to about 50FPS. Any idea what I weird thing I could be doing that would cause this? Did I maybe forget to call glEnable(GL_ALLOW_VBOS_TO_RUN_FAST) or something?

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• Using texture() in combination with JBox2D

  - by Valentino Ru

  I'm getting some trouble using the texture() method inside beginShape()/endShape() clause. In the display()-method of my class TowerElement (a bar which is DYNAMIC), I draw the object like following: void display(){ Vec2 pos = level.getLevel().getBodyPixelCoord(body); float a = body.getAngle(); // needed for rotation pushMatrix(); translate(pos.x, pos.y); rotate(-a); fill(temp); // temp is a color defined in the constructor stroke(0); beginShape(); vertex(-w/2,-h/2); vertex(w/2,-h/2); vertex(w/2,h-h/2); vertex(-w/2,h-h/2); endShape(CLOSE); popMatrix(); } Now, according to the API, I can use the texture() method inside the shape definition. Now when I remove the fill(temp) and put texture(img) (img is a PImage defined in the constructor), the stroke gets drawn, but the bar isn't filled and I get the warning texture() is not available with this renderer What can I do in order to use textures anyway? I don't even understand the error message, since I do not know much about different renderers.

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• How to move a rectangle properly?

  - by bodycountPP

  I recently started to learn OpenGL. Right now I finished the first chapter of the "OpenGL SuperBible". There were two examples. The first had the complete code and showed how to draw a simple triangle. The second example is supposed to show how to move a rectangle using SpecialKeys. The only code provided for this example was the SpecialKeys method. I still tried to implement it but I had two problems. In the previous example I declared and instaciated vVerts in the SetupRC() method. Now as it is also used in the SpecialKeys() method, I moved the declaration and instantiation to the top of the code. Is this proper c++ practice? I copied the part where vertex positions are recalculated from the book, but I had to pick the vertices for the rectangle on my own. So now every time I press a key for the first time the rectangle's upper left vertex is moved to (-0,5:-0.5). This ok because of GLfloat blockX = vVerts[0]; //Upper left X GLfloat blockY = vVerts[7]; // Upper left Y But I also think that this is the reason why my rectangle is shifted in the beginning. After the first time a key was pressed everything works just fine. Here is my complete code I hope you can help me on those two points. GLBatch squareBatch; GLShaderManager shaderManager; //Load up a triangle GLfloat vVerts[] = {-0.5f,0.5f,0.0f, 0.5f,0.5f,0.0f, 0.5f,-0.5f,0.0f, -0.5f,-0.5f,0.0f}; //Window has changed size, or has just been created. //We need to use the window dimensions to set the viewport and the projection matrix. void ChangeSize(int w, int h) { glViewport(0,0,w,h); } //Called to draw the scene. void RenderScene(void) { //Clear the window with the current clearing color glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT|GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT); GLfloat vRed[] = {1.0f,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f}; shaderManager.UseStockShader(GLT_SHADER_IDENTITY,vRed); squareBatch.Draw(); //perform the buffer swap to display the back buffer glutSwapBuffers(); } //This function does any needed initialization on the rendering context. //This is the first opportunity to do any OpenGL related Tasks. void SetupRC() { //Blue Background glClearColor(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f,1.0f); shaderManager.InitializeStockShaders(); squareBatch.Begin(GL_QUADS,4); squareBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vVerts); squareBatch.End(); } //Respond to arrow keys by moving the camera frame of reference void SpecialKeys(int key,int x,int y) { GLfloat stepSize = 0.025f; GLfloat blockSize = 0.5f; GLfloat blockX = vVerts[0]; //Upper left X GLfloat blockY = vVerts[7]; // Upper left Y if(key == GLUT_KEY_UP) { blockY += stepSize; } if(key == GLUT_KEY_DOWN){blockY -= stepSize;} if(key == GLUT_KEY_LEFT){blockX -= stepSize;} if(key == GLUT_KEY_RIGHT){blockX += stepSize;} //Recalculate vertex positions vVerts[0] = blockX; vVerts[1] = blockY - blockSize*2; vVerts[3] = blockX + blockSize * 2; vVerts[4] = blockY - blockSize *2; vVerts[6] = blockX+blockSize*2; vVerts[7] = blockY; vVerts[9] = blockX; vVerts[10] = blockY; squareBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vVerts); glutPostRedisplay(); } //Main entry point for GLUT based programs int main(int argc, char** argv) { //Sets the working directory. Not really needed gltSetWorkingDirectory(argv[0]); //Passes along the command-line parameters and initializes the GLUT library. glutInit(&argc,argv); //Tells the GLUT library what type of display mode to use, when creating the window. //Double buffered window, RGBA-Color mode,depth-buffer as part of our display, stencil buffer also available glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE|GLUT_RGBA|GLUT_DEPTH|GLUT_STENCIL); //Window size glutInitWindowSize(800,600); glutCreateWindow("MoveRect"); glutReshapeFunc(ChangeSize); glutDisplayFunc(RenderScene); glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKeys); //initialize GLEW library GLenum err = glewInit(); //Check that nothing goes wrong with the driver initialization before we try and do any rendering. if(GLEW_OK != err) { fprintf(stderr,"Glew Error: %s\n",glewGetErrorString); return 1; } SetupRC(); glutMainLoop(); return 0; }

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• Restrict movement within a radius

  - by Phil

  I asked a similar question recently but now I think I know more about what I really want to know. I can answer my own question if I get to understand this bit. I have a situation where a sprite's center point needs to be constrained within a certain boundary in 2d space. The boundary is circular so the sprite is constrained within a radius. This radius is defined as a distance from the center of a certain point. I know the position of the center point and I can track the center position of the sprite. This is the code to detect the distance: float distance = Vector2.Distance(centerPosition, spritePosition)); if (distance > allowedDistance) { } The positions can be wherever on the grid, they are not described as in between -1 or 1. So basically the detecting code works, it only prints when the sprite is outside of it's boundary I just don't know what to do when it oversteps. Please explain any math used as I really want to understand what you're thinking to be able to elaborate on it myself.

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• Swapping axis labels between 2D and 3D coordinates

  - by Will

  My game world is 3D. The map is only 2D, however. It is natural to think of the map as having an X and Y axis. And it is natural to think of the world has having an X, Y and Z axis, where Y is upwards. That is to say, X Y in 2D map coordinates is X Z in 3D coordinates. What conventions and approaches do you have to keeping things straight at a code level to make mapping between them natural? (Is Y usually upwards in 3D? Or do you have X and Z in map coordinates, or?)

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• Updating entities in response to collisions - should this be in the collision-detection class or in the entity-updater class?

  - by Prog

  In a game I'm working on, there's a class responsible for collision detection. It's method detectCollisions(List<Entity> entities) is called from the main gameloop. The code to update the entities (i.e. where the entities 'act': update their positions, invoke AI, etc) is in a different class, in the method updateEntities(List<Entity> entities). Also called from the gameloop, after the collision detection. When there's a collision between two entities, usually something needs to be done. For example, zero the velocity of both entities in the collision, or kill one of the entities. It would be easy to have this code in the CollisionDetector class. E.g. in psuedocode: for(Entity entityA in entities){ for(Entity entityB in entities){ if(collision(entityA, entityB)){ if(entityA instanceof Robot && entityB instanceof Robot){ entityA.setVelocity(0,0); entityB.setVelocity(0,0); } if(entityA instanceof Missile || entityB instanceof Missile){ entityA.die(); entityB.die(); } } } } However, I'm not sure if updating the state of entities in response to collision should be the job of CollisionDetector. Maybe it should be the job of EntityUpdater, which runs after the collision detection in the gameloop. Is it okay to have the code responding to collisions in the collision detection system? Or should the collision detection class only detect collisions, report them to some other class and have that class affect the state of the entities?

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• How to display consistent background image

  - by Tofu_Craving_Redish_BlueDragon

  Drawing a large background is relatively slow in PyGame. In order to avoid drawing BG every frame, you could draw it once, then do nothing. However, if something is overdrawn onto the surface and keeps moving, you will need to redraw the background in order to "erase" the color pixels left by moving object; otherwise, you will have "traces" of the moving object. I have a moving object in my PyGame. However, I do not want to "clear the color buffer" by redrawing the background image. Redrawing the background image every frame is slow. My solution : I will "clear" only required portions (where the "traces" of moving object are left) of the "buffer" by redrawing portions of background. Is there any other better way to have a consistent background?

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• Influence Maps for Pathfinding?

  - by james

  I'm taking the plunge and am getting into game dev, it's been going well but I've got stuck on a problem. I have a maze that is 100x100 with 0,1 to indicate if its a path or a wall. Within the maze I have 300 or so enemies and a player. The outcome I'm looking for is all the enemies work their way towards the player position. Originally I did this using an A* path finding algorithm but with 300 enemies it was taking forever to path find each one individually. After some research I found that an influence map / collaborative diffusion would be the best way to go. But I'm having a real hard time working out how this is actually done. Firstly.. How do you create a influence map? From what I understand each of my walls with have a scent of 0 so that makes them impassable.. then basically a radial effect from my player position to each other cell (So my player starts at 100 and then going outwards from that each other cell will be reduced value) Is that correct? If so,.. How would you do that (Math magic?) My next problem is if that is correct how would my "enemies" stop from getting stuck if they have gone down the wrong way? As say if my player was standing on the otherside of a wall if the enemy is just looking for larger numbers wont it keep getting stuck? I'm doing this in JavaScript so performance is key. Thanks for any help! EDIT: Or if anyones got a better solution? I've been reading about navmeshs, steering pathing, pre calculating all paths on load etc etc

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• Android - Multiplayer Game - Client / Server - Java etc

  - by user1405328

  I must write a multiplayer pong game for the school. Where are thousand of rooms and where two players can go in to a room and play together and collect points. I programmed the Pong game using Java (LibGDX). How can I do the Network part. I searched the web. And I came across Kryonet. Is there something better? What should I google. On the Internet there are a lot of those questions. And no good answers. I hope that this most questions can be answered. If someone has actual Open Source network game links, tutorials, books, network tutorial, etc. All this would help everyone. Thank you.

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• Why circles are not created if small?

  - by Suzan Cioc

  I have changed the scale to my own and now I cant create any object, including circle, if it is of the size which is normal for my scale. I am to create big object first and then modify it to smaller size. Looks like minimal size protection is set somewhere. Where? UPDATE While creating a circle, if I drag for 0.04m circle disappears after drag end. If I drag for 0.08m circle also disappears. If I drag for more than 0.1m, circle persists after drag end. How to set so that it persist after 0.01m too?

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• Drawing application on OpenGL for iOS (iPad)

  - by Alesia

  Some help is needed. I'm developing drawing application on OpenGL (deployment target 4.0) for iOS (iPad). We have 3 drawing tools: pen, marker (with alfa) and eraser. I draw with textures, using blending in orthographic projection. I can't use z-ordering because in this case I have to face a lot of troubles with cutting and erasing. The thing that I need is to make the pen be always on the top. When I first use marker and than pen - it's ok. But if I use pen first and marker over the pen - I can't see pen color under marker. I'd appreciate any help or advice. Thank you veeeeeery much!

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• Sprite rotation

  - by Kipras

  I'm using OpenGL and people suggest using glRotate for sprite rotation, but I find that strange. My problem with it is that it rotates the whole matrix, which sort of screws up all my collision detection and so on and so forth. Imagine I had a sprite at position (100, 100) and in position (100, 200) is an obstacle and the sprite's facing it. I rotate the sprite away from the obstacle and when move upwards my y axis, even though the projection shows like it's going away from the obstacle, the sprite will intersect it. So I don't see another way of a rotating a sprite and not screwing up all collision detection other than doing mathematical operations on the image itself. Am I right or am I missing something?

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• Having trouble's understanding NIF model file format?

  - by NoobScratcher

  I'm attempting too develop a 3rd party application to make it easy to import 3d model part's into my mod for skyrim the plan was to have a fileviewer and preview window of the nif model but since , I don't know what the NIF file format actually is or where to get the vertex data from it or the hole nine yards of parsing a text file in detail I'm at a lost what to do. I'm very good at C++ but not at this super over complicated file formats , id much prefer .obj over the nif file format specification here -- http://niftools.sourceforge.net/doc/nif/index.html If someone could help me in understanding the file format in a natural and simple way and the exact parsing needed to create the 3D Model in the frustum and a explanation on how you figured that out would be happy to know. I use cygwin , notepad++ , win32 7

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• Randomly spawning bitmaps on cnvas

  - by Toystoj

  I need some ideas in order to finish algorithm. I'm randomly placing objects (bitmaps) on canvas without overlapping. Time needed to finish it is my problem. When I need to spawn for example 80% of canvas it takes to long. So i was thinking : I should make some change when the bitmaps take off 50 % of canvas. I want to tell algorithm that it should generate new locations (x,y) where it is free space. My question is : How to render new location (x,y) in place where is free space. In summary: Things I know : object location (x,y) 4 corners (x,y) of object object width, height canvas width, height Any suggestions?

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• AndEngine player, background and camera

  - by valdemar593

  I'm developing a 2D shooter using AndEngine. At the moment I'm trying to make the camera follow the player. As I've understood the common approach is to use the SmoothCamera zooming it and setting the chased entity. The problem is that the camera follows the player WITH background moving also (RepeatingSpriteBackground), so it looks like the player doesn't move at all though the actual position changes. So I don't really get how to make the camera follow the player and have the background not moving. Thanks in advance.

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• Projectile Rotation

  - by Alex

  I'm trying to add a projectile system like the projectiles in Realm Of The Mad God. (YouTube it to see what I mean) These projectiles seem to move according to their rotation perfectly and can have nearly any rotation. They also have near perfect hitboxing. What's the maths behind this? My Game works on an integer-based coordinate system, but at the moment projectiles can only shoot either 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 degrees.

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• When to unload graphics object from main memory?

  - by piotrek

  I writing my resource mangaer, and I consider about how it can work for graphics objects (like textures, meshes). I think about this : I want to load texture (in pseudocode): Texture t = resMgr.GetTex("image.png"); and GetTex make something like this: load texture from disk to main memory create texture object (load it to gpu memory) unload texture from main memory I consider about 3 step, does game engines that you know unload meshes/textures after load them into gpu memory ?

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• Is it possible to procedurally place objects in a non-gridded game?

  - by nickbadal

  I'd like to implement procedural world generation, but I don't want it to look gridded or blocky, where everything is obviously placed on an integer grid. I know that you can do this in gridded worlds by inputting a square's x and y into a noise function, or similar, but is it possible to generate a more natural looking object placement using procedural methods? This is in the context of an adventure game, if it matters. Edit: I guess I should have been a bit more clear in my original question, but I'm mostly wondering about the actual placement of objects in game, e.g. trees, buildings.

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• Instead of the specified Texture, black circles on a green background are getting rendered. Why?

  - by vinzBad

  I'm trying to render a Texture via OpenGL. But instead of the texture black circles on a green background are rendered. (They scale, depending what the rotation of the texture is) Example: The texture I'm trying to render is the following: This is the code I use to render the texture, it's located in my Sprite-class. public void Render() { Matrix4 matrix = Matrix4.CreateTranslation(-OriginX, -OriginY, 0) * Matrix4.CreateRotationZ(Rotation) * Matrix4.CreateTranslation(X, Y, 0); Vector2[] corners = { new Vector2(0,0), //top left new Vector2(Width ,0),//top right new Vector2(Width,Height),//bottom rigth new Vector2(0,Height)//bottom left }; //copy the corners to the uv coordinates Vector2[] uv = corners.ToArray<Vector2>(); //transform the coordinates for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) corners[i] = new Vector2(Vector3.Transform(new Vector3(corners[i]), matrix)); //GL.Color3(TintColor); GL.BindTexture(TextureTarget.Texture2D, _ID); GL.Begin(BeginMode.Quads); { for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { GL.TexCoord2(uv[i]); GL.Vertex3(corners[i].X, corners[i].Y, _layerDepth); } } GL.End(); if (EnableDebugDraw) { GL.Color3(Color.Violet); GL.PointSize(3); GL.Begin(BeginMode.Points); { for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) GL.Vertex2(corners[i]); } GL.End(); GL.Color3(Color.Green); GL.Begin(BeginMode.Points); GL.Vertex2(X, Y); GL.End(); } } This is how I setup OpenGL. public static void SetupGL() { GL.Enable(EnableCap.AlphaTest); GL.AlphaFunc(AlphaFunction.Greater, 0.1f); GL.Enable(EnableCap.Texture2D); GL.Hint(HintTarget.PerspectiveCorrectionHint, HintMode.Nicest); } With this function I load the texture: public static uint LoadTexture(string path) { uint id; GL.GenTextures(1, out id); GL.BindTexture(TextureTarget.Texture2D, id); Bitmap bitmap = new Bitmap(path); BitmapData data = bitmap.LockBits(new System.Drawing.Rectangle(0, 0, bitmap.Width, bitmap.Height), ImageLockMode.ReadOnly, System.Drawing.Imaging.PixelFormat.Format32bppArgb); GL.TexImage2D(TextureTarget.Texture2D, 0, PixelInternalFormat.Rgba, data.Width, data.Height, 0, OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL.PixelFormat.Bgra, PixelType.UnsignedByte, data.Scan0); bitmap.UnlockBits(data); GL.TexParameter(TextureTarget.Texture2D, TextureParameterName.TextureMinFilter, (int)TextureMinFilter.Linear); GL.TexParameter(TextureTarget.Texture2D, TextureParameterName.TextureMagFilter, (int)TextureMagFilter.Linear); return id; } And here I call Sprite.Render() protected override void OnRenderFrame(FrameEventArgs e) { GL.ClearColor(Color.MidnightBlue); GL.Clear(ClearBufferMask.ColorBufferBit); _sprite.Render(); SwapBuffers(); base.OnRenderFrame(e); } As I stole this code from the Textures-Example from OpenTK, I don't understand why this doesn't work.

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• Best game engine 2D for iOS

  - by Adelino

  which is the best 2D game enginefor iOS? I really need a game engine that allows me to modify the game code because I need to control the multi-touch events. I have a framework that detects the gesture that the player makes and I need to test this gesture recognizer in a game, so I have to have the freedom to change the game code. I don't want anything like GameSalad where you can't control anything. Thanks in advance.

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• Rotate an image and get back to its original position - opengles glkit

  - by Manoj

  I need to rotate an image in opengles GLkit and get it back to its original position in GLkit. rotation += 5; _modelViewMatrix = GLKMatrix4Rotate( _modelViewMatrix, GLKMathDegreesToRadians(5), 1, 0, 0); _modelViewMatrix = GLKMatrix4Rotate( _modelViewMatrix, GLKMathDegreesToRadians(rotation), 1,0,0); I need to move it in x axis for certain amount and getting back to its original position from where it started. How should i do it?

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• XNA content.load Dependancy

  - by Richard

  Quick question, My project i'm building for test purposes is working fine but i have dependencies flying around everywhere due to the XNA framework. In Update i have gametime passed everywhere... this is okay. In Draw i have gametime & spritebatch passed everywhere... this is okay. My issue is in the content.load textures/sounds/fonts. I have them as public variables ie Texture1 = Content.load(of texture2d)("Texture1") I'm passing a 'Game1' pointer into the constructor of every new class being instantiated to gain access to these variables. Am i missing an OOP trick to prevent me having to pass a pointer to 'game1' to every New class?

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• Where can I find good (well organized) examples of game code?

  - by smasher

  Where can I find good (well organized) examples of game code? I'm hoping that I can pick up some organizational tips. Most examples in books are too short and leave out lots of detail for the sake of brevity. I'm particularly interested on how to group your variables and methods so that another programmer would know where to look in the code. For example initializers at the top, then methods that take input, then methods that update views. I don't care about a particular language, as long as its OOP. I looked at the Quake 2 and 3 sources, but they're straight C and not much help for getting tips on organizing your objects. So, have you seen some good source? Any pointers to code that makes you say "wow, that's well organized" would be great.

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