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• How to create a 3D world with 2D sprites similar to Ragnorak online?

  - by Romoku

  As far as I know Ragnorak Online is a 3D game world with 2D sprites overlayed. I would like to use this style in a game I am making in Unity, so I would like the player to be able to select little square tiles on the terrain. There are a couple routes I could take such as using a bunch of cubic polygons and linking them together or using one big map. The former approach doesn't seem to make any sense if the world is not flat as polygons wouldn't be reused often. The goal is to break down a 3D polygon into tiles which is heard to wrap my head around. I believe using something like an interval tree or array would be appropriate to store the rectangle grid, but how would I display a rectangle around the selection the player has his mouse over on the polygon terrain itself? Here is a screenshot. Here is a gameplay video. Here is the camera usage.

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• Homemaking a 2d soft body physics engine

  - by Griffin

  hey so I've decided to Code my own 2D soft-body physics engine in C++ since apparently none exist and I'm starting only with a general idea/understanding on how physics work and could be simulated: by giving points and connections between points properties such as elasticity, density, mass, shape retention, friction, stickiness, etc. What I want is a starting point: resources and helpful examples/sites that could give me the specifics needed to actually make this such as equations and required physics knowledge. It would be great if anyone out there also would give me their attempts or ideas. finally I was wondering if it was possible to... use the source code of an existing 3D engine such as Bullet and transform it to be 2D based? use the source code of a 2D Rigid body physics engine such as box2d as a starting point?

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• Creating a retro-style palette swapping effect in OpenGL

  - by Zack The Human

  I'm working on a Megaman-like game where I need to change the color of certain pixels at runtime. For reference: in Megaman when you change your selected weapon then main character's palette changes to reflect the selected weapon. Not all of the sprite's colors change, only certain ones do. This kind of effect was common and quite easy to do on the NES since the programmer had access to the palette and the logical mapping between pixels and palette indices. On modern hardware, though, this is a bit more challenging because the concept of palettes is not the same. All of my textures are 32-bit and do not use palettes. There are two ways I know of to achieve the effect I want, but I'm curious if there are better ways to achieve this effect easily. The two options I know of are: Use a shader and write some GLSL to perform the "palette swapping" behavior. If shaders are not available (say, because the graphics card doesn't support them) then it is possible to clone the "original" textures and generate different versions with the color changes pre-applied. Ideally I would like to use a shader since it seems straightforward and requires little additional work opposed to the duplicated-texture method. I worry that duplicating textures just to change a color in them is wasting VRAM -- should I not worry about that?

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• OpenGL ES Basic Fragment Shader help with transparency

  - by Chris

  I have just spent my first half hour playing with the shader language. I have modified the basic program I have which renders the texture, to allow me to colour the texture. varying vec2 texCoord; uniform sampler2D texSampler; /* Given the texture coordinates, our pixel shader grabs the corresponding * color from the texture. */ void main() { //gl_FragColor = texture2D(texSampler, texCoord); gl_FragColor = vec4(0,1,0,1)*vec4(texture2D(texSampler,texCoord).xyz,1); } I have noticed how this affects my transparent textures, and I believe I am loosing the alpha channel which would explain why previously transparent area's appear totally black. If I use the following line instead, I am shown the transparent area's gl_FragColor = vec4(0,1,0,1)*vec4(texture2D(texSampler,texCoord).aaa,1); How can I retain the transparency after this modification to the colour? I have seen various things about a .w property, and also luminous, but my tweaks with those and the .aaa property are not working XD

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• Octree implementation for fustrum culling

  - by Manvis

  I'm learning modern (=3.1) OpenGL by coding a 3D turn based strategy game, using C++. The maps are composed of 100x90 3D hexagon tiles that range from 50 to 600 tris (20 different types) + any player units on those tiles. My current rendering technique involves sorting meshes by shaders they use (minimizing state changes) and then calling glDrawElementsInstanced() for drawing. Still get solid 16.6 ms/frame on my GTX 560Ti machine but the game struggles (45.45 ms/frame) on an old 8600GT card. I'm certain that using an octree and fustrum culling will help me here, but I have a few questions before I start implementing it: Is it OK for an octree node to have multiple meshes in it (e.g. can a soldier and the hex tile he's standing on end up in the same octree node)? How is one supposed to treat changes in object postion (e.g. several units are moving 3 hexes down)? I can't seem to find good a explanation on how to do it. As I've noticed, soting meshes by shaders is a really good way to save GPU. If I put node contents into, let's say, std::list and sort it before rendering, do you think I would gain any performance, or would it just create overhead on CPU's end? I know that this sounds like early optimization and implementing + testing would be the best way to find out, but perhaps someone knows from experience?

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• Performance due to entity update

  - by Rizzo

  I always think about 2 ways to code the global Step() function, both with pros and cons. Please note that AIStep is just to provide another more step for whoever who wants it. // Approach 1 step foreach( entity in entities ) { entity.DeltaStep( delta_time ); if( time_for_fixed_step ) entity.FixedStep(); if( time_for_AI_step ) entity.AIStep(); ... // all kind of updates you want } PRO: you just have to iterate once over all entities. CON: fidelity could be lower at some scenarios, since the entity.FixedStep() isn't going all at a time. // Approach 2 step foreach( entity in entities ) entity.DeltaStep( delta_time ); if( time_for_fixed_step ) foreach( entity in entities ) entity.FixedStep(); if( time_for_AI_step ) foreach( entity in entities ) entity.FixedStep(); // all kind of updates you want SEPARATED PRO: fidelity on FixedStep is higher, shouldn't be much time between all entities update, rather than Approach 1 where you may have to wait other updates until FixedStep() comes. CON: you iterate once for each kind of update. Also, a third approach could be a hybrid between both of them, something in the way of foreach( entity in entities ) { entity.DeltaStep( delta_time ); if( time_for_AI_step ) entity.AIStep(); // all kind of updates you want BUT FixedStep() } if( time_for_fixed_step ) { foreach( entity in entities ) { entity.FixedStep(); } } Just two loops, don't caring about time fidelity in nothing other than at FixedStep(). Any thoughts on this matter? Should it really matters to make all steps at once or am I thinking on problems that don't exist?

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• Push back rectangle where collision happens

  - by Tifa

  I have a tile collision on a game I am creating but the problem is once a collision happens for example a collision happens in right side my sprite cant move to up and bottom :( thats because i set the speed to 0. I thinks its wrong. here is my code: int startX, startY, endX, endY; float pushx = 0,pushy = 0; // move player if(Gdx.input.isKeyPressed(Input.Keys.LEFT)){ dx=-1; currentWalk = leftWalk; } if(Gdx.input.isKeyPressed(Input.Keys.RIGHT)){ dx=1; currentWalk = rightWalk; } if(Gdx.input.isKeyPressed(Input.Keys.DOWN)){ dy=-1; currentWalk = downWalk; } if(Gdx.input.isKeyPressed(Input.Keys.UP)){ dy=1; currentWalk = upWalk; } sr.setProjectionMatrix(camera.combined); sr.begin(ShapeRenderer.ShapeType.Line); Rectangle koalaRect = rectPool.obtain(); koalaRect.set(player.getX(), player.getY(), pw, ph /2 ); float oldX = player.getX(), oldY = player.getY(); // THIS LINE WAS ADDED player.setXY(player.getX() + dx * Gdx.graphics.getDeltaTime() * 4f, player.getY() + dy * Gdx.graphics.getDeltaTime() * 4f); // THIS LINE WAS MOVED HERE FROM DOWN BELOW if(dx> 0) { startX = endX = (int)(player.getX() + pw); } else { startX = endX = (int)(player.getX() ); } startY = (int)(player.getY()); endY = (int)(player.getY() + ph); getTiles(startX, startY, endX, endY, tiles); for(Rectangle tile: tiles) { sr.rect(tile.x,tile.y,tile.getWidth(),tile.getHeight()); if(koalaRect.overlaps(tile)) { //dx = 0; player.setX(oldX); // THIS LINE CHANGED Gdx.app.log("x","hit " + player.getX() + " " + oldX); break; } } if(dy > 0) { startY = endY = (int)(player.getY() + ph ); } else { startY = endY = (int)(player.getY() ); } startX = (int)(player.getX()); endX = (int)(player.getX() + pw); getTiles(startX, startY, endX, endY, tiles); for(Rectangle tile: tiles) { if(koalaRect.overlaps(tile)) { //dy = 0; player.setY(oldY); // THIS LINE CHANGED //Gdx.app.log("y","hit" + player.getY() + " " + oldY); break; } } sr.rect(koalaRect.x,koalaRect.y,koalaRect.getWidth(),koalaRect.getHeight() / 2); sr.setColor(Color.GREEN); sr.end(); I want to push back the sprite when a collision happens but i have no idea how :D pls help

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• Game programming course materials: What should it include?

  - by Esa

  I am tasked to create the course materials for a game programming class, and I’d like your opinion on what aspects and areas of game programming, such as game state management, game object storing or simple AI, should I include in it? The course is intented to be the first step into game programming for students with novice skills in programming. There will be mathematics as well, but I found that there are multiple questions, with good answers, on that subject already.

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• Problem displaying tiles using tiled map loader with SFML

  - by user1905192

  I've been searching fruitlessly for what I did wrong for the past couple of days and I was wondering if anyone here could help me. My program loads my tile map, but then crashes with an assertion error. The program breaks at this line: spacing = atoi(tilesetElement-Attribute("spacing")); Here's my main game.cpp file. #include "stdafx.h" #include "Game.h" #include "Ball.h" #include "level.h" using namespace std; Game::Game() { gameState=NotStarted; ball.setPosition(500,500); level.LoadFromFile("meow.tmx"); } void Game::Start() { if (gameState==NotStarted) { window.create(sf::VideoMode(1024,768,320),"game"); view.reset(sf::FloatRect(0,0,1000,1000));//ball drawn at 500,500 level.SetDrawingBounds(sf::FloatRect(view.getCenter().x-view.getSize().x/2,view.getCenter().y-view.getSize().y/2,view.getSize().x, view.getSize().y)); window.setView(view); gameState=Playing; } while(gameState!=Exiting) { GameLoop(); } window.close(); } void Game::GameLoop() { sf::Event CurrentEvent; window.pollEvent(CurrentEvent); switch(gameState) { case Playing: { window.clear(sf::Color::White); window.setView(view); if (CurrentEvent.type==sf::Event::Closed) { gameState=Exiting; } if ( !ball.IsFalling() &&!ball.IsJumping() &&sf::Keyboard::isKeyPressed(sf::Keyboard::Space)) { ball.setJState(); } ball.Update(view); level.Draw(window); ball.Draw(window); window.display(); break; } } } And here's the file where the error happens: /********************************************************************* Quinn Schwab 16/08/2010 SFML Tiled Map Loader The zlib license has been used to make this software fully compatible with SFML. See http://www.sfml-dev.org/license.php This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. *********************************************************************/ #include "level.h" #include <iostream> #include "tinyxml.h" #include <fstream> int Object::GetPropertyInt(std::string name) { int i; i = atoi(properties[name].c_str()); return i; } float Object::GetPropertyFloat(std::string name) { float f; f = strtod(properties[name].c_str(), NULL); return f; } std::string Object::GetPropertyString(std::string name) { return properties[name]; } Level::Level() { //ctor } Level::~Level() { //dtor } using namespace std; bool Level::LoadFromFile(std::string filename) { TiXmlDocument levelFile(filename.c_str()); if (!levelFile.LoadFile()) { std::cout << "Loading level \"" << filename << "\" failed." << std::endl; return false; } //Map element. This is the root element for the whole file. TiXmlElement *map; map = levelFile.FirstChildElement("map"); //Set up misc map properties. width = atoi(map->Attribute("width")); height = atoi(map->Attribute("height")); tileWidth = atoi(map->Attribute("tilewidth")); tileHeight = atoi(map->Attribute("tileheight")); //Tileset stuff TiXmlElement *tilesetElement; tilesetElement = map->FirstChildElement("tileset"); firstTileID = atoi(tilesetElement->Attribute("firstgid")); spacing = atoi(tilesetElement->Attribute("spacing")); margin = atoi(tilesetElement->Attribute("margin")); //Tileset image TiXmlElement *image; image = tilesetElement->FirstChildElement("image"); std::string imagepath = image->Attribute("source"); if (!tilesetImage.loadFromFile(imagepath))//Load the tileset image { std::cout << "Failed to load tile sheet." << std::endl; return false; } tilesetImage.createMaskFromColor(sf::Color(255, 0, 255)); tilesetTexture.loadFromImage(tilesetImage); tilesetTexture.setSmooth(false); //Columns and rows (of tileset image) int columns = tilesetTexture.getSize().x / tileWidth; int rows = tilesetTexture.getSize().y / tileHeight; std::vector <sf::Rect<int> > subRects;//container of subrects (to divide the tilesheet image up) //tiles/subrects are counted from 0, left to right, top to bottom for (int y = 0; y < rows; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < columns; x++) { sf::Rect <int> rect; rect.top = y * tileHeight; rect.height = y * tileHeight + tileHeight; rect.left = x * tileWidth; rect.width = x * tileWidth + tileWidth; subRects.push_back(rect); } } //Layers TiXmlElement *layerElement; layerElement = map->FirstChildElement("layer"); while (layerElement) { Layer layer; if (layerElement->Attribute("opacity") != NULL)//check if opacity attribute exists { float opacity = strtod(layerElement->Attribute("opacity"), NULL);//convert the (string) opacity element to float layer.opacity = 255 * opacity; } else { layer.opacity = 255;//if the attribute doesnt exist, default to full opacity } //Tiles TiXmlElement *layerDataElement; layerDataElement = layerElement->FirstChildElement("data"); if (layerDataElement == NULL) { std::cout << "Bad map. No layer information found." << std::endl; } TiXmlElement *tileElement; tileElement = layerDataElement->FirstChildElement("tile"); if (tileElement == NULL) { std::cout << "Bad map. No tile information found." << std::endl; return false; } int x = 0; int y = 0; while (tileElement) { int tileGID = atoi(tileElement->Attribute("gid")); int subRectToUse = tileGID - firstTileID;//Work out the subrect ID to 'chop up' the tilesheet image. if (subRectToUse >= 0)//we only need to (and only can) create a sprite/tile if there is one to display { sf::Sprite sprite;//sprite for the tile sprite.setTexture(tilesetTexture); sprite.setTextureRect(subRects[subRectToUse]); sprite.setPosition(x * tileWidth, y * tileHeight); sprite.setColor(sf::Color(255, 255, 255, layer.opacity));//Set opacity of the tile. //add tile to layer layer.tiles.push_back(sprite); } tileElement = tileElement->NextSiblingElement("tile"); //increment x, y x++; if (x >= width)//if x has "hit" the end (right) of the map, reset it to the start (left) { x = 0; y++; if (y >= height) { y = 0; } } } layers.push_back(layer); layerElement = layerElement->NextSiblingElement("layer"); } //Objects TiXmlElement *objectGroupElement; if (map->FirstChildElement("objectgroup") != NULL)//Check that there is atleast one object layer { objectGroupElement = map->FirstChildElement("objectgroup"); while (objectGroupElement)//loop through object layers { TiXmlElement *objectElement; objectElement = objectGroupElement->FirstChildElement("object"); while (objectElement)//loop through objects { std::string objectType; if (objectElement->Attribute("type") != NULL) { objectType = objectElement->Attribute("type"); } std::string objectName; if (objectElement->Attribute("name") != NULL) { objectName = objectElement->Attribute("name"); } int x = atoi(objectElement->Attribute("x")); int y = atoi(objectElement->Attribute("y")); int width = atoi(objectElement->Attribute("width")); int height = atoi(objectElement->Attribute("height")); Object object; object.name = objectName; object.type = objectType; sf::Rect <int> objectRect; objectRect.top = y; objectRect.left = x; objectRect.height = y + height; objectRect.width = x + width; if (objectType == "solid") { solidObjects.push_back(objectRect); } object.rect = objectRect; TiXmlElement *properties; properties = objectElement->FirstChildElement("properties"); if (properties != NULL) { TiXmlElement *prop; prop = properties->FirstChildElement("property"); if (prop != NULL) { while(prop) { std::string propertyName = prop->Attribute("name"); std::string propertyValue = prop->Attribute("value"); object.properties[propertyName] = propertyValue; prop = prop->NextSiblingElement("property"); } } } objects.push_back(object); objectElement = objectElement->NextSiblingElement("object"); } objectGroupElement = objectGroupElement->NextSiblingElement("objectgroup"); } } else { std::cout << "No object layers found..." << std::endl; } return true; } Object Level::GetObject(std::string name) { for (int i = 0; i < objects.size(); i++) { if (objects[i].name == name) { return objects[i]; } } } void Level::SetDrawingBounds(sf::Rect<float> bounds) { drawingBounds = bounds; cout<<tileHeight; //Adjust the rect so that tiles are drawn just off screen, so you don't see them disappearing. drawingBounds.top -= tileHeight; drawingBounds.left -= tileWidth; drawingBounds.width += tileWidth; drawingBounds.height += tileHeight; } void Level::Draw(sf::RenderWindow &window) { for (int layer = 0; layer < layers.size(); layer++) { for (int tile = 0; tile < layers[layer].tiles.size(); tile++) { if (drawingBounds.contains(layers[layer].tiles[tile].getPosition().x, layers[layer].tiles[tile].getPosition().y)) { window.draw(layers[layer].tiles[tile]); } } } } I really hope that one of you can help me and I'm sorry if I've made any formatting issues. Thanks!

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• CSM DX11 issues

  - by KaiserJohaan

  I got CSM to work in OpenGL, and now Im trying to do the same in directx. I'm using the same math library and all and I'm pretty much using the alghorithm straight off. I am using right-handed, column major matrices from GLM. The light is looking (-1, -1, -1). The problem I have is twofolds; For some reason, the ground floor is causing alot of (false) shadow artifacts, like the vast shadowed area you see. I confirmed this when I disabled the ground for the depth pass, but thats a hack more than anything else The shadows are inverted compared to the shadowmap. If you squint you can see the chairs shadows should be mirrored instead. This is the first cascade shadow map, in range of the alien and the chair: I can't figure out why this is. This is the depth pass: for (uint32_t cascadeIndex = 0; cascadeIndex < NUM_SHADOWMAP_CASCADES; cascadeIndex++) { mShadowmap.BindDepthView(context, cascadeIndex); CameraFrustrum cameraFrustrum = CalculateCameraFrustrum(degreesFOV, aspectRatio, nearDistArr[cascadeIndex], farDistArr[cascadeIndex], cameraViewMatrix); lightVPMatrices[cascadeIndex] = CreateDirLightVPMatrix(cameraFrustrum, lightDir); mVertexTransformPass.RenderMeshes(context, renderQueue, meshes, lightVPMatrices[cascadeIndex]); lightVPMatrices[cascadeIndex] = gBiasMatrix * lightVPMatrices[cascadeIndex]; farDistArr[cascadeIndex] = -farDistArr[cascadeIndex]; } CameraFrustrum CalculateCameraFrustrum(const float fovDegrees, const float aspectRatio, const float minDist, const float maxDist, const Mat4& cameraViewMatrix) { CameraFrustrum ret = { Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), }; const Mat4 perspectiveMatrix = PerspectiveMatrixFov(fovDegrees, aspectRatio, minDist, maxDist); const Mat4 invMVP = glm::inverse(perspectiveMatrix * cameraViewMatrix); for (Vec4& corner : ret) { corner = invMVP * corner; corner /= corner.w; } return ret; } Mat4 CreateDirLightVPMatrix(const CameraFrustrum& cameraFrustrum, const Vec3& lightDir) { Mat4 lightViewMatrix = glm::lookAt(Vec3(0.0f), -glm::normalize(lightDir), Vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f)); Vec4 transf = lightViewMatrix * cameraFrustrum[0]; float maxZ = transf.z, minZ = transf.z; float maxX = transf.x, minX = transf.x; float maxY = transf.y, minY = transf.y; for (uint32_t i = 1; i < 8; i++) { transf = lightViewMatrix * cameraFrustrum[i]; if (transf.z > maxZ) maxZ = transf.z; if (transf.z < minZ) minZ = transf.z; if (transf.x > maxX) maxX = transf.x; if (transf.x < minX) minX = transf.x; if (transf.y > maxY) maxY = transf.y; if (transf.y < minY) minY = transf.y; } Mat4 viewMatrix(lightViewMatrix); viewMatrix[3][0] = -(minX + maxX) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[3][1] = -(minY + maxY) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[3][2] = -(minZ + maxZ) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[0][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[1][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[2][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[3][3] = 1.0f; Vec3 halfExtents((maxX - minX) * 0.5, (maxY - minY) * 0.5, (maxZ - minZ) * 0.5); return OrthographicMatrix(-halfExtents.x, halfExtents.x, -halfExtents.y, halfExtents.y, halfExtents.z, -halfExtents.z) * viewMatrix; } And this is the pixel shader used for the lighting stage: #define DEPTH_BIAS 0.0005 #define NUM_CASCADES 4 cbuffer DirectionalLightConstants : register(CBUFFER_REGISTER_PIXEL) { float4x4 gSplitVPMatrices[NUM_CASCADES]; float4x4 gCameraViewMatrix; float4 gSplitDistances; float4 gLightColor; float4 gLightDirection; }; Texture2D gPositionTexture : register(TEXTURE_REGISTER_POSITION); Texture2D gDiffuseTexture : register(TEXTURE_REGISTER_DIFFUSE); Texture2D gNormalTexture : register(TEXTURE_REGISTER_NORMAL); Texture2DArray gShadowmap : register(TEXTURE_REGISTER_DEPTH); SamplerComparisonState gShadowmapSampler : register(SAMPLER_REGISTER_DEPTH); float4 ps_main(float4 position : SV_Position) : SV_Target0 { float4 worldPos = gPositionTexture[uint2(position.xy)]; float4 diffuse = gDiffuseTexture[uint2(position.xy)]; float4 normal = gNormalTexture[uint2(position.xy)]; float4 camPos = mul(gCameraViewMatrix, worldPos); uint index = 3; if (camPos.z > gSplitDistances.x) index = 0; else if (camPos.z > gSplitDistances.y) index = 1; else if (camPos.z > gSplitDistances.z) index = 2; float3 projCoords = (float3)mul(gSplitVPMatrices[index], worldPos); float viewDepth = projCoords.z - DEPTH_BIAS; projCoords.z = float(index); float visibilty = gShadowmap.SampleCmpLevelZero(gShadowmapSampler, projCoords, viewDepth); float angleNormal = clamp(dot(normal, gLightDirection), 0, 1); return visibilty * diffuse * angleNormal * gLightColor; } As you can see I am using depth bias and a bias matrix. Any hints on why this behaves so wierdly?

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• How to make unit selection circles merge?

  - by MaT

  I would like to know how to make this effect of merged circle selection. Here are images to illustrate: Basically I'm looking for this effect: How the merge effect of the circles can be achieved ? I didn't found any explanation concerning this effect. I know that to project those texture I can develop a decal system but I don't know how to create the merging effect. If possible, I'm looking for purely shaders solution.

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• What method replaces GL_SELECT for box selection?

  - by Jake

  Last 2 weeks I started working on a box selection that selects shapes using GL_SELECT and I just got it working finally. When looking up resources online, there is a significant number of posts that say GL_SELECT is deprecated in OpenGL 3.0, but there is no mention of what had replace that function. I learnt OpenGL 1.2 in back in college 2 years back but checking wikipedia now, I realise we already have OpenGL 4.0 but I am unaware of what I need to do to keep myself up to date. So, in the meantime, what would be the latest preferred method for box selection? EDIT: I found http://www.khronos.org/files/opengl-quick-reference-card.pdf on page 5 this card still lists glRenderMode(GL_SELECT) as part of the OpenGL 3.2 reference.

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• How can I fade something to clear instead of white?

  - by Raven Dreamer

  I've got an XNA game which essentially has "floating combat text": short-lived messages that display for a fraction of a second and then disappear. I've recently added a gradual "fade-away" effect, like so: public void Update() { color.A -= 10; position.X += 3; if (color.A <= 10) isDead = true; } Where color is the Color int the message displays as. This works as expected, however, it fades the messages to white, which is very noticeable on my indigo background. Is there some way to fade it to transparent, rather than white? Lerp-ing towards the background color isn't an option, as there's a possibility there will be something between the text and the background, which would simply be the inverse of the current problem.

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• Unity3d vector and matrix operations

  - by brandon

  I have the following three vectors: posA: (1,2,3) normal: (0,1,0) offset: (2,3,1) I want to get the vector representing the position which is offset in the direction of the normal from posA. I know how to do this by cheating (not using matrix operations): Vector3 result = new Vector3(posA.x + normal.x*offset.x posA.y + normal.y*offset.y, posA.z + normal.z*offset.z); I know how to do this mathematically Note: [] indicates a column vector, {} indicates a row vector result = [1,2,3] + {2,3,1}*{[0,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,0]} What I don't know is which is better to use and if it's the latter how do I do this in unity? I only know of 4x4 matrices in unity. I don't like the first option because you are instantiating a new vector instead of just modifying the original. Suggestions? Note: by asking which is better, I am asking for a quantifiable reason, not just a preference.

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• In a Tower defense game, how to do buffs/debuffs

  - by Gabe

  The question is at the very bottom. If you understand Buffs/Debuffs in tower defense games then you should skip the bulk of this question and go to the bottom (seperated with the long line) I plan on making an IPhone TD game. The fact that its an iPhone game isn't relevant but I am coding in Objective-c with Cocos2D. I am relatively inexperienced in the field of game design so I'm looking for some advice from someone experienced in this field. In tower defense, there are two things that are relevant to my question: towers/enemies (both have their own classes/children). They each have stats like hp, damage, speed, etc. I want to add buffs/defuffs, for instance: Towers A,B and C each have 15 base damage. Tower D would be a buff tower with no damage, a tower with an AOE(area of effect) aura that gives 10% damage to all towers in range. Tower E might slow enemies in its AOE, a debuff. Stuff like that. The same could go for enemies. Enemy A is a boss that has a slow aura that affects towers and slows their base attack speed or something along those lines. So the question is, what would be the most effective way to implement this? If it was just towers then I would just mess around with the tower classes, but since tower classes and enemy classes are both affected, should I make a buff class? TD games can consume quite a bit of memory with large amounts of creeps and towers, and buffs I feel like would also consume quit a bit... So I'm trying to be as effective as possible.

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• I prefer C/C++ over Unity and other tools: is it such a big downer for a game developper ?

  - by jokoon

  We have a big game project on Unity at school on which we are 12 to work on. My teacher seems to be convinced it's an important tool to teach students, since it makes students look from the high level to the lower level. I can understand his view, and I'm wondering: Is unity such an important engine in game developping companies ? Are there a lot of companies using it because they can't afford to use something else ? He is talking like Unity is a big player in game making, but I only see it fit small indie game companies who want to do a game as fast as possible. Do you think Unity is that much important in the industry ? Does it endangers the value of C++ skills ? It's not that I don't like Unity, it's just that I don't learn nothing with it, I prefer to achieve little steps with Ogre or SFML instead. Also, we also have C++ practice exercises, but those are just practice with theory, nothing much.

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• How to bind std::map to Lua with LuaBind

  - by MahanGM

  Is this possible in lua to achieve? player.scripts["movement"].properties["stat"] = "stand" print (player.scripts["movement"].properties["stat"]) I've done getter method in c++ with this approach: luabind::object FakeScript::getProp() { luabind::object obj = luabind::newtable(L); for(auto i = this->properties.begin(); i != this->properties.end(); i++) { obj[i->first] = i->second; } return obj; } But I'm stuck with setter. The first line in lua code which I'm trying to set value "stand" for key "stat" is not going to work and it keep redirecting me to the getter method. Setter method only works when I drop ["stat"] from properties. I can do something like this for setter in my script: player.scripts["movement"].properties = {stat = "stand"} But this isn't what I want because I have to go through my real keys in c++ to determine which key is placed in setter argument table value. This is my map in class: std::map<std::string, std::string> properties;

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• Why does my terrain turn white when I get close to it?

  - by Starkers

  When I zoom in on my terrain it goes white: The further in I zoom, the greater the whiteness becomes. Is this normal? Is this to speed up rendering or something? Can I turn it off? I'm also getting these error messages in the console over and over again: rc.right != m_GfxWindow-GetWidth() || rc.bottom != m_GfxWindow-GetHeight() and GUI Window tries to begin rendering while something else has not finished rendering! Either you have a recursive OnGUI rendering, or previous OnGUI did not clean up properly. Does this bear any correlation on the issue? Update I create virtual desktops to flit between using the program Deskpot. Turning this program off and restarting has stopped the above errors appearing in the console. However, I still get white terrain when I zoom in. Not a single error message. I've restarted my computer to no avail. I have an Asus NVidia GeForce GTX 760 2GB DDR5 Direct CU II OC Edition Graphics Card. Any known issues? Update I don't think it's fog...

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• Issue porting Cocos2d-x to Android

  - by Anil

  I've written a basic game using Cocos2D-x on XCode. It works fine on the iPhone. Now I'm trying to port it to Android. When I run the script ./build_native.sh inside the proj.android folder, it gives me the following error: jni/../../Classes/MemoryModeLayer.cpp: In member function 'void MemoryModeLayer::startNewGame()': jni/../../Classes/MemoryModeLayer.cpp:109:25: error: 'time' is not a member of 'std' jni/../../Classes/MemoryModeLayer.cpp:109:25: note: suggested alternative: /Users/abc/android-ndk-r9d/platforms/android-8/arch-arm/usr/include/time.h:40:17: note: 'time' jni/../../Classes/MemoryModeLayer.cpp:111:5: error: 'random_shuffle' is not a member of 'std' jni/../../Classes/MemoryModeLayer.cpp:112:5: error: 'random_shuffle' is not a member of 'std' make: *** [obj/local/armeabi/objs/cocos2dcpp_shared/__/__/Classes/MemoryModeLayer.o] Error 1 make: Leaving directory `/Users/abc/cocos2d-x-2.2.3/projects/Game/proj.android' In MemoryModeLayer.cpp I have the following: std::srand(unsigned(std::time(0))); std::random_shuffle(_xCod, _xCod + _numberOfRows); std::random_shuffle(_yCod, _yCod + _numberOfColumns); I've included the following headers as well: #include <string> #include <ctime> #include <algorithm> #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> Also added using namespace std in the header file. Is there anything else that I should do?

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• SpriteBatch.end() generating null pointer exception

  - by odaymichael

  I am getting a null pointer exception using libGDX that the debugger points as the SpriteBatch.end() line. I was wondering what would cause this. Here is the offending code block, specifically the batch.end() line: batch.begin(); for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) if (zoomgrid[i][j].getPiece().getImage() != null) zoomgrid[i][j].getPiece().getImage().draw(batch); batch.end(); The top of the stack is actually a line that calls lastTexture.bind(); In the flush() method of com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.SpriteBatch. I appreciate any input, let me know if I haven't included enough information.

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• Resources for 2D rendering using OpenGL?

  - by nightcracker

  I noticed that there is quite some difference between 3D and 2D rendering using OpenGL, the techniques are different - pixel-perfect placing is a lot more desirable, among other things. Are there any good (complete) references on using OpenGL for rendering 2D graphics? There are quite a few "tutorials" around on the net that help you open a window, set up a half-decent environment and draw a sprite, but no real good information on rotation, blending, lightning, drawing order, using the z-buffer, particles, "complex" primitives (circles, stars, cross symbols), ensuring pixel-perfect rendering, instancing and many other staple 2D effects/techniques. Any books, great blogs, anything? Any particular awesome libraries to read?

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• How Do I Search For Struct Items In A Vector? [migrated]

  - by Vladimir Marenus

  I'm attempting to create an inventory system using a vector implementation, but I seem to be having some troubles. I'm running into issues using a struct I made. NOTE: This isn't actually in a game code, this is a separate Solution I am using to test my knowledge of vectors and structs! struct aItem { string itemName; int damage; }; int main() { aItem healingPotion; healingPotion.itemName = "Healing Potion"; healingPotion.damage= 6; aItem fireballPotion; fireballPotion.itemName = "Potion of Fiery Balls"; fireballPotion.damage = -2; vector<aItem> inventory; inventory.push_back(healingPotion); inventory.push_back(healingPotion); inventory.push_back(healingPotion); inventory.push_back(fireballPotion); if(find(inventory.begin(), inventory.end(), fireballPotion) != inventory.end()) { cout << "Found"; } system("PAUSE"); return 0; } The preceeding code gives me the following error: 1c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio 11.0\vc\include\xutility(3186): error C2678: binary '==' : no operator found which takes a left-hand operand of type 'aItem' (or there is no acceptable conversion) There is more to the error, if you need it please let me know. I bet it's something small and silly, but I've been thumping at it for over two hours. Thanks in advance!

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• What is the best Broadphase Interface for moving spheres?

  - by Molmasepic

  As of now I am working on optimizing the performance of the physics and collision, and as of now I am having some slowdowns on my other computers from my main. I have well over 3000 btSphereShape Rigidbodies and 2/3 of them do not move at all, but I am noticing(by the profile below) that collision is taking a bit of time to maneuver. Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name 10.09 0.65 0.65 SphereTriangleDetector::collide(btVector3 const&, btVector3&, btVector3&, float&, float&, float) 7.61 1.14 0.49 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::processCollision(btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btDispatcherInfo const&, btManifoldResult*) 5.59 1.50 0.36 btConvexTriangleCallback::processTriangle(btVector3*, int, int) 5.43 1.85 0.35 btQuantizedBvh::reportAabbOverlappingNodex(btNodeOverlapCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const 4.97 2.17 0.32 btBvhTriangleMeshShape::processAllTriangles(btTriangleCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const::MyNodeOverlapCallback::processNode(int, int) 4.19 2.44 0.27 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowGeneric(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 4.04 2.70 0.26 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowLowerLimit(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 3.73 2.94 0.24 Ogre::OctreeSceneManager::walkOctree(Ogre::OctreeCamera*, Ogre::RenderQueue*, Ogre::Octree*, Ogre::VisibleObjectsBoundsInfo*, bool, bool) 3.42 3.16 0.22 btTriangleShape::getVertex(int, btVector3&) const 2.48 3.32 0.16 Ogre::Frustum::isVisible(Ogre::AxisAlignedBox const&, Ogre::FrustumPlane*) const 2.33 3.47 0.15 1246357 0.00 0.00 Gorilla::Layer::setVisible(bool) 2.33 3.62 0.15 SphereTriangleDetector::getClosestPoints(btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::ClosestPointInput const&, btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::Result&, btIDebugDraw*, bool) 1.86 3.74 0.12 btCollisionDispatcher::findAlgorithm(btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btPersistentManifold*) 1.86 3.86 0.12 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::setupContactConstraint(btSolverConstraint&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btManifoldPoint&, btContactSolverInfo const&, btVector3&, float&, float&, btVector3&, btVector3&) 1.71 3.97 0.11 btTriangleShape::getEdge(int, btVector3&, btVector3&) const 1.55 4.07 0.10 _Unwind_SjLj_Register 1.55 4.17 0.10 _Unwind_SjLj_Unregister 1.55 4.27 0.10 Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::updateBufferResources(char const*, Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::BufferResources*) 1.40 4.36 0.09 btManifoldResult::addContactPoint(btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&, float) 1.40 4.45 0.09 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::setupFrictionConstraint(btSolverConstraint&, btVector3 const&, btRigidBody*, btRigidBody*, btManifoldPoint&, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, float, float, float) 1.24 4.53 0.08 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::convertContact(btPersistentManifold*, btContactSolverInfo const&) 1.09 4.60 0.07 408760 0.00 0.00 Living::MapHide() 1.09 4.67 0.07 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::~btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm() 1.09 4.74 0.07 inflate_fast EDIT: Updated to show current Profile. I have only listed the functions using over 1% time from the many functions that are being used. Another thing is that each monster has a certain area that they stay in and are only active when a player is in said area. I was wondering if maybe there is a way to deactivate the non-active monsters from bullet(reactivating once in the area again) or maybe theres a different broadphase interface that I should use. The current BPI is btDbvtBroadphase. EDIT: Here is the Profile on the other computer(the top one is my main) Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name 12.18 1.19 1.19 SphereTriangleDetector::collide(btVector3 const&, btVector3&, btVector3&, float&, float&, float) 6.76 1.85 0.66 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::processCollision(btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btDispatcherInfo const&, btManifoldResult*) 5.83 2.42 0.57 btQuantizedBvh::reportAabbOverlappingNodex(btNodeOverlapCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const 5.12 2.92 0.50 btConvexTriangleCallback::processTriangle(btVector3*, int, int) 4.61 3.37 0.45 btTriangleShape::getVertex(int, btVector3&) const 4.09 3.77 0.40 _Unwind_SjLj_Register 3.48 4.11 0.34 btBvhTriangleMeshShape::processAllTriangles(btTriangleCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const::MyNodeOverlapCallback::processNode(int, int) 2.46 4.35 0.24 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowLowerLimit(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 2.15 4.56 0.21 _Unwind_SjLj_Unregister 2.15 4.77 0.21 SphereTriangleDetector::getClosestPoints(btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::ClosestPointInput const&, btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::Result&, btIDebugDraw*, bool) 1.84 4.95 0.18 btTriangleShape::getEdge(int, btVector3&, btVector3&) const 1.64 5.11 0.16 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowGeneric(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 1.54 5.26 0.15 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::setupContactConstraint(btSolverConstraint&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btManifoldPoint&, btContactSolverInfo const&, btVector3&, float&, float&, btVector3&, btVector3&) 1.43 5.40 0.14 Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::updateBufferResources(char const*, Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::BufferResources*) 1.33 5.53 0.13 btManifoldResult::addContactPoint(btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&, float) 1.13 5.64 0.11 btRigidBody::predictIntegratedTransform(float, btTransform&) 1.13 5.75 0.11 btTriangleIndexVertexArray::getLockedReadOnlyVertexIndexBase(unsigned char const**, int&, PHY_ScalarType&, int&, unsigned char const**, int&, int&, PHY_ScalarType&, int) const 1.02 5.85 0.10 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::CreateFunc::CreateCollisionAlgorithm(btCollisionAlgorithmConstructionInfo&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*) 1.02 5.95 0.10 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm(btPersistentManifold*, btCollisionAlgorithmConstructionInfo const&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, bool) Edited same as other Profile.

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• Strange if-else branching behavior in a fragment shader

  - by Winged

  In my fragment shader I have passed an uniform int uLightType variable, which indicates what type of light is in usage right now. The problem is that if-else branching does not work correctly - the fragment shader performs instructions in every if statement block. if (uLightType == 1) { // Spotlight light type vec3 depthTextureCoord = vDepthPosition.xyz / vDepthPosition.w; shadowDepth = unpack(texture2D(uDepthMapSampler, depthTextureCoord.xy)); } else if (uLightType == 2) { // Omni-directional light type shadowDepth = unpack(textureCube(uDepthCubemapSampler, -lightVec)); } In the case when uLightType equals 1, unless I comment out the content of the second if block, it assigns an another value to shadowDepth. Also while uLightType equals 1, when I remove the second 'if' block and change == to != like in the sample code below, nothing happens (which means that uLightType really equals 1). if (uLightType != 1) { // Spotlight light type vec3 depthTextureCoord = vDepthPosition.xyz / vDepthPosition.w; shadowDepth = unpack(texture2D(uDepthMapSampler, depthTextureCoord.xy)); } Also, when I manually create an int variable (which is not an uniform) like this: var lightType = 1; and replace uLightType with it in the if-else branch, everything works fine, so I guess it have something to do with the fact that uLightType is the uniform.

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• What version of Java should I target for applets?

  - by Christopher Horenstein

  I recently deployed an applet that seems to require Java 6 Update 24. I assume the reason for this requirement is the matching JDK version I used to create the applet (I am new to Java). The fact that my applet requires a Java download/update for users who already have some version of Java installed is a big concern for me; the applets I'm creating slip into a web comic, so it's very disruptive. Having used the most recent version of Java, it seems as though I am able to assume that most of the readers I get will have to update Java to continue reading/playing. Is there a best practice concerning which version of Java to use to make the process of using an applet easy for end-users? Any reading material on this would be very helpful. Should I be using an older version of Java if I don't require new features? I am using Slick for 2D games.

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